P-ISM is a "pen-style personal networking gadget package" created in 2003 by Japanese company NEC. It includes five functions in a portable package: a CPU pen, camera, virtual laser keyboard, LED projector for visual output, and cellular phone connection. The pens work together wirelessly using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi to allow the user to access computing and internet functions by projecting an interface on any flat surface. While portable and pioneering ubiquitous computing, challenges remain regarding cost, battery life, and perfecting the virtual keyboard technology.