This document discusses various types of cold storage equipment and material handling equipment used in warehouses. It describes racks, shelves, mezzanines, and other storage systems used for organizing inventory. It also outlines different types of storage configurations like block stacking, wide aisle racking, double-deep racking, narrow aisle racking, drive-in racking, and satellite racking. Additionally, it covers the equipment used for horizontal and vertical movement of inventory like forklifts, tow tractors, AGVs, lift tables, and conveyor belts. Specialized equipment with attachments for efficient handling of different cargo are also presented.

1. Presented by
Dr. Bishal Dey Sarkar
Ph.D.
Mail_ID: bishal.sarkar@siom.in
Phone No.: +91 7982948964
COLD STORAGE EQUIPMENTS

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INTRODUCTION
• Material Handling Equipment encompasses a diverse range of tools, vehicles, storage
units, appliances, and accessories involved in transporting, storing, controlling,
enumerating, and protecting products at any stage of manufacturing, distribution
consumption, or disposal.
• Storage equipment is usually limited to non-automated examples, which are grouped
with engineered systems. Storage equipment is used to hold or buffer materials during
“downtimes” or times when they are not being transported.
• The majority of storage equipment refers to pallets, shelves, or racks onto which
materials may be stacked in an orderly manner to await transportation or consumption.

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COLD STORAGE EQUIPMENT
• Racks, such as pallet racks, drive-through or drive-in racks, push-back racks, and sliding racks, are a basic
but important method of storage, saving floor space while keeping their contents accessible.
• Stacking frames are stackable like blocks, as their name implies. They allow crushable pallets of inventory,
such as containers of liquid, to be stacked to save space without damage.
• Shelves, bins, and drawers. Shelves, another basic storage method, are less open than racks. Used with
bins and drawers, they’re more able to keep smaller and more difficult to manage materials and products
stored and organized. Shelving types can include boltless, cantilever, revolving, and tie-down.
• Mezzanines, a type of indoor platform, help to create more floor space in a warehouse or other storage
building for offices or more storage. Typical types include modular, movable, rack-supported, building-
supported, and free-standing versions.
• Work assist tooling enables safe and efficient product handling across numerous industries in applications
that require the movement of products, enhancing the efficiency of assembly and manufacturing operations.
• Pallet inverters are similar to inverters and help heavy items and fully loaded pallets be rotated or
repositioned with ease.

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BASIC FEATURES OF STORAGE SYSTEMS

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GROUND STORE
Block Storage
Line Storage
• The goods are stored or stacked directly on the floor
• The stacking height depends on the characteristics of the
goods
• It requires very less investment costs and can be adapted
flexibly to the constructional conditions
• This type of warehouse is operated mainly manually.
• Only Goods in first row can be accessed
• Works according to LIFO strategy
• The articles are arranged in such a
way that each column is located at an
aisle
• This reduces the degree of space
utilization but increases the number
of purposefully stored articles

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GROUND STORE
Block Storage
Line Storage
• The goods are stored or stacked directly on the floor
• The stacking height depends on the characteristics of the
goods
• It requires very less investment costs and can be adapted
flexibly to the constructional conditions
• This type of warehouse is operated mainly manually.
• Only Goods in first row can be accessed
• Works according to LIFO strategy
• The articles are arranged in such a
way that each column is located at an
aisle
• This reduces the degree of space
utilization but increases the number
of purposefully stored articles

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TYPES OF STORAGES
5
• Drive-in/drive-through racking
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• Pallet flow/live storage
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• Push-back racking
8
• Satellite or shuttle racking
1 • Block stacking
2 • Wide aisle racking
3 • Double-deep racking
4 • Narrow aisle racking

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TYPES OF STORAGES: BLOCK STACKING
 Common method of storing large quantities of single SKU products
Warehouse height is reasonably low
 Products & packaging are robust
 Budgets are tight
 The goods are packed in unit loads and stacked on the floor to their maximum safe height, which
is governed by the weight and stability of the stack.
 Refrigerators, barrels, cans and bottles are typical products stored
 Disadvantages: Access, Damage, Stock Rotation, Space Utilization.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: WIDE AISLE PALLET RACKING
 Racking is present in the majority of warehouses worldwide
 It is the most versatile of any racking without requiring specialized handling equipment
 The beam heights can be configured to any height as required
 UK/industrial pallets (1200 × 1000), the short side facing the aisle
 Every pallet is accessible at any time, and the racking is easy to install and, if necessary, move.
 The disadvantage is in the fact that wider aisles are required to allow the forklift trucks sufficient turning
circle.
 The use of reach trucks in this area reduces the amount of aisle width required compared with
counterbalance trucks.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: DOUBLE-DEEP RACKING
 Double-deep pallet racking, as the name implies, allows pallets to be stored too deep in the racking, thus
eliminating an aisle.
 By reducing the number of access aisles & using the space saved to accommodate additional racking, a
double-deep configuration provides a highly space efficient storage system.
 The pallets are still accessible from the same aisle.
 This system does require specialist equipment in the form
 of extendable forks and will require slightly wider aisles.
 The speed of access is slower.
 LIFO applies.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: NARROW AISLE RACKING
 Narrow aisle racking, as the name implies, utilizes APR and provides storage for a greater concentration of
pallets by reducing the aisle width to circa 1.6 meters.
 Narrowing the aisles too much restricts the speeds at which a forklift can travel between picking locations.
 Racking configuration requires using narrow aisle or turret trucks to deposit and access pallets.
 Narrow aisle racking requires a very flat floor, especially if we look at heights over 10 meters.
 These trucks are not required to turn in the aisles as their forks extend from the side.
 They can access pallets from both sides of the aisle.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: DRIVE-IN RACKING
 Drive-in racking provides a safe and efficient equivalent to block stacking for loads that are too fragile or
unstable to be stacked on top of each other.
 Racking has an L-shaped rail for the pallets to rest on, between which there is enough space for a forklift
truck to drive into the racking
 The pallets have to be stronger than for normal racking because they have to support the weight of the load
across the gap between the rails.
 Drive-in/drive-through racking is a high-density storage medium suitable for large quantities of single
SKUs
 Disadvantages are the increased potential for damage, not only to the product but also to the racking, and
the low speed of put-away and retrieval.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: PALLET FLOW/LIVE STORAGE
 Pallet-flow racking is driven by gravity. It is perfect for fast-moving products with FIFO stock rotation
 Pallets are loaded at the upper end of sloping lanes, and move down by gravity, using heavy-duty skate
wheels, when a pallet is removed from the pick face.
 One block of roller conveyor racking requires only two aisles: a loading face and a picking face which
means fast cycle times and high occupancy rates within your warehouse
 Disadvantages are the potential reduction in cubic utilization and the fact that different products will require
a different angle of incline based on the weight of the pallet. Each run also requires the same product to be
stored in it.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: PUSH-BACK RACKING
 Push-back systems work by placing pallet loads on a series of nesting carts fed forward by gravity on rigid
structural steel rails.
 A pallet is loaded from the front, it pushes the pallet behind it back in one position. When unloading, the
front pallet is removed, and the rear pallet automatically comes forward
 LIFO inventory management.
 Operators can store products from two to five pallets deep, with front-only loading from a single aisle
 Pushback offers more versatile storage as each lane flows independently
 Multiple pick facings for a variety of SKUs can be stored & retrieved without disturbing other product

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TYPES OF STORAGES: SATELLITE RACKING
 A satellite system is similar to drive-in racking.
 It is operated by placing shuttles at the front of the racking, utilizing counterbalance, reach or narrow aisle
trucks, depending on the height of the racking.
 The shuttles are controlled remotely via a radio frequency (RF) battery-operated control system and special
channel rails.
 Each level of racking is assigned to a specific product, unlike drive-in racking where every level has to
contain the same product code.
 There are no aisles & hence the cube of the warehouse is well utilized with the use of very long lanes.
 The storage system can store pallets within a system that can operate to lengths of 40 meters.
 The system operates in FILO mode. It can also operate with FIFO.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: VERY HIGH BAY WAREHOUSES
 These consist essentially of massive blocks of racking, built as an integral structure to a high degree of
precision and often supporting the building’s roofing and wall cladding.
 Height range from 23 meters up to 60 meters. Mast cranes built into the racking structure operate in aisles a
little wider than the unit load handled, under computer control, with the unit loads moving automatically
into or out of the racking
 The main cost deciding factor is pallet size and type.
 The costs and space utilization and operating efficiency are high.

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TYPES OF STORAGES:MEZZANINE FLOORS/RAISED STORAGE AREAS
 Where a warehouse has sufficient height, it can be very cost effective to construct a mezzanine floor.
Typical areas are above the inbound and outbound loading bays. This space can be used to construct
shelving for storage and can also be used to undertake value-adding services or can be used for long-term
storage.
 If the mezzanine is to be used for product storage, you’ll need to ensure it’s properly structured to take the
appropriate load, and that the supports are also properly specified. The floor that the vertical supports stand
on will also need to be properly surveyed.
 To gain access to your mezzanine you’ll need to consider whether you need a lift, conveyor, steps and any
gating or barriers that will be required.

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TYPES OF STORAGES: LIFT SYSTEMS(TOWER RACKS)
• Lift systems are a type of container rack that use a vertical
lifting mechanism to stack and store shipping containers.
• They are often used in shipping yards, ports, construction
sites, and warehouses to efficiently store and transport large
quantities of shipping containers or other materials and
equipment.
• Lift systems can stack containers vertically, allowing for
efficient use of space and adaptability to uneven terrain.
• The lift can be operated using a control panel or remote
control, allowing for precise positioning of containers.
• They can also be useful for improving safety by reducing the
need for manual labor and heavy machinery.

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TYPES OF STORAGES
Honey Comb Rack
Rotary Racks
Flow Racks

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EQUIPMENT FOR MOVEMENTS: PALLET
• An HPT has a hydraulic pump to enable the operator to lift a
pallet sufficiently to move it across the warehouse floor.
• It is a cost-effective piece of equipment to move pallets across
short distances.
• It can also maneuver pallets within the racking or on the back of
a trailer or container.
Power pallet trucks
• These are battery operated and are used for loading, unloading,
picking and pallet-transfer duties to and from the receiving and
dispatch areas.
• They can be supplied as pedestrian, stand-on or seated versions.

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EQUIPMENT FOR MOVEMENTS: TOW TRACTORS/TUGS
 These are utilized where distances between points within the
warehouse are long and there is a requirement to move a number
of pallets at the same time.
 Pallets can be loaded onto trailers coupled to each other and
towed or trammed to the required location.

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EQUIPMENT FOR MOVEMENTS: AGV’S
 Customers using this system report a doubling of the pick rate to
some 400 packages per hour and a 60 per cent lower error rate.
The advantages of automated vehicles are as follows:
 Computer or hand controlled;
 more durable than people;
 long-distance and/or high-density traffic;
 fitted with security sensors and guards;
 limited potential for damage;
 reliable; and
 do not cause bottlenecks
The disadvantages are :initially expensive, fully reliant on the RF
system within the warehouse, and require a specially designed and
obstruction-free floor area.

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HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS
Tow Tractor / Tugs Automated Guided Vehicles

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EQUIPMENT FOR MOVEMENTS: FORKLIDFT TRUCKS

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VERTICAL MOVEMENT
Lift Table Drum Loader / Tilter

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VERTICAL MOVEMENT
Scissor Platform Lift

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT
Extended Forks Crane
Attachments
Drum Grip and
Clamps
Double Pallet Handlers Slip Sheet Attachments
Carton Clamps

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: COUNTER BALANCING FORKLIFT
• A counterbalance forklift truck is the most
common type of forklift
• A counterweight at the rear and either three
or four wheels.
• Counterbalance forklift trucks are able to
drive up close to a load to lift and move it,
as the counterweight prevents the vehicle
from tipping over

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: REACH TRUCKS
• They are designed to have two outer legs
that help distribute the load and a single set
of wheels in the back
• They are designed to have two outer legs
that help distribute the load and a single set
of wheels in the back
• The wheels are located below the operator,
which helps create a tighter turn radius

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: NARROW AISLE/TURRET TRUCKS
• These trucks are designed to operate with little more aisle space than their own width.
The normal width of a narrow aisle truck is approximately 1.6 meters.
• Operating this type of truck can add approximately 33 per cent to storage capacity
through the adoption of narrower aisles.

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: EXTENDED FORKLIFT

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: CRANE ATTACHMENT

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: DRUM GRIP AND CLAMPS

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: SLIP SHEET ATTACHMENTS

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: CONVEYORS
• Conveyors carry goods by power or gravity. They are an
integral part of zone picking and goods-to-picker systems as
they transfer cartons and totes between zones and to the
operator workstations.
• Powered conveyors tend to be used for transferring goods over
longer distances and utilize belts, chains, slats and rollers.
Gravity conveyors can be used to transfer picked items from a
mezzanine floor to the dispatch area for consolidation with
other picked items or along short distances within zones.
• The disadvantages of conveyor systems include high capital
cost, less flexibility, regular maintenance requirements and
they are an obstruction to both pedestrians and trucks.

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SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT: SIDE LOADING TRUCKS
https://youtu.be/_-7L5cMOKlg

37. THANK YOU !!
Contact Details:
Email ID: bishal.sarkar@siom.in
Mobile No.: +91 7982948964