This document provides an overview of the menstrual cycle in 3 phases - the menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases. It defines key terms like menarche and menopause. The menstrual phase involves menstruation and lasts 1-4 days. The proliferative phase involves follicle development under FSH stimulation. Ovulation occurs in the proliferative phase. In the secretory phase, the corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.

1. Program: B.Sc Nursing, 3rd Year
BNSG-501 MSN
Unit No.2.
Topic- Menstrual Cycle
Lecture No. 3
Dr. Sudharani B Banappagoudar
Professor, SONS/OBG
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2. Outline
• Introduction
• Phases of Menstrual cycle
• Learning outcomes
• Exercise
• References
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3. INTRODUCTION
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A branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth and
in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive organs. It also specializes in
other women's health issues, such as menopause, hormone problems, contraception (birth
control), and infertility.
OB/GYN: A commonly used abbreviation. ... An obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) is
therefore a physician who both delivers babies and treats diseases of the female reproductive
organs.

4. Objectives
• The student will be able to Explain
• Phases of Menstrual Cycle
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5. Menstrual cycle

6. DEFINITION
Rhythmical series of physiological changes that occur in fertile women
Under the control of the endocrine system
Necessary for reproduction
Average length: 28 days, but typically varies, with shorter and longer cycles
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7. DEFINITION
Menarche: a woman's first menstruation
typically occurs around age 12
occurrence depends on overall health and diet
Menopause: end of a woman's reproductive phase, commonly occurs
between ages 45 and 55
age of menopause is largely the result of genetics
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8. Physiological changes during menstrual cycle can be observed at three different levels:
neuroendocrine level
ovaries
uterus
Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:
menstrual phase
proliferative / follicular (estrogen) phase
secretory / luteal phase (progesterone) phase
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9. Phase
Average start and end day
(assuming a 28-day cycle)
Menstrual phase 1-4
Proliferative phase 5-13
Ovulation 13-16
Secretory phase 16-28
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10. MENSTRUAL PHASE
Menstruation
menstrual bleeding, menses, period discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells,
glandular secretions and blood cells, lasts 3 -5 days result of the previous menstrual cycle
due to strong vasoconstriction and proteolytic activity, functional stratum of endometrial
tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding
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11. MENSTRUAL PHASE
Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen levels, hypophysis secretes more FSH
FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation signal to the
endometrial basal layer
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13. FOLLICULAR PHASE
Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, several
ovarian follicles are stimulated
Follicles compete with each other for dominance
The follicle that reaches maturity is called a Graafian follicle
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14. FOLLICULAR PHASE
As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen, which thickens the new
functional layer of endometrium in the uterus
Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus
At the end of this phase ovulation occurs
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16. OVULATION
During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the
pituitary gland
When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above which they
stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop)
The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing
the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte
After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube
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17. LUTEAL PHASE
Corpus luteum: solid body formed in an ovary after the ovum has been released into the
fallopian tube
Produces significant amounts of progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the
endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst
High levels of E and P suppress production of FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to
maintain itself
Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle
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18. EXERCISE
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Explain the menstrual cycle

19. LEARNING OUTCOMES
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The student explain about
Explain about menstrual cycle.

20. Student effective learning outcome
1.Application of concepts of topic & it’s technological application.
2. Critical and innovative thinking skills
3.Life long learning ability
4.Ability to observe and develop sense making , logical skills for abstract concepts.
5.Ability to understand subject related concepts clearly along with contemporary issues
6.Ability to collaborate
7.Ability to be a lifelong learner
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21. REFERENCES
• Sara Howard (2013) Midwifery retrieved April 17, 2014 from www.powershow.com
• CordeliaS.H.(2014) A brief History Of Midwifery in America. Retrieved April 11, 2014 from
wholisticmaternalnewbornhealth.org/professio nal-education/history-of-midwifery
• midwifeinsight.com/articles/a-short-history-of- midwifery/,retrieved April 18,2014.
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