The document discusses the skeletal system, including its main parts like bones, joints, and cartilage. It describes the functions of bones in supporting the body, protecting organs, enabling movement, and storing minerals. There are 206 bones in the human body that are either compact or spongy bone tissue. Long bones have a periosteum and contain arteries. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Various bones are described along with gender differences in the pelvis. Joints are classified and different types like movable and immovable joints are outlined. Common inflammatory joint conditions like arthritis are also discussed.

1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal System

2. The Skeletal System
Slide 5.1
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 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)
 Tendon (bone to muscle)

4. Functions of Bones
Slide 5.2
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 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation

5. Bones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3
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 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Figure 5.2b

6. Structures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7
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 Periosteum
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Arteries
Figure 5.2c

7. Changes in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12
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 In embryos, the skeleton is cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints

8. Types of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15
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 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium

9. Bone Fractures
Slide 5.16
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 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by
immobilization
 Realignment of the bone

10. The Axial Skeleton
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 Forms the longitudinal part of the body
 Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

11. The Axial Skeleton
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Figure 5.6

12. The Skull
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 Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

13. The Fetal Skull
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 The fetal skull is
large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

14. The Fetal Skull
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 Fontanelles
membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

15. The Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28
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 Vertebrae
separated by discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
Figure 5.14

16. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29
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Figure 5.16

17. The Bony Thorax
Slide
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 Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

18. The Bony Thorax
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 Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

19. The Appendicular Skeleton
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 Limbs
 Pectoral girdle
 Pelvic girdle

20. The Appendicular Skeleton
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Figure 5.6c

21. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33
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 Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

22. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Figure 5.20a, b

23. Bones of the Upper Limb
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 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b

24. Bones of the Upper Limb
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• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c

25. Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36
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 The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals –
palm
Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22

26. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37
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 Hip bones
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine

27. The Pelvis
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Figure 5.23a

28. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39
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Figure 5.23c

29. Bones of the Lower Limbs
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 The thigh has
one bone
Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

30. Bones of the Lower Limbs
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 The leg has
two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c

31. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41
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 The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25

32. Joints
Slide 5.43
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 Articulations (Movement) of
bones
 Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility

33. Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45
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 Immovable joints
example – Bones in skull
 Slightly movable joints
example – joints between vertebrae
 Freely Movable joints
example – shoulder, knee

34. Types of Movable Joints
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Figure 5.29a–c

35. Types of Movable Joints
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Figure 5.29d–f

36. Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53
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 Bursitis – inflammation usually caused by a
blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States

37. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
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 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities