The document discusses the principle of good ordering and its differences from mathematical induction. It states that the principle of good ordering establishes that every non-empty subset of the natural numbers has a smallest element. It then outlines the steps to prove something using this principle: define the set of counterexamples, assume it is non-empty and arrive at a contradiction by finding a smaller element, and conclude the set must be empty. It contrasts this with mathematical induction, which proves a property holds for all natural numbers by showing it is true for 1 and that if true for n then it is true for n+1.