3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 4.15 - Study Strategies
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Psychology
Course Notes
Study Strategies
On this page, you’ll read about some additional concepts that you should note to
succeed in this course.
4 Memory / Page 4.15 Course Notes: Study Strategies
On this page: 1 of 1 attempted (100%) | 1 of 1 correct (100%)
Now that you’ve gotten an overview of how memory works, this Course Notes page will
provide a closer look at what these concepts suggest about the best ways to study to
improve long-term retention. The study skills on this page will help you study and
remember the key concepts from this course. They will also be important for the
investigation in Chapter 6 as well as Case Study #3, which is due in Week 9.
Active Study Strategies
It’s important to read any given material and listen to lectures or discussions, but these
actions are not study strategies. When you read or listen, your sensory memory is taking
in the information. But to study the information, learn it, and encode it in your long-
term memory, you must actively process it in your working memory. Research shows
that rereading text without thinking about it or doing something with it creates a false
sense of familiarity (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). To truly learn something and
commit it to long-term memory, use the following active study strategies—and be sure
to study often and over time.
Rehearse and Retrieve
Rehearsal, or retrieval practice, involves more active processing than simply rereading.
If you hear a new song on the radio, you probably can’t sing all the words after listening
to it only once. After hearing it several times, however, you may know the lyrics and the
melody. Retrieval practice is similar to listening to a song over and over. When you
rehearse information, quizzing yourself to test your recall, you strengthen the memories
and make it more likely that you will retrieve the information quickly. This is due in
part to the testing effect. The more you test yourself on the information you’re likely to
be asked about, the more likely you’ll remember it when you need it.
Use Mnemonics
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3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 4.15 - Study Strategies
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When you need to memorize lists of items or steps in a procedure, use or develop
mnemonics. Since working memory is limited to between five and seven bits of
information at a time, chunking and mnemonics allow you to consolidate a list or steps
into a more manageable unit to remember. For example, you can use the acronym
CANOE to remember the Big Five personality traits from Chapter 3: conscientiousness,
agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
Make It Meaningful
As you study mater.
DEVELOPMENTAL PHYCHOLOGY AND LEARNING ( II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)Videoconferencias UTPL
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Mgs. Elvia Ivanova Pinza Tapia
Ciclo: Quinto
Bimestre: Segundo
Learning Design for the Brain - Multimedia Principlesrani h gill
Learning Design for the Brain demonstrates and explains multimedia principles and how to apply in designing information or learning. The intent is boil these principles & theories down to essentials to make them more usable.
NOTE: Slide 57 & 58 (Critique 2) are reversed. The answers come before the critique - tried fixing it many times!!!
DEVELOPMENTAL PHYCHOLOGY AND LEARNING ( II Bimestre Abril Agosto 2011)Videoconferencias UTPL
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Mgs. Elvia Ivanova Pinza Tapia
Ciclo: Quinto
Bimestre: Segundo
Learning Design for the Brain - Multimedia Principlesrani h gill
Learning Design for the Brain demonstrates and explains multimedia principles and how to apply in designing information or learning. The intent is boil these principles & theories down to essentials to make them more usable.
NOTE: Slide 57 & 58 (Critique 2) are reversed. The answers come before the critique - tried fixing it many times!!!
Forum 5 Memory and Language DevelopmentThink back over your.docxalisoncarleen
Forum 5: Memory and Language Development
Think back over your childhood. What informal, (outside of school), literacy and math experiences did you have while growing up? Based on what you’ve learned, how do you think those experiences contributed to your academic progress after you started school? Which concepts and/or strategies, from the lesson, did you use in school? Which strategy you could use now? How?
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
Post meets the 250 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
Cognitive Development (Information Processing Perspective) and Language Development
The topics for this week are information processing and language development. We will explore the information processing approach to cognitive development. Additionally, We will examine the theories of language development, along with pre-linguistic, phonological, semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic development. We will study the development of metalinguistic awareness and bilingualism.
Topics to be covered include:
Model for Information-Processing
Attributes of Attention and Memory Development and Their Effect on Cognition
Information Processing and Academic Learning
Case Studies Related to Information Processing
Stages of Language Development
General Model for Information Processing Perspective
Information-processing research seeks to understand how children develop the attention, memory, and self-management skills to succeed with complex tasks. Those who study this approach compare the human mind to a computer, or an intricate, symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
THE STORE MODEL
Research that occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s led to the adoption of a term known as the store model. This model assumes that we store information in three parts of a mental system for processing: the sensory register, the short-term memory store, and the long-term memory store. As information moves from one part to the next, individuals use strategies to retain and effectively utilize the information.
Imagine stepping into a room at a museum, looking around for a minute, and then closing your eyes. Your sensory register has just been activated. It took in a wide variety of new information; however, the majority of this information will be lost in just a moment. If you did not use a mental tactic to focus on a particular feature of the room, it is likely that what you saw will not move to the subsequent part of the mental system, the short term memory store.
Working Memory and Long-Term Memory
WORKING MEMORY
LONG-TERM M ...
10 Effective Study Strategies And Tips To Maximize Learning Efficiency | Futu...Future Education Magazine
Here are 10 effective study strategies and tips to maximize learning efficiency: 1. Active Learning 2. Spaced Repetition 3. Effective Time Management 4. Mind Mapping 5. Active Recall
A guide to take you through how to use the training materials for the PMSD Roadmap.
Includes a collection of all of the Top Facilitation Tips used in the training materials, which can be used to provide guidance when running the training sessions, and also as tips for the participants themselves.
Tips created by Lindsay Berresford.
Last updated 21/06/12
Ace Maths Solutions Unit Five Reading: Exercises on Teaching Data Handling (w...PiLNAfrica
The solutions unit consists of the following:
General points for discussion relating to the teaching of the mathematical content in the activities.
Step-by-step mathematical solutions to the activities.
Annotations to the solutions to assist teachers in their understanding the maths as well as teaching issues relating to the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Suggestions of links to alternative activities for the teaching of the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Ace Maths Solutions Unit Five Reading: Exercises on Teaching Data Handling (w...Saide OER Africa
The solutions unit consists of the following:
General points for discussion relating to the teaching of the mathematical content in the activities.
Step-by-step mathematical solutions to the activities.
Annotations to the solutions to assist teachers in their understanding the maths as well as teaching issues relating to the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Suggestions of links to alternative activities for the teaching of the mathematical content represented in the activities.
The College & Career Readiness & College Completion Act was signed by the Governor of Maryland in 2013. Hopefully, in a few years’ time college instructors will find that the students entering their classes are better prepared. But what do we do in the meantime? The ability to embed student success skills into the course curriculum is essential so that students can develop techniques that will improve their chances of success throughout their college career.
The following topics were shared during the presentation: concept mapping, critical thinking, tips for proper reading of a textbook, time management, notetaking tips, how to condense information covered in class, and how to research and write a paper.
The challenge of teaching student success skills during the semester is that of completing all required course information at the same time. Participants were asked to discuss potential methods of creating time within their courses so that student success techniques could be taught.
6/5/2020 Originality Report
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2 Student paper 1 Student paper 5 Student paper
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Student paper 83%
Student paper 92%
Student paper 94%
Student paper 81%
Bibliography: Baset, S., Suneja, S., Bila, N., Tuncer, O., & Isci, C. (2017). Usable declarative configuration specification and validation for applications, systems, and cloud.
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware ’17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154448.3154453
Berger, S., Garion, S., Moatti, Y., Naor, D., Pendarakis, D., Shulman-Peleg, A., Rao, J. R., Valdez, E., & Weinsberg, Y. (2016). Security intelligence for cloud management
infrastructures. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 60(4), 11:1–11:13. https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2016.2572462
Duncan, R. (2020). A multi-cloud world requires a multi-cloud security approach. Computer Fraud & Security, 2020(5), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-3723(20)30052-X
January 15, S. P. on, & 2020. (2020, January 15). Cloud Misconfigurations: The Security Problem Coming From Inside IT. Security Boulevard.
https://securityboulevard.com/2020/01/cloud-misconfigurations-the-security-problem-coming-from-inside-it/ Torkura, K. A., Sukmana, M. I. H., Strauss, T., Graupner, H., Cheng, F.,
& Meinel, C. (2018, November 1). CSBAuditor: Proactive Security Risk Analysis for Cloud Storage Broker Systems. IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCA.2018.8548329
1
2 2
3
4 5
1
Student paper
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware
Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware ’17.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3154448.3154453
Original source
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware
Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware '17
doi:10.1145/3.
Forum 5 Memory and Language DevelopmentThink back over your.docxalisoncarleen
Forum 5: Memory and Language Development
Think back over your childhood. What informal, (outside of school), literacy and math experiences did you have while growing up? Based on what you’ve learned, how do you think those experiences contributed to your academic progress after you started school? Which concepts and/or strategies, from the lesson, did you use in school? Which strategy you could use now? How?
Initial post
Analyzed the question(s), fact(s), issue(s), etc. and provided well-reasoned and substantive answers.
20
Supported ideas and responses using appropriate examples and references from texts, professional and/or academic websites, and other references. (All references must be from professional and/or academic sources. Websites such as Wikipedia, about.com, and others such as these are NOT acceptable.)
Post meets the 250 word minimum requirement and is free from spelling/grammar errors
Cognitive Development (Information Processing Perspective) and Language Development
The topics for this week are information processing and language development. We will explore the information processing approach to cognitive development. Additionally, We will examine the theories of language development, along with pre-linguistic, phonological, semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic development. We will study the development of metalinguistic awareness and bilingualism.
Topics to be covered include:
Model for Information-Processing
Attributes of Attention and Memory Development and Their Effect on Cognition
Information Processing and Academic Learning
Case Studies Related to Information Processing
Stages of Language Development
General Model for Information Processing Perspective
Information-processing research seeks to understand how children develop the attention, memory, and self-management skills to succeed with complex tasks. Those who study this approach compare the human mind to a computer, or an intricate, symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
THE STORE MODEL
Research that occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s led to the adoption of a term known as the store model. This model assumes that we store information in three parts of a mental system for processing: the sensory register, the short-term memory store, and the long-term memory store. As information moves from one part to the next, individuals use strategies to retain and effectively utilize the information.
Imagine stepping into a room at a museum, looking around for a minute, and then closing your eyes. Your sensory register has just been activated. It took in a wide variety of new information; however, the majority of this information will be lost in just a moment. If you did not use a mental tactic to focus on a particular feature of the room, it is likely that what you saw will not move to the subsequent part of the mental system, the short term memory store.
Working Memory and Long-Term Memory
WORKING MEMORY
LONG-TERM M ...
10 Effective Study Strategies And Tips To Maximize Learning Efficiency | Futu...Future Education Magazine
Here are 10 effective study strategies and tips to maximize learning efficiency: 1. Active Learning 2. Spaced Repetition 3. Effective Time Management 4. Mind Mapping 5. Active Recall
A guide to take you through how to use the training materials for the PMSD Roadmap.
Includes a collection of all of the Top Facilitation Tips used in the training materials, which can be used to provide guidance when running the training sessions, and also as tips for the participants themselves.
Tips created by Lindsay Berresford.
Last updated 21/06/12
Ace Maths Solutions Unit Five Reading: Exercises on Teaching Data Handling (w...PiLNAfrica
The solutions unit consists of the following:
General points for discussion relating to the teaching of the mathematical content in the activities.
Step-by-step mathematical solutions to the activities.
Annotations to the solutions to assist teachers in their understanding the maths as well as teaching issues relating to the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Suggestions of links to alternative activities for the teaching of the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Ace Maths Solutions Unit Five Reading: Exercises on Teaching Data Handling (w...Saide OER Africa
The solutions unit consists of the following:
General points for discussion relating to the teaching of the mathematical content in the activities.
Step-by-step mathematical solutions to the activities.
Annotations to the solutions to assist teachers in their understanding the maths as well as teaching issues relating to the mathematical content represented in the activities.
Suggestions of links to alternative activities for the teaching of the mathematical content represented in the activities.
The College & Career Readiness & College Completion Act was signed by the Governor of Maryland in 2013. Hopefully, in a few years’ time college instructors will find that the students entering their classes are better prepared. But what do we do in the meantime? The ability to embed student success skills into the course curriculum is essential so that students can develop techniques that will improve their chances of success throughout their college career.
The following topics were shared during the presentation: concept mapping, critical thinking, tips for proper reading of a textbook, time management, notetaking tips, how to condense information covered in class, and how to research and write a paper.
The challenge of teaching student success skills during the semester is that of completing all required course information at the same time. Participants were asked to discuss potential methods of creating time within their courses so that student success techniques could be taught.
6/5/2020 Originality Report
https://blackboard.nec.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-BB5b75a0e7334a9/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=2ab444ee-13c8-49eb-86f5-578168754de8&course_id=_47058_1&includeDeleted=true&print=true 1/12
%21
%20
%1
SafeAssign Originality Report
Cloud Computing - 202040 - CRN174 - Pollak • Final Project
%26Total Score: Medium risk
Santhosh Muthyapu
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Total Number of Reports
3
Highest Match
43 %
Bibliography.docx
Average Match
26 %
Submitted on
06/05/20
11:46 AM EDT
Average Word Count
816
Highest: CLOUDMISCONFIGURATION.pptx
%43Attachment 1
Global database (3)
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Institutional database (1)
Student paper
Internet (1)
fiids
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View Originality Report - Old Design
Word Count: 193
Bibliography.docx
1 5 3
2
4
2 Student paper 1 Student paper 5 Student paper
https://blackboard.nec.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-BB5b75a0e7334a9/originalityReport?attemptId=2ab444ee-13c8-49eb-86f5-578168754de8&course_id=_47058_1&includeDeleted=true&print=true&force=true
6/5/2020 Originality Report
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Source Matches (6)
Student paper 83%
Student paper 92%
Student paper 94%
Student paper 81%
Bibliography: Baset, S., Suneja, S., Bila, N., Tuncer, O., & Isci, C. (2017). Usable declarative configuration specification and validation for applications, systems, and cloud.
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware ’17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154448.3154453
Berger, S., Garion, S., Moatti, Y., Naor, D., Pendarakis, D., Shulman-Peleg, A., Rao, J. R., Valdez, E., & Weinsberg, Y. (2016). Security intelligence for cloud management
infrastructures. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 60(4), 11:1–11:13. https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2016.2572462
Duncan, R. (2020). A multi-cloud world requires a multi-cloud security approach. Computer Fraud & Security, 2020(5), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-3723(20)30052-X
January 15, S. P. on, & 2020. (2020, January 15). Cloud Misconfigurations: The Security Problem Coming From Inside IT. Security Boulevard.
https://securityboulevard.com/2020/01/cloud-misconfigurations-the-security-problem-coming-from-inside-it/ Torkura, K. A., Sukmana, M. I. H., Strauss, T., Graupner, H., Cheng, F.,
& Meinel, C. (2018, November 1). CSBAuditor: Proactive Security Risk Analysis for Cloud Storage Broker Systems. IEEE Xplore. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCA.2018.8548329
1
2 2
3
4 5
1
Student paper
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware
Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware ’17.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3154448.3154453
Original source
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware
Conference on Industrial Track - Middleware '17
doi:10.1145/3.
61Identify the case study you selected. Explain whether the.docxBHANU281672
6:1
Identify the case study you selected. Explain whether the primary offender demonstrates features of a disciplined psychopath or an undisciplined psychopath. Provide examples to support your conclusion. Explain how these features differ from those displayed by individuals with antisocial personalities or narcissism. Explain the challenges a forensic psychology professional might have working with individuals with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy.
Support your post with references to the Learning Resources and other academic sources.
Case Study #1
FPSY 6201 Psychological Aspects of Violent Crime Week 6 Case Studies
Paul is a 31-year-old man who was recently arrested for shooting a store manager during a robbery. He has a history of aggression and violating the law, including burglary, robbery, assault, and numerous drug charges. He is a high school dropout and has never been able to hold a job. When he first meets someone, he can come across as engaging, funny, and charming. He has been in numerous relationships; however, in those relationships he was emotionally detached and parasitic, as well as verbally and physically abusive. He has a volatile temperament and no sense of obligation or responsibility to anyone. His crimes often display a complete lack of empathy for his victims.
.
60CHAPTER THREEconsistent with the so-called performative app.docxBHANU281672
60 CHAPTER THREE
consistent with the so-called performative approach in social studies (K,apchan, 1995; Schechner, 2002; Warren 2001). According to this approach, to perform is to carry something into effect; hence, intercultural communication can be viewed as a process of carrying meaning, or cultural identity, as such, into effect.
When we speak of performativity or performance in intercultural communi cation, we must remember that "performance is the manifestation of performa tivity. This is to say, performativity refers to the reiterative process of becoming, while performance refers to the materialization of that process-the individual acts by human players in the world" (Warren, 2001: 106; boldface added)
The performative approach suggests that intercultural communication is per formed, like music. There are a variety of verbal and nonverbal elements (notes), with which people create various language games (music). Some games are quite simple (a routine greeting), while others are more complex (business negotia tions). In all cases, though, meanings are performed; that is, they are created and re-created in the process of interaction. People perform various activities repeat edly, and through repetition these movements become symbolic resources making up cultural identity. In intercultural interactions, to use Nietzsche's expression, "the deed is everything" (quoted in Butler, 1990: 25).
,11
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Introducing the Performativity Principle
Looking at intercultural communication as performance, we will formulate our third principle of intercultural communication: the Perfo.rmativity Principle. There are three parts to this principle, and each deals with intercultural communication as creating and enacting meaning in the process of interaction. First, we will dis cuss the dramaturgy of intercultural performativity, or how people move from rules to roles. Next, we will present intercultural communication as a reiterative process. Finally, we will show the structure of intercultural communication as per formance. We will discuss each part separately and then formulate the Performa tivity Principle as a whole.
The Dramaturgy of Performativity:
From Rules to Roles
Communication as Drama. When people communicate with one another, they try to reach their goals by using various language means. Every act of com munication is a performance whereby people lace each other (either literally or in a mediated fashion, such as via the telephone or the Internet) and, as if on stage, present themselves-their very identities-dramatically to each other.
The theatrical or dramaturgical metaphor for communication does not sug
gest that people perform actions according to predetermined scripts or that per formances are insincere and deceitful. Nor does the theatrical metaphor suggest that people think of themselves as actors, always conscious of performing on stage. What the dramaturgical view of performativity states.
6 pagesThe following sections are in the final consulting .docxBHANU281672
6 pages
The following sections are in the final consulting report: Introduction to the Organization and Entry, Informal Data Collection, Microdiagnosis, and Contracting. Begin composing these sections in a document of 6–9 pages, not including the title page, table of contents, or reference list. Address the following elements:
Introduction to the Organization
Type of organization
Description of and information about the organization (e.g., review Web sites, press, and published documents)
Number of employees or key members
The opportunities that were initially identified or issues the organization faces
Entry, Informal Data Collection, Microdiagnosis, Contracting
Description of the issue or opportunity that served as a starting point for your work with the client
The process of diagnosing the problem and the agreed-upon objectives
The process you used to reach an agreement with the organization
.
600 words needed1. What do we mean by the New Public Administr.docxBHANU281672
600 words needed
1. What do we mean by the New Public Administration? Relatedly, but distictively,
2. what is meant by the New Public Management?
3. How are they related?
4. How has the advent of digital technology helped inspire new emphases on efficiency on the public sector?
.
6 peer responses due in 24 hours Each set of 2 responses wil.docxBHANU281672
6 peer responses due in 24 hours
Each set of 2 responses will have its own instructions.
Respond to at least two of your classmates
TAMMY’S POST:
The differences between mandatory, aspirational, principle and virtue ethics are paramount to ethical practice. The comprehension and implementation of the spheres of each allow for adhesion to policy and a sense of professionalism.
"General Principles, as opposed to Ethical Standards, are aspirational in nature. Their intent is to guide and inspire psychologists toward the very highest ethical ideals of the profession. General Principles, in contrast to Ethical Standards, do not represent obligations and should not form the basis for imposing sanctions. Relying upon General Principles for either of these reasons distorts both their meaning and purpose". (American Psychological Association, 2017)
The literature and the doctrine parameters cause uncertainty due to the conflictual environment and obligations. Questions of conflict about perceptual tension, as an example in
Professional ethics in interdisciplinary collaboratives: Zeal, paternalism, and mandated reporting
(2006) are between an attorney's zeal or client autonomy within the judicial system relationships in contrast to the Social Services scope of interests of humanity and social justice. Since the adaption of roles and environments tend to adjust, concern if responsibility sways in the contention of the differences. Social services render a larger and more diverse "moral community" and their sustainability stemming from virtue. The judicial system attends to the political policy and rules governing lawful adherence versus deviance. Another spectrum is mandatory reporting obligations which are said to be more profound when ethics pursue and in the collaboration still clash. An issue is an act of ethics versus the 'command' according to an agency (Anderson, Barenberg, & Tremblay, 2006. p. 663).
The differences between principle ethics and virtue ethics
The general principles of the APA are considered aspirational. Simultaneously, therapists, psychologists, and psychiatrists, and similar social services are mandated in the ethical codes of conduct to act in the betterment and safety of others, especially those deemed incompetent or incapacitated to do so.
The difference between principle ethics and virtue ethics splits by social normative and subjectivity. Social normative are more definite by culture but still universal and often mandatory. For instance, law-abiding and humane acts from avoiding reckless driving, speeding, or operating under the influence of obligatory care of the elderly, a child, or the disability are mandatory. Virtue ethics are less objective and more diverse to demographics and ethnography. Like integrity, it is a matter of right and wrong based on habits, behaviors rooted in one's upbringing. For example, seeing someone drop money instead of keeping it is returned to the person seen dropping it. Another.
6 page paper onWhat is second language acquisition and why is .docxBHANU281672
6 page paper on
What is second language acquisition and why is it important? The disadvantages of not learning a second language. The benefits of being bilingual and multilingual. When is the best time to learn a second language and why? Why is it important to learn a second language at a younger age rather than an older age?
3 reliable sources.
.
600 Words1) Specify some of the ways in which human resource m.docxBHANU281672
600 Words
1) Specify some of the ways in which human resource management differs significantly in the public sector from the private sector?
2) Specify some of the ways in which all public managers are involved in the areas human resource management?
3) In recent times, organizations have been devoting an increasing amount of the organization's resources toward human resources. This is particularly true in areas such as technical and social training, dispute resolution, and the like. Why do you think this is?
4) What are some of the ways that human resource managers operating in local government agencies (i.e. municipal, county, school districts, and so forth) are addressing the skills shortages caused by massive generational retirements in the public sector?
source
http://www.jstor.org.proxy.li.suu.edu:2048/stable/20447680
.
6/1/2020 Originality Report
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Running head: Data MINING 1
Data MINING 8
Data Mining
Student: Avinash Kustagi
University of Cumberlands
Course Name: Business Intelligence
Course number: ITS-531
Professor: Dr. Abiodun Adeleke
05/29/2020
Data mining can be explained as the method to interpret information and hypothesis from large knowledge and data collections like databases or data warehouses.
Data mining popularity is increasing rapidly right now in the world. It is slowly becoming one of the most desired fields of work in the world right now. Data plays a
very big role in developing and shaping a business. It is because of Data mining that an organization comes to know more about what the market has demand for and
what their customers prefer and what they absolutely dislike. Data mining has proven to be extremely helpful in making valuable and important business decisions.
As described in the article” Business data mining — a machine learning perspective”, data mining has become an integral part of business development (Bose &
Mahapatra, 2001). Data mining has several applications in different fields of life. It is used in the field of finance, television industry, education, retail industry, and
telecommunication industry. Data mining is very valuable in the field of finance. Data mining help in data analysis to find a result in loan prediction. It gives an analysis
of the customer’s credit history and fraud detection (Valcheva, n.d.). It also assists in determining the previous money laundering trends and deduces a conclusion
about any unusual patterns in a credit history. It also assists in helping develop targeted marketing. In the field of finance, data mining and analysis helps in deducing
conclusion results from the previous trend in markets to determine what fiscal produc.
61520, 256 PMGlobal Innovation and Intellectual Property.docxBHANU281672
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12.1 Innovation as a Tool for Global Growth
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Identify three types of innovation that can fuel global growth.
Over 93 percent of global executives rate innovation as a key driver of organic global growth. More importantly, research
shows that around 85 percent of a company's productivity gains are related to R&D and other innovation-related
investments.
Innovation is the commercialization of new invention. However, many innovations do not necessarily build on new
inventions. An invention is a new concept or product that derives from ideas or from scientific research. Innovation, on the
other hand, is the combination of new or existing ideas to create something desired by customers, viable in the
marketplace, and possible with technology (see Figure 12.1).
Figure 12.1Primary components of innovation
The inputs used to innovate could be new inventions or they could be old ideas. For example, Henry Ford didn't invent the
automobile. Karl Benz from Germany did. However, Ford combined scientific management concepts with the automobile
production process to build automobiles more efficiently (Figure 12.2). This innovation built on existing inventions to
usher in a new industry with the scale to meet demand.
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Figure 12.2Innovation in the auto industryCarl Benz of Mercedes Benz invented the automobile (left). Henry Ford of Ford
Motor Company innovated by combining ideas on assembly lines with car production (right).
Most global managers struggle to get people in their companies to innovate. So far, no one has created a formula or model
that reliably leads companies to increased innovation. Some management approaches are helpful, but none is perfect. As
Dr. Brian Junling Li, vice president of Alibaba Group, puts it, “Innovation doesn't come from organized plans. It comes
from our preparedness to deal with the uncertainty of the future.” To understand how global companies can effectively
deal with the uncertainties of the future, we first need to examine the different types of innovation in which companies can
invest.
Three Kinds of Innovation
Different types of innovation have different implications for company growth. Based on those implications, we can
organize innovations into three types: those that improve performance, those that enhance efficiency, and those that create
a market.
Performance-improving innovations replace old products with upgraded models. Often, the improvements in these models
are consistent worldwide. Performance-improving innovations keep a company growing because they provide .
6 Developing Strategic and Operational PlansIngram Publish.docxBHANU281672
6 Developing Strategic and Operational Plans
Ingram Publishing/Thinkstock
To mean well is nothing without to do well.
—Plautus
Trinummus
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
• Identify strategy concepts, including the components of organizational strategy; generic strategies; diversi-
fication, integration, and implementation strategies; and blue ocean strategy.
• Describe the use of strategies for large, multiunit organizations, including the use of the Boston Consult-
ing Group matrix to discern strategic implications from the analysis of existing operations, and the use of
product/market expansion strategies and diversification strategies for organizational growth.
• Discuss tactical issues that are relevant to pursuing participation in a managed-care network.
• Delineate the factors that influence the selection of a strategy by an organization.
• Explain how operational plans support strategic plans, and describe how operational plans are developed.
Section 6.1Strategy Concepts
Introduction
After developing a set of objectives for the time period covered by the strategic plan, the strat-
egy necessary for accomplishing those objectives must be formulated. First, planners must
design an overall strategy, and then define the operating details of that strategy as it relates
to providing services, promoting operations, determining locations, and increasing revenue
sources. This chapter introduces the concept of strategy, and describes strategy elements,
approaches to strategy development, and how operational plans support strategic plans.
6.1 Strategy Concepts
The word strategy has been used in a number of ways over the years and especially so in
the context of business. As we discussed in Chapter 2, strategy means leadership and may
be defined as the course of action taken by an organization to achieve its objectives. It is a
description first in general terms and then, in increasingly greater detail, of the activities
the organization will undertake to meet its goals and fulfill its ongoing mission. Strategy
is the catalyst or dynamic element of managing that enables a company to accomplish its
objectives.
Strategy development is both a science and an art, a product of both logic and creativity. The
scientific aspect deals with assembling and allocating the resources necessary to achieve
an organization’s objectives with emphasis on matching organizational strengths with envi-
ronmental opportunities, while working within cost and time constraints. The art of strat-
egy is mainly concerned with the effective use of resources, including motivating people to
make the strategy work, while being sensitive to the environmental forces that may affect
the organization’s performance and maintaining the ability to adapt the HCO to these chang-
ing conditions.
Components of Organizational Strategy
The focus of strategy varies by the planning level: the organizat.
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Running head: DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH AND AWARENESS TECHNIQUES
1
Running head: DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH AND AWARENESS TECHNIQUES
4
Defense-in-Depth and Awareness Techniques
Vikesh Desai
University of Cumberlands
Defense-in-Depth and Awareness Techniques
Awareness is one of the essential aspects in most of the organization, which requires a high magnitude to address comprehensively in all sections.
The depth in defense is more paramount to ensure that the organizations are comprehensively and effectively protect their system from the cyber-
attack activities. The most crucial strategy to deploy is two strategic systems that enhance the high degree of security instead of implementing one
security system. Various organizations have taken into account the defense in depth very crucial. Still, the organizations demanded to incorporate
their awareness through the provision of comprehensive educations to the employees and the workers in the organizations concerning the vital
measures that should be taken into account to curb security issues and develop holistic values taken into account. Most of the organizations are
known not to take the awareness as pressing issues that demand high consideration for the process of protecting and enhancing the security to be
tight. For any organization to protect their system from the cybercrime attack, they need to embrace situational awareness so that they can compre-
hensively develop strategic interventions that enable them to improve and assist in the detection of the up and coming threats as well as the
1
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strengthens that countermeasures the cybercrime activities. To me.
6.2 What protocols comprise TLS6.3 What is the difference.docxBHANU281672
6.2 What protocols comprise TLS?
6.3 What is the difference between a TLS connection and a TLS session?
6.4 List and briefly define the parameters that define a TLS session state.
6.5 List and briefly define the parameters that define a TLS session connection.
6.6 What services are provided by the TLS Record Protocol?
6.7 What steps are involved in the TLS Record Protocol transmission?
6.8 What is the purpose of HTTPS?
6.9 For what applications is SSH useful?
6.10 List and briefly define the SSH protocols.
.
6.2 What protocols comprise TLS6.3 What is the difference bet.docxBHANU281672
6.2 What protocols comprise TLS?
6.3 What is the difference between a TLS connection and a TLS session?
6.4 List and briefly define the parameters that define a TLS session state.
6.5 List and briefly define the parameters that define a TLS session connection.
6.6 What services are provided by the TLS Record Protocol?
6.7 What steps are involved in the TLS Record Protocol transmission?
6.8 What is the purpose of HTTPS?
6.9 For what applications is SSH useful?
6.10 List and briefly define the SSH protocols.
.
6-3 Discussion Making DecisionsDiscussion Topic Starts Jun 5, 2.docxBHANU281672
6-3 Discussion: Making Decisions
Discussion Topic
Starts Jun 5, 2021 11:59 PM
View
this interactive discussion scenario
and answer the question(s) posed at the end of the presentation.
A transcript for the video
Interactive Discussion Scenario
is available.
.
6 PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 24 HOURS.. EACH SET OF 2 HAS ITS OWN INSTRUC.docxBHANU281672
6 PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 24 HOURS.. EACH SET OF 2 HAS ITS OWN INSTRUCTIONS..
Guided Response:
Review your classmates’ posts and choose two posts to respond to.
If you choose a peer that selected the same student as you, address the following prompts:
· Discuss how your plans are similar and how they differ.
· Do you think you and your chosen peer have similar or different teaching styles? Explain.
· Do you think you and your chosen peer could team teach? Explain.
If you choose a peer that selected a different student than you, address the following prompts:
· Share what you appreciated about their plan and suggest at least one additional way to build a relationship with that student.
· Do you think you and your chosen peer have similar or different teaching styles? Explain.
· Do you think you and your chosen peer could team teach? Explain.
BRITTNEY’S POST:
I would work to have a relationship with Olivia just like I would work to have a relationship with any one of my students. I would start every morning by asking her how she is as she comes through door, ask her at some point throughout the day how she is doing, and ask how everyone’s day went at the end of the day. I would also make a point on Mondays to ask everyone what they did over the weekend and Fridays what everyone’s plans are for the weekend. Talking about a child’s day and/or weekend is a great way to build a connection with my students, as well as making it clear that they can talk to me if they need to, and speaking to them with respect, not like they are below you. In addition, it would help to talk about your weekend plans and your day as well. I think each of my strategies will make a positive impact on building a relationship with my students because each one has everything to do with them learning to trust, talk to, and respect me as well.
A few suggestions I would give Olivia’s parents to further build this bond is to suggest one on one time after school a couple times a week or a monthly recap with all the students. One on one time with Olivia would consist of Olivia being able to talk about whatever she wants with homework help and additional tutoring if needed. A monthly recap would consist of one hour a month where the student and their parents can come in for cookies and discuss anything they want. Such as, critiques on my teaching skills/methods, suggestions on material/activities, or just anything I can improve on as an educator. I think it is important to develop a relationship with every child because children do not want to learn from someone they do not like or who does not like them. Rita Pierson, who discusses how she, her parents, and maternal grandparents were educators and the value and importance of human connection. Pierson discusses how everyone is affected by a teacher or an adult at some point in their life. She then goes on to discuss how a teacher said “They don’t pay me to like the kids. They pay me to teach a lesson. The k.
6 peer responses due in 18 hours Each set of 2 responses will ha.docxBHANU281672
6 peer responses due in 18 hours
Each set of 2 responses will have its own instructions..
Guided Response:
Respond to one peer in this Discussion Forum. Read the challenging behavior scenario they have created and use the Developmental Discipline guidance strategy to problem solve. You must include the following in your response: child’s name, how you will approach the child, possible reminder or private sign, describe how you provide time and space, an example of self-talk that can help the child problem solve, and a choice you can offer the child. Additionally, can you use humor to defuse the situation? If so, how? If not, why?
My post:
Collaborative problem solving is one of the guidance strategies to address challenging behaviors. This strategy is based on the notion that a child does not just behave undesirably. There must be a reason for such behavior. Thus, understanding why the child is having a challenging behavior is the start towards addressing this behavior (Schaubman, Stetson, & Plog, 2011). The focus is on building skills like problem-solving, flexibility, and frustration tolerance rather than motivation the child to behave better. Surprisingly, children with challenging behaviors do not lack the will to behave in a desired manner. Simply, they do not have the skills necessary to behave in a desired manner. This information is vital to addressing challenging behaviors among children in the future. This would be achieved through identifying the challenging behaviors, skills needed to address the behaviors, and partnering with the child to build these needed skills (
Kaiser & Sklar Rasminsky, 2017
). This strategy would help address Olivia’s disruptive behavior, impulsivity and addressing peers negatively. Reward and punishment may not work on Olivia. Thus, Olivia needs to develop skills to address her behaviors (Schaubman et al., 2011). One of the skills to develop is social skills to enable her to control her impulsivity, connect with others, and relate with her peers positively. Apart from this strategy, time-out or time-away would address Olivia’s challenging behaviors. A scenario portraying Olivia’s challenging behavior is her inability to wait for her turn during a group activity. She is always blurting out answers before her turn arrives. How can this be solved?
References
Kaiser, B., & Sklar Rasminsky, J. (2017). Chapter 9: Guidance. In
Challenging behavior in young children: Understanding, preventing, and responding effectively
(4th ed.). Pearson Education.
Schaubman, A., Stetson, E., & Plog, A. (2011). Reducing teacher stress by implementing collaborative problem solving in a school setting.
School Social Work Journal
,
35
(2), 72-93.
BRITTNEY'S POST:
What did you learn about your chosen strategy and what information surprised you?
After reading Time Out or Time Away I have learned a couple of things, such as, not every teacher uses the timeout method and I also learned about the tim.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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3132020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 4.15 - Study Strategiesht.docx
1. 3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 4.15 - Study Strategies
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Psychology
Course Notes
Study Strategies
On this page, you’ll read about some additional concepts that
you should note to
succeed in this course.
4 Memory / Page 4.15 Course Notes: Study Strategies
On this page: 1 of 1 attempted (100%) | 1 of 1 correct (100%)
Now that you’ve gotten an overview of how memory works, this
Course Notes page will
provide a closer look at what these concepts suggest about the
best ways to study to
improve long-term retention. The study skills on this page will
help you study and
remember the key concepts from this course. They will also be
important for the
investigation in Chapter 6 as well as Case Study #3, which is
due in Week 9.
Active Study Strategies
It’s important to read any given material and listen to lectures
2. or discussions, but these
actions are not study strategies. When you read or listen, your
sensory memory is taking
in the information. But to study the information, learn it, and
encode it in your long-
term memory, you must actively process it in your working
memory. Research shows
that rereading text without thinking about it or doing something
with it creates a false
sense of familiarity (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). To truly
learn something and
commit it to long-term memory, use the following active study
strategies—and be sure
to study often and over time.
Rehearse and Retrieve
Rehearsal, or retrieval practice, involves more active processing
than simply rereading.
If you hear a new song on the radio, you probably can’t sing all
the words after listening
to it only once. After hearing it several times, however, you
may know the lyrics and the
melody. Retrieval practice is similar to listening to a song over
and over. When you
rehearse information, quizzing yourself to test your recall, you
strengthen the memories
and make it more likely that you will retrieve the information
quickly. This is due in
part to the testing effect. The more you test yourself on the
information you’re likely to
be asked about, the more likely you’ll remember it when you
need it.
Use Mnemonics
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When you need to memorize lists of items or steps in a
procedure, use or develop
mnemonics. Since working memory is limited to between five
and seven bits of
information at a time, chunking and mnemonics allow you to
consolidate a list or steps
into a more manageable unit to remember. For example, you can
use the acronym
CANOE to remember the Big Five personality traits from
Chapter 3: conscientiousness,
agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
Make It Meaningful
As you study material and engage in retrieval practice, be sure
to think about how the
concepts relate to what you already know, do, or have
experienced. Making the material
meaningful taps into a deeper level of processing than simply
memorizing material
does. This strategy is especially important as we get older and
the encoding of new
information slows down (Bashore et al., 1997). The effort
involved in connecting and
contrasting new information with our prior knowledge or
experience results in deeper
4. processing and greater retention of information in long-term
memory.
Explain What You Are Learning to Someone Else
Being able to explain an idea to someone else requires a great
deal of elaborative
thinking, which increases retention (Lachner et al., 2019).
Preparing your explanation
helps you organize the information and check your
understanding, both of which will
improve the accuracy of your recall. Even practicing an
explanation for an imaginary
person will help you identify your own misconceptions or gaps
in knowledge so that you
can go back and review what you were missing.
Important Considerations
The active study strategies above will help you remember the
content you are studying.
You can also do the following to optimize your study sessions.
Space out your study sessions. Retrieval practice should begin
well before you
need to recall the information. Waiting until the last minute to
study increases the
likelihood of experiencing stress and the recency effect. Start
studying as soon as
you know that an assessment is coming. Also, take full
advantage of the spacing
effect and spread out your study sessions so that there is
increased time between
your sessions. For example, you can start by researching or
quizzing yourself on
material for one chapter or topic every day for a week. Then,
5. wait a couple of days
and study it again. Next, wait a few more days and review the
material again. This
technique, called distributed practice, helps to consolidate and
strengthen the
memories in long-term memory.
3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 4.15 - Study Strategies
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Keep the study sessions brief. Another benefit of distributed
practice is that if
you start early, you can keep your study sessions brief. This
means that your
attention is less likely to drift and you’re more likely to keep up
the habit. How long
you need to study will depend on many factors, such as the
amount and type of
material to learn, as well as your mood or level of motivation
(Nonis & Hudson,
2006). Nevertheless, studying for 30 minutes each day is far
more effective than
studying for 3.5 hours on 1 day (Baddeley & Longman, 1978).
Minimize distractions. To reduce encoding interference,
minimize distractions
when you study. Find a quiet spot, turn off your social media
notifications, and
focus. It can be difficult to unplug from distractions, but it is
easier to do if you
follow the advice above about keeping each study session brief.
6. Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following would be the BEST way to master
material for a
given test?
quickly reread the text
frequently test yourself in the weeks before the test
read the material only on the night before the test
listen to the audiobook
Correct. The best way to truly remember material is to study
and actively rehearse it in
multiple short study sessions that are spaced out, rather than
cramming all your
studying into one marathon session. The latter approach may
seem more productive
and effective, but it isn’t.
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JavaScript: Window, Document & Form Objects
Part 2
Introduction
7. JavaScript is an object-oriented language.
An object is a set of variables, functions, etc., that are in some
way related. They are grouped together and given a name
Internet browsers contain many objects.
The hierarchy of objects is known as the Document Object
Model (DOM).
2
Introduction
Objects may have:
Properties: A variable (numeric, string or Boolean) associated
with an object. Most properties can be changed by the user.
Example: The properties of all HTML elements
Methods: Functions associated with an object. Can be called by
the user access all HTML elements
Example: the alert() method
Events: Notification that a particular event has occurred. Can be
used by the programmer to trigger responses.
Example: the onClick() event.
3
DOM Example
8. 4
In the DOM, all HTML elements are defined as objects.
Example:
The following example changes the content (the innerHTML) of
the <p> element with id="demo":
In the example above, getElementById is a method, while
innerHTML is a property.
5
Example Cont.
The getElementById Method: The most common way to access
an HTML element is to use the id of the element.
The innerHTML Property: The easiest way to get the content of
an element is by using the innerHTML property.
The innerHTML property is useful for getting or replacing the
content of HTML elements.
The innerHTML property can be used to get or change any
HTML element, including <html> and <body>.
6
9. Finding HTML Elements - The Document Object
7MethodDescriptionExampledocument.getElementById(id)Find
an element by element
idExampledocument.getElementsByTagName(name)Find
elements by tag
nameExampledocument.getElementsByClassName(name)Find
elements by class nameExample
More advance Example click here
Changing HTML Elements - The Document
ObjectPropertyDescriptionelement.innerHTML = new html
contentChange the inner HTML of an elementelement.attribute
= new valueChange the attribute value of an HTML
elementelement.style.property = new styleChange the style of
an HTML
elementMethodDescriptionelement.setAttribute(attribute,
value)Change the attribute value of an HTML element
8
The Window Object
Window is the fundamental object in the browser. It represents
the browser window in which the document appears
Its properties include:
status: The contents of the status bar (at the bottom of the
10. browser window). For example: window.status = "Hi,
there!";
location:The location and URL of the document currently
loaded into the window (as displayed in the location bar). For
example: alert(window.location);
9
The Window Object
Window methods include:
alert(): Displays an 'alert' dialog box, containing text entered
by the page designer, and an 'OK' button. For example:
alert("Hi, there!");
confirm(): Displays a 'confirm' dialog box, containing text
entered by the user, an 'OK' button, and a 'Cancel' button.
Returns true or false. For example:
var response = confirm("Delete File?");
alert(response);
prompt(): Displays a message, a box into which the user can
type text, an 'OK' button, and a 'Cancel' button. Returns a text
string. Example:
var fileName = prompt("Select File", "file.txt");
alert(fileName);
10
11. The Window Object
Window events include:
onLoad() : Usually placed within the <body> tag, for example:
<body onLoad="displayWelcome()">
would cause the function displayWelcome() to execute
automatically every time the document is loaded or refreshed.
onUnload(): Usually placed within the <body> tag, for example:
<body onUnload="displayFarewell()">
would cause the function displayFarewell() to execute
automatically every time the document is closed or refreshed.
11
The Document Object
The Document object represents the HTML document displayed
in a browser window. It has properties, methods and events that
allow the programmer to change the way the document is
displayed in response to user actions or other events.
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Psychology
7 Motivation / Page 7.3 Motivation: Seeking Stimulation and
Prioritizing Needs
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Motivation: Seeking Stimulation and Prioritizing
Needs
Optimum Arousal
We are much more than homeostatic systems, however. Some
motivated behaviors
actually increase rather than decrease arousal. Well-fed animals
will leave their shelter
to explore and gain information, seemingly in the absence of
any need-based drive.
Curiosity drives monkeys to monkey around trying to figure out
how to unlock a latch
that opens nothing, or how to open a window that allows them
to see outside their room
(Butler, 1954). It drives the 9-month-old infant to investigate
every accessible corner of
the house. It drives the scientists whose work this text
discusses. And it drives explorers
and adventurers such as mountaineer George Mallory. Asked
why he wanted to climb
Mount Everest, the New York Times reported that Mallory
answered, “Because it is
there.” Sometimes uncertainty brings excitement, which
amplifies motivation (Shen et
13. al., 2015). Those who, like Mallory, enjoy high arousal are most
likely to seek out
intense music, novel foods, and risky behaviors and careers
(Roberti, 2004; Zuckerman,
1979, 2009). Although they have been called sensation-seekers,
risk takers may also be
motivated by a drive to master their emotions and actions
(Barlow et al., 2013).
The point to remember Human motivation aims not to eliminate
arousal but to seek
optimum levels of arousal.
So, human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek
optimum levels of
arousal. Having all our biological needs satisfied, we feel
driven to experience
stimulation and we hunger for information. Lacking stimulation,
we feel bored and look
for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level. If left
alone by themselves, most
people prefer to do something—even (when given no other
option) to self-administer
mild electric shocks (Wilson et al., 2014). However, with too
much stimulation comes
stress, and we then look for a way to decrease arousal. In one
experiment, people felt
less stress when they cut back checking e-mail to three times a
day rather than being
continually accessible (Kushlev & Dunn, 2015).
Two early twentieth-century psychologists studied the
relationship of arousal to
performance and identified the Yerkes-Dodson law, suggesting
that moderate arousal
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would lead to optimal performance (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
When taking an exam, for
example, it pays to be moderately aroused—alert but not
trembling with nervousness.
(If anxious, it’s better not to become further aroused with a
caffeinated drink.) Between
depressed low arousal and anxious hyperarousal lies a
flourishing life. But optimal
arousal levels depend upon the task as well, with more difficult
tasks requiring lower
arousal for best performance (Hembree, 1988) (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Optimal Arousal Varies With Difficulty of the Task Being
Performed
Chart showing level of performance on easy and difficult tasks
at various arousal levels.
The highest performance level for difficult tasks is shown to be
at lower arousal levels,
while the peak for easy tasks is at higher arousal levels.
Multiple-Choice Question
15. What is the optimum level of arousal?
The optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the
task, with easy
tasks requiring less arousal than difficult tasks.
The optimum level of arousal depends on the type of task, with
less physical
tasks requiring less arousal than mental tasks.
The optimum level of arousal depends on the drive to
accomplish a task, with
less desirable tasks requiring less arousal than enjoyable tasks.
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The optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the
task, with easy
tasks requiring greater arousal than difficult tasks.
Correct. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, physiological
arousal associated with
peak performance varies with the difficulty of the task.
Last saved 5 days ago.
A Hierarchy of Motives
Some needs take priority over others. At this moment, with your
16. needs for air and water
hopefully satisfied, other motives—such as your desire to
achieve—are energizing and
directing your behavior. Let your need for water go unsatisfied
and your thirst will
preoccupy you. Deprived of air, your thirst would disappear.
Abraham Maslow (1970) described these priorities as a
hierarchy of needs (Figure 3). At
the base of this pyramid are our physiological needs, such as
those for food and water.
Only if these needs are met are we prompted to meet our need
for safety, and then to
satisfy our human needs to give and receive love and to enjoy
self-esteem. Beyond this,
said Maslow (1971), lies the need for self-actualization—to
realize our full potential.
Figure 3
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Illustration of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs arranged in a
pyramid shape. From top to
bottom, the text reads: Self-transcendence needs—need to find
meaning and identity
18. esteem matters most in individualist nations, whose citizens
tend to focus more on
personal achievements than on family and community identity
(Oishi et al., 1999). And,
while agreeing with Maslow’s basic levels of need, today’s
evolutionary psychologists
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add that gaining and retaining mates and parenting offspring are
also universal human
motives (Kenrick et al., 2010).
The point to remember The simple idea that some motives are
more compelling than
others provides a framework for thinking about motivation.
Nevertheless, the simple idea that some motives are more
compelling than others
provides a framework for thinking about motivation. Worldwide
life-satisfaction
surveys support this basic idea (Oishi et al., 1999; Tay &
Diener, 2011). In poorer
nations that lack easy access to money and the food and shelter
it buys, financial
satisfaction more strongly predicts feelings of well-being. In
wealthy nations, where
most are able to meet basic needs, social connections (such as
19. home-life satisfaction)
better predict well-being.
Table 1
Classical Motivation Theories
Theory Its Big Idea
Instinct theory/evolutionary
psychology
There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical
behavior (such as birds building nests or infants rooting for
a nipple).
Drive-reduction theory
Physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) create an
aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (for example,
by eating or drinking).
Arousal theory
Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates
behaviors that meet no physiological need (such as our
yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information).
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs We prioritize survival-based needs
and then social needsmore than the needs for esteem and
meaning.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which motivation theory BEST explains why Michael, who has
plenty of
food and owns a nice house, now feels like he needs to find a
soul mate with
whom he can share his life?
20. instinct theory
drive-reduction theory
achievement motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Correct. Since Michael’s physiological needs (food and water)
and safety needs (a good
house) have already been met, the next need he will turn to is
the need to give and
receive acceptance and love. This would explain his hunt for a
spouse.
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3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 7.7 - Motivation and Self-
Regulation
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21. Psychology
Course Notes
Motivation and Self-Regulation
On this page, take note of some additional info about
achievement motivation that you
will need to succeed on course assignments.
7 Motivation / Page 7.7 Course Notes: Motivation and Self-
Regulation
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When we feel motivated, it is because our drives, instincts, or
beliefs are directing our
actions and behaviors, pushing and pulling us to reach a goal or
desired outcome. But
unlike a lab rat experiencing motivation to reach the cheese at
the end of a maze, we
have mostly long-term goals or desires that require sustained
motivation over time.
These goals require us to overcome multiple failures or barriers.
As we’ve read about in
the last couple of pages, certain beliefs help us sustain
motivation, but self-control over
our behaviors and responses is also key. On this page, you will
read more about self-
regulation, the multifaceted process through which we control
our thoughts and actions
to achieve goals and conform to standards.
Components of Self-regulation
Self-regulation is a process of controlling our behaviors,
thoughts, and emotions in
order to reach specific goals or standards of behavior. It’s
22. tempting to think of self-
regulation as simply willpower or self-control, which is the
ability to stop ourselves.
Self-control is required to politely refuse dessert when we are
on a diet. But self-
regulation is required if our goal is to maintain a healthy diet
over many years. When
we exercise self-regulation, we are deciding what actions to
take (or to avoid) to achieve
a goal, and we are constantly monitoring our progress.
According to Roy F. Baumeister
and Kathleen D. Vohs (2007), self-regulation has four
components: standards,
motivation, monitoring, and willpower.
Standards
Standards are what we use to measure our success. They are the
goals, rules, principles,
or expectations against which we compare our progress. When
standards are clear, we
are better able to regulate our behavior and to adjust when
necessary, and we
experience greater self-efficacy and motivation.
Motivation
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Motivation, in this sense, is the reason we are doing something.
It may be the drive or
desire behind achieving our goal. Or it may be the value that a
task holds for us.
According to Baumeister and John Tierney (2011), it is not
enough to have clear
standards and self-efficacy, or to be capable of effective
monitoring and self-control. If
we don’t care about why we are doing something, we fail to
self-regulate.
Monitoring
Monitoring is vital for self-regulation. People who are self-
regulated keep one eye on the
standard and monitor how well they are progressing toward that
standard. As they
monitor, they receive the feedback necessary for them to adjust
their behavior. This
feedback can come from their own thoughts, from other people,
or from the task itself.
Willpower
Willpower is the ability to change and resist urges. It is the
energy that is required to
exert control over our behaviors. According to Baumeister and
Tierney, the strength of
our willpower will depend in part on some innate individual
differences (consider the
personality trait of conscientiousness). But similar to Dweck’s
mindset, willpower can
be developed through practice. Small acts of self-control may
increase our ability to
24. exert willpower over time (Baumeister & Tierney, 2011).
However, Baumeister and
Tierney believe that we have a limited amount of willpower,
and that exercising too
much self-control can deplete our ability to exert willpower in a
future task. This is why,
after a stressful day at work when you may have refrained from
yelling at an annoying
co-worker, you may find yourself more likely to give in to your
desire for ice cream, even
though you told yourself you wouldn’t.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following BEST describes self-regulation?
the external tools used to best manage one’s time in order to
accomplish many
tasks in the same period of time
the willpower and self-control to stop unwanted behaviors or
habits
the instinct to achieve a goal or desired outcome at any cost
a series of actions related to managing thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors in
order to achieve a specific outcome or standard
Correct. Self-regulation is a process of controlling our
behaviors, thoughts, and
emotions in order to reach specific goals or standards of
behavior.
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Self-Regulation in Practice
Consider how these four components may be used by college
students to complete their
degrees. First, the students would need to identify a standard.
For some students, the
standard may simply be to graduate, no matter how long it
takes. Others may have a
standard such as wanting to finish with a specific GPA or within
a specific time frame.
The motivation for the task may differ by person, too. Many
students may be motivated
by the new job opportunities or salary increases that a college
degree can offer, while
others may be more motivated by the personal challenge. Either
way, the students will
need to monitor their progress toward the goal. They should
complete assignments on
time and check their understanding of the material by studying
and engaging in self-
quizzing. They may need to adjust their schedules or try
different study techniques to
help them achieve their standards. And of course, the students
will need to exert
willpower on the days or weeks when they find it hard to read
the material, engage with
the discussions, or complete the assignments. They may be
tempted to prioritize their
social lives or binge-watch a new television series, but these
times are opportunities to
26. exercise self-control.
Multiple-Choice Question
A psychology student would like to earn an A on his paper, so
before he
begins to write, he examines the resources that his instructor
has provided.
He reads the sample paper to get a sense of the scope of the
assignment,
carefully reviews the instructions, and refers to the grading
rubric when
writing and also when revising his paper. He even sets up an
appointment
with a tutor at the writing center to get feedback. Which
component of self-
regulation do his actions BEST illustrate?
willpower
metacognition
monitoring
motivation
Correct. The student is monitoring his behavior by comparing
his paper to the
standards set in the sample paper and rubric so that he can
achieve his goal of earning
an A.
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3/13/2020 PSY105 & PSY101 - Page 7.6 - Motivation and
Mindset
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Psychology
Course Notes
Motivation and Mindset
On this page, you’ll read about some additional concepts that
you should note to
succeed in this course.
7 Motivation / Page 7.6 Course Notes: Motivation and Mindset
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On the previous Course Notes page, we learned how motivation
is influenced by our
thoughts and beliefs about our abilities on specific tasks. Now
we turn to how our
beliefs and thoughts about the nature of our own intelligence
can shape our success.
Carol Dweck, a Stanford University psychologist, has conducted
research that shows
people tend to view ability and intelligence either as something
28. inherent that can only
be demonstrated or as something malleable that can be nurtured
and developed. This
concept is known as mindset.
The concept of mindset focuses on how people’s beliefs about
the basic workings of
human ability affect their perseverance. According to Dweck’s
website, “In a fixed
mindset, people believe their basic qualities, like their
intelligence or talent, are simply
fixed traits” (n.d.). Students with a fixed mindset believe that
you’re either smart or
you’re not, and they tend to be more easily discouraged when
they encounter a difficult
task. Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, tend to
persevere through
difficult tasks because they understand that accomplishment
takes effort and that most
people who have achieved high levels of success were able to
do so only through hard
work and practice.
Our belief about whether intelligence and ability are fixed also
influences our
expectations and interactions with other people. Teachers and
managers with a fixed
mindset are less helpful and provide more negative feedback to
struggling students or
employees (Dweck, 2008). They view failure or struggle as an
indication of low
intelligence. Teachers and managers with a growth mindset, on
the other hand, look at
failure and struggle as a challenge and an opportunity to
improve. They set high
expectations and goals and recognize that their own role isn’t
29. simply to judge but to
help their students or employees reach those goals. Because
they believe that any of
their students or employees can become more productive or
more creative, teachers and
managers with a growth mindset take the time to provide good
feedback to guide them.
Dweck also recognizes that companies can have mindsets that
affect the culture and
growth of the company: Companies with a growth mindset are
more likely to value their
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employees as individuals and to encourage employees to discuss
new ideas and
opportunities.
Mindset and Feedback
Our mindset, like our self-efficacy, is influenced by the
feedback we receive from others.
When children hear phrases like “Great job on your test! You’re
so smart!” or “She’s a
natural athlete,” they may internalize the message that ability or
intelligence is fixed.
Not only do people hearing this type of praise develop a fixed
30. mindset, they also miss
out on feedback about specific skills that lead to success—like
the hours someone
spends deliberately studying, or the days spent determinedly
practicing batting drills. If
we have a fixed mindset, we will have less motivation,
especially on challenging tasks,
because we will interpret failure as proof that our ability is low
and always will be.
Specific feedback, however, teaches children that their ability is
continually improving.
Difficulty on a challenging task is not evidence of low
intelligence but a chance to learn
something new. A game loss is not the result of inherently low
ability but serves as
motivation to improve specific skills.
Mindset and Neuroplasticity
Thirty years ago, it was assumed that the brain was essentially
finished developing by
adulthood. However, neuroscience has proven that the brain is
constantly rewiring
itself and growing connections in response to our experiences.
We call this ability
neuroplasticity, or brain plasticity. Scientists originally
developed the term to explain
how the brain can create new brain cells (neurogenesis) and
reorganize some functions,
even after brain damage. Today, Dweck uses the concept of
neuroplasticity to explain
growth mindset.
Every time we learn something new, our brain creates new
connections between
31. neurons; these connections are known as synapses. When we
practice, rehearsing
knowledge and skills over time, these connections are
strengthened through the
formation of myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds the axons
of the neurons fired
during practice. This myelin results in faster communication
between neurons,
meaning that the next time we recall or perform a skill, we will
be able to do so faster or
more accurately. When we learn and practice, we physically
change our brain.
Dweck has studied what happens when children are taught to
think about the brain like
a muscle. After all, just like a muscle becomes stronger with
exercise and effort, the
brain grows through challenge and practice. She found that
when children learn that
practice grows and strengthens the brain, their mindset begins
to change and their
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performance in school improves. This improvement is most
dramatic in students who
had a fixed mindset and had previously struggled in school.
Multiple-Choice Question
32. Which of the following BEST describes the difference between
a fixed
mindset and a growth mindset, and how each responds to
setbacks?
People with a growth mindset will avoid failure at all costs
because they
believe it can undermine the growth of their intelligence,
whereas those with a
fixed mindset believe that intelligence cannot be increased, so
they are not
bothered by failure.
People with a growth mindset believe abilities are fixed and
will not try new
strategies after a failure, whereas those with a fixed mindset
believe ability and
intelligence can be changed and will likely not give up after a
failure.
People with a growth mindset believe abilities can be developed
and will try
new strategies after a failure, whereas those with a fixed
mindset believe
ability and intelligence cannot be changed and will likely give
up after a
failure.
People with a growth mindset believe that ability can develop
up to a point
before it becomes fixed, whereas those with a fixed mindset
believe that you
must experience failure in order to “fix” your intelligence or
ability.
Correct. People with a growth mindset respond more positively
to setbacks than people
with a fixed mindset do.
33. Last saved 5 days ago.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following statements would help a student develop
a growth
mindset?
“You have always been good at math, and I’m proud that this is
your talent.”
“You tried very hard, and that is all that matters.”
“Let’s look over your work together and figure out where you
got confused or
whether you need a new strategy.”
“That advanced science class is challenging; it could hurt your
GPA if you get a
B.”
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Correct. This statement communicates to the student that
challenges present an
opportunity for learning, a key characteristic of a growth
mindset.
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Developing Your Mindset
34. Dweck’s research has important implications for how parents
and teachers can help
children develop growth mindsets. But what about adults? How
can we, especially those
of us who have had a fixed mindset in a particular area for many
years, go about helping
ourselves change a mindset?
Make a Counter-Argument
Pay attention to your fixed-mindset thoughts and actively argue
against them. For
example, say you notice yourself thinking, “This assignment is
too hard for me. I’m just
stupid and I’m going to fail.” Argue against it by using
language like, “This assignment
is hard. I can do it, but I’m going to have to approach this
differently than easier
assignments.”
Notice how the first thought gives you an excuse to not put
forth the effort. The second
thought recognizes and accepts the challenge and keeps you
focused on the future.
Add a “Yet”
Add the word “yet” to your doubts. “Yet” allows us to accept
our current beliefs or skill
levels—but only temporarily, as we work to develop them. This
word helps us think
about success as a process and remember that we can get better,
we can learn, and we
can be successful at something even if we are not so great at it
right now. Consider the
differences between the following thoughts:
35. “I am not good at math” vs. “I am not good at math yet.”
“I can’t cook” vs. “I can’t cook yet.”
“This history assignment doesn’t make sense to me” vs. “This
history assignment
doesn’t make sense to me yet.”
Make Mistakes
Recognize that mistakes are evidence of learning. No one learns
everything perfectly the
first time. This is why it takes years to master a musical
instrument or develop the skills
to write a term paper. People with a growth mindset approach
mistakes differently than
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those with a fixed mindset because they ask questions—for
example, “What did I do
wrong? Where did I get confused?”—and the answers to these
questions help them
change their approach the next time they attempt a task.
Add the Extra Effort
Understand that beliefs and thoughts are not enough. You have
to demonstrate effort in
order to sustain your mindset, and you have to pay attention to
36. the amount of effort you
put into your successful experiences. When you do well, ask
yourself what you did
correctly so that you can identify what to repeat in the future.
Growth mindset is not about being perfect or believing you can
do everything; it is
about believing that intelligence, talent, and success are not
predetermined but are
rather the outcome of planning and hard work.
Multiple-Choice Question
Nick thinks to himself, “I’m definitely going to fail this
psychology exam
because I’m an idiot when it comes to liberal-arts classes.”
Which of the
following is an example of a counter-argument that he could
make to help
develop a growth mindset?
“The instructor makes her exams way too hard, so there’s no
way I can be
expected to pass.”
“I’m going to fail this exam, but at least I’m good at other
subjects like
business.”
“This exam is challenging, so I’m going to have to set aside
extra study time to
make sure that I’ll succeed.”
“Both of my parents struggled academically, so it’s not my fault
that I have
trouble in some of my classes.”
Correct. This counter-argument reframes the obstacle as a
challenge that Nick is
37. capable of overcoming if he perseveres.
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Psychology
7 Motivation / Page 7.4 Achievement Motivation
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Achievement Motivation
What is achievement motivation?
Some motives seem to have little obvious survival value.
Billionaires may be motivated
to make ever more money, reality TV stars to attract ever more
social media followers,
politicians to achieve ever more power, daredevils to seek ever
greater thrills. Such
motives seem not to diminish when they are fed. The more we
achieve, the more we
may need to achieve. Psychologist Henry Murray (1938) defined
achievement
motivation as a desire for significant accomplishment, for
mastering skills or ideas, for
38. control, and for attaining a high standard.
The point to remember People with high achievement
motivation do achieve more.
Thanks to their persistence and eagerness for challenge, people
with high achievement
motivation do achieve more. One study followed the lives of
1,528 California children
whose intelligence test scores were in the top 1 percent. Forty
years later, when
researchers compared those who were most and least successful
professionally, they
found a motivational difference. Those most successful were
more ambitious, energetic,
and persistent. As children, they had more active hobbies. As
adults, they participated
in more groups and sports (Goleman, 1980). Gifted children are
able learners.
Accomplished adults are tenacious doers. Most of us are
energetic doers when starting
and when finishing a project. It’s easiest—have you noticed?—
to get stuck in the middle.
That’s when high achievers keep going (Bonezzi et al., 2011).
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following is TRUE of people with high
achievement
motivation?
They have more talent than discipline.
They do more and achieve more.
They start many tasks without finishing them.
They are more stressed and less happy.
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Correct. People high in achievement motivation are not simply
more motivated by their
goals; they’re more likely to set higher goals and reach them.
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In other studies of both secondary school and university
students, self-discipline has
surpassed intelligence test scores to better predict school
performance, attendance, and
graduation honors. When combined with positive enthusiasm,
sustained effort predicts
success for teachers, too—with their students making good
academic progress
(Duckworth et al., 2009). For school performance, “discipline
outdoes talent,”
concluded researchers Angela Duckworth and Martin Seligman
(2005, 2006).
Discipline also refines talent. By their early twenties, top
violinists have accumulated
thousands of lifetime practice hours—in fact, double the
practice time of other violin
students aiming to be teachers (Ericsson, 2001, 2006, 2007). A
study of outstanding
40. scholars, athletes, and artists found that all were highly
motivated and self-disciplined,
willing to dedicate hours every day to the pursuit of their goals
(Bloom, 1985). As child
prodigies illustrate (think young Mozart composing at age 8),
native talent matters, too
(Hambrick & Meinz, 2011; Ruthsatz & Urbach, 2012). In sports,
music, and chess, for
example, people’s practice-time differences, while significant,
account for a third or less
of their performance differences (Hambrick et al., 2014a,b;
Macnamara et al., 2014).
Superstar achievers are, it seems, distinguished both by their
extraordinary daily
discipline and by their extraordinary natural talent.
Duckworth and Seligman have a name for this passionate
dedication to an ambitious,
long-term goal: grit. When combined with self-control
(regulating one’s attention and
actions in the face of temptation), gritty goal-striving can
produce great achievements.
“If you want to look good in front of thousands,” the saying
goes, “you have to outwork
thousands in front of nobody.”
The point to remember Achievement involves much more than
raw ability.
Although intelligence is distributed like a bell curve,
achievements are not. That tells us
that achievement involves much more than raw ability. That is
why organizational
psychologists seek ways to engage and motivate ordinary people
doing ordinary jobs.
And that is why training students in hardiness—resilience under
41. stress—leads to better
grades (Maddi et al., 2009).
Multiple-Choice Question
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According to psychological research, which of the following is
MOST
important for academic achievement?
raw talent
intelligence
self-discipline
vocabulary
Correct. Self-discipline is a more reliable gauge of academic
performance than
intelligence or talent are. If someone has a natural gift for math
but lacks the discipline
to apply that talent, he or she will likely be outdone by someone
with less skill but more
dedication.
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Psychology
7 Motivation / Page 7.1 Introduction
Introduction
How does your self and social awareness skill help you
understand your motivation?
Nicole Malachowski, someone who has always possessed high
achievement motivation,
speaks about how an injury forced her to adjust her goals.
Strayer Studios
Despite what you might believe on your laziest days, we all
seek to direct our energy
in ways that will produce satisfaction and success. Social
motives (such as affiliation
and achievement) and biological motives (such as hunger) push
us. In this week’s
Story, Nicole Malachowski talks about how an unexpected
injury affected her
motivation. She remained as highly motivated as ever, but she
had to learn how to
redirect her energy in new ways and how to adjust her goals as
she focused on
survival and regaining basic skills during her recovery.
43. The goals you set, your beliefs about yourself, and your self and
social awareness skill
are all closely tied—they all affect the decisions you make and
the actions you take.
How are your beliefs and habits aligned with your decisions and
goals? As you read
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about the theories of motivation in this chapter, consider how
you can more
effectively direct your energy to achieve your goals and make
better decisions.
Chapter 7 introduces how psychologists define and study
motivation. You will
examine the major theories of motivation and study how the
specific beliefs that you
can uncover using your self and social awareness skill influence
your motivation.
Specifically, we will discuss the following topics:
Theories of motivation. You will read about how instinct,
drives, optimal
arousal, and a hierarchy of needs influence your decisions.
Achievement motivation. You will explore the characteristics,
habits, and
thoughts associated with achievement motivation.
44. Metacognition. You will identify the skills and knowledge that
help you
effectively “think about your own thinking.” This type of
thinking is crucial for
your self and social awareness skill.
Mindset. You will read about the powerful idea that how you
think about your
ability influences your decisions and behaviors. This is
essential to your self and
social awareness skill.
Self-efficacy and self-regulation. You will learn how the way
you think
about yourself also influences your decisions, behaviors, and
motivation.
Grit. You will determine what keeps people motivated to
passionately pursue
long-term goals.
This week you will also complete Assignment 2: Case Study #2.
This assignment will
be submitted through Blackboard. You will apply psychological
concepts to a realistic
scenario to support and explain your ideas and decisions.
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45. Psychology
7 Motivation / Page 7.2 Motivation: Instincts and Drives
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Motivation: Instincts and Drives
How do psychologists define motivation? From what
perspectives do they view
motivated behavior?
Psychologists define motivation as a need or desire that
energizes and directs behavior.
Our motivations arise from the interplay between nature (the
bodily “push”) and
nurture (the “pulls” from our thought processes and culture).
The point to remember Our motivations arise from the interplay
between nature (the
bodily “push”) and nurture (the “pulls” from our thought
processes and culture).
If our motivations get hijacked, our lives go awry. Those with
substance use disorder,
for example, may find their cravings for an addictive substance
override their longings
for sustenance, safety, and social support.
In their attempts to understand ordinary motivated behavior,
psychologists have
viewed it from four perspectives:
Instinct theory (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective)
focuses on
genetically predisposed behaviors.
Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner
46. pushes.
Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of
some needs over
others.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following BEST describes motivation?
the optimum level of arousal
a need or desire that activates and guides behavior toward a
goal
the priority of some needs above others
a balanced physiological and psychological state
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Correct. Motivation arises from the interaction between pushes
and pulls that energize
our behavior and direct it toward a goal.
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Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
To qualify as an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed
47. pattern throughout a
species and be unlearned (Tinbergen, 1951). Such behaviors are
common in other
species and include imprinting in birds and the return of salmon
to their birthplace. A
few human behaviors, such as infants’ innate reflexes to root for
a nipple and suck,
exhibit unlearned fixed patterns, but many more are directed by
both physiological
needs and psychological wants.
Although instincts cannot explain most human motives, the
underlying assumption
continues in evolutionary psychology: Genes do predispose
some species-typical
behavior. Psychologists might apply this perspective, for
example, to explain our human
similarities, animals’ biological predispositions, and the
influence of evolution on our
phobias, our helping behaviors, and our romantic attractions.
Drives and Incentives
In addition to our predispositions, we have drives. Physiological
needs (such as for food
or water) create an aroused, motivated state—a drive (such as
hunger or thirst)—that
pushes us to reduce the need. Drive-reduction theory explains
that, with few exceptions,
when a physiological need increases, so does our psychological
drive to reduce it.
The point to remember Drive reduction is one way our bodies
strive for homeostasis—
the maintenance of a steady internal state.
48. Drive reduction is one way our bodies strive for homeostasis
(literally “staying the
same”)—the maintenance of a steady internal state. For
example, our body regulates its
temperature in a way similar to a room’s thermostat. Both
systems operate through
feedback loops: Sensors feed room temperature to a control
device. If the room’s
temperature cools, the control device switches on the furnace.
Likewise, if our body’s
temperature cools, our blood vessels constrict (to conserve
warmth) and we feel driven
to put on more clothes or seek a warmer environment (Figure 1).
Figure 1
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Drive-Reduction Theory
This illustration of the process of drive-reduction theory shows
three boxes connected by
arrows. A need, such as food or water, creates a drive, like
hunger or thirst. This drive then
causes drive-reducing behaviors like eating or drinking.
Drive-reduction motivation arises from homeostasis—an
organism’s natural tendency to
maintain a steady internal state. Thus, if we are water deprived,
49. our thirst drives us to
drink and to restore the body’s normal state.
Not only are we pushed by our need to reduce drives, we also
are pulled by incentives—
positive or negative environmental stimuli that lure or repel us.
This is one way our
individual learning histories influence our motives. Depending
on our learning, the
aroma of good food, whether fresh roasted peanuts or toasted
ants, can motivate our
behavior. So can the sight of those we find attractive or
threatening.
When there is both a need and an incentive, we feel strongly
driven. The food-deprived
person who smells pizza baking may feel a strong hunger drive,
and the baking pizza
may become a compelling incentive. For each motive, we can
therefore ask, “How is it
pushed by our inborn physiological needs and pulled by learned
incentives in the
environment?”
Multiple-Choice Question
According to drive-reduction theory, when a physiological need
(such as
hunger) creates an aroused tension state, what does that tension
state do?
It lowers the temperature of the body.
It reduces the drive to achieve homeostasis.
It drives the organism to reduce the need and return to
homeostasis.
50. It creates an instinct.
Correct. The state of tension or need motivates the animal (or
human) to take action to
reduce or resolve that need and return the body to a state of
homeostasis. Drive-
reduction theory helps explain why you go to the pantry for a
snack when your stomach
begins to growl.
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Psychology
Course Notes
Motivation and Self-Efficacy
51. On this page, you’ll read about some additional concepts that
you should note to
succeed in this course.
7 Motivation / Page 7.5 Course Notes: Motivation and Self-
Efficacy
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Now that we’ve gotten an overview of how psychologists view
achievement motivation,
this Course Notes page will provide a closer look at four related
psychological concepts:
self-efficacy, mindset, self-regulation, and grit. These concepts
will help you better
understand what motivates us, which will be important for the
final course assignment
and the investigation in Chapter 10.
Classic theories of motivation describe how our decisions and
behaviors are driven by
instinct, drives, incentives, and other needs. Today’s research
on motivation is less
concerned with instincts and drives and more focused on how
attitudes and beliefs
about oneself affect motivations. In studying the concepts of
self-efficacy, mindset, self-
regulation, and grit, we’ll find that the beliefs we hold about
our abilities (and their
origins) influence the decisions we make and how we organize
and direct our behaviors.
Both people who are highly motivated and people who are
successful problem solvers
have highly developed metacognition (Mayer, 1988).
Metacognition literally means
52. “thinking about thinking,” but it involves much more—having
deep knowledge about
yourself and how you think and learn. There are three skills
associated with
metacognition:
knowledge about yourself, including your skills, weaknesses,
and problem-solving
ability
knowledge about how to implement strategies for learning and
problem solving
ability to regulate thinking and behavior during learning or
problem solving
So how does this relate to motivation? These skills influence
our ability to plan,
monitor, and evaluate our progress on goals. In the next section
(and on the following
page), we’ll see how the way we think about our abilities and
skills influences our
motivation and persistence. Then we’ll discuss how our skills
and our ability to regulate
our behaviors can help us sustain motivation.
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Self-efficacy
53. In Chapter 3, you read about the social-cognitive theory,
proposed by Albert Bandura,
which states that behaviors are influenced by personal and
situational factors. One of
the personal factors that Bandura identified was self-efficacy,
which is our belief about
how well we will be able to deal with a specific task. Our
prediction of whether we will
succeed or fail at a certain task affects our amount of
motivation and persistence and
our choice of strategy. If we have high expectations for success,
or high self-efficacy, we
will feel more motivated, be more likely to persist when things
get hard, and choose
more effective strategies to help us complete the task. On the
other hand, when we start
out with low self-efficacy, we will be less motivated, more
likely to give up when things
get hard, and more likely to choose strategies that will not
prove helpful.
Bandura has also studied how our self-efficacy affects our
ability to decide to self-direct
crucial life events, to design intentional courses of action, and
to motivate and regulate
ourselves to live out these plans. Metacognition helps us make
these decisions by
empowering us to know ourselves, to implement strategies, and
to self-regulate. Self-
efficacy is the confidence that gets us started and keeps us
going as we work to reach
our goals.
Sources of Self-Efficacy
54. Self-efficacy is task specific, meaning that you have a high
degree of self-efficacy in
some areas of your life and a lower degree in others. At school
you may feel more
confident in your ability to master certain subjects or classes,
but you feel less confident
about others. Or you may face certain tasks at work that make
you anxious about your
abilities and other tasks for which you’re considered an expert.
Self-efficacy is not about
whether you believe you are smart but whether you think you
can accomplish a specific
task. According to Bandura (1997), our expectations for success
on tasks are influenced
by four sources: previous experience with mastery,
physiological arousal, vicarious
experiences, and social persuasion.
Mastery experiences
One of the most powerful influences on our self-efficacy for a
task is our past success or
failure on similar tasks. If we have been successful, our self-
efficacy will be higher
because of that experience with mastery. Even if the task is
new—as long as it is similar
enough to something we have done well in the past—we will
feel more confident, set
higher goals, and make better decisions. But when we have
failed or struggled with
similar tasks in the past, we are likely to respond with self-
defeating thoughts or failure-
avoiding strategies.
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Level of arousal
Earlier in this chapter, you read about how optimum levels of
arousal affect motivation.
We need a certain amount of “push” to motivate us, but too
much arousal can shut
down our effort. Our interpretation of that arousal is just as
important—feeling excited
increases self-efficacy, whereas feeling anxious decreases it.
Vicarious experiences
Bandura noted that our personal mastery experiences are the
most important
contribution to self-efficacy, but in some cases, watching
someone else master a skill
increases our own confidence. Through these vicarious
experiences, we can gain
knowledge of skills and strategies to use when we encounter
similar tasks; thus, we feel
more prepared. Self-efficacy is especially enhanced when the
model is someone to
whom we can relate, such as a peer or favorite celebrity.
Social persuasion
When coaches give the team a pep talk before a big game or
when teachers encourage a
student struggling on a difficult problem, they are using social
56. persuasion to raise self-
efficacy. This type of social persuasion is only temporary,
however. To have a lasting
effect on self-efficacy, feedback should be specific enough to
guide future behavior so
that the person recognizes what strategies worked and what
strategies to try next time.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following BEST explains the concept of self-
efficacy?
It is the ability to self-regulate on a task.
It is a measure of overall achievement motivation.
It is a belief about how metacognitive we are.
It is our belief about our ability to succeed on a task.
Correct. Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about how well he or
she will be able to deal
with a specific task.
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Ashanti feels confident in her ability to locate good sources
when
57. researching for her class paper, but she puts off the writing
because she
struggles with correct grammar and citations. Which of the
following BEST
describes her self-efficacy?
Ashanti has high self-efficacy for the situational factors and low
self-efficacy
for the personal factors.
Ashanti has low overall self-efficacy for writing this class
paper.
Ashanti has high overall self-efficacy for writing this class
paper.
Ashanti has high self-efficacy for the research portion but low
self-efficacy for
the writing portion of the paper.
Correct. Self-efficacy is task specific, so it is possible to have
different expectations for
success on various aspects of a project (like this paper) that
requires multiple tasks.
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Developing Self-efficacy
So how can we work to develop self-efficacy on tasks we’ve
struggled with in the past?
The key is to focus on progress, not perfection. We can
recognize how we have
improved, even in small ways, from earlier work. We can also
return to tasks we
completed in the past and apply what we have learned since
then. As we “revise” these
tasks, we will demonstrate our new mastery and confirm what
we believe—that success
58. comes from putting forth effort and implementing strategies. By
acknowledging
yesterday’s weaknesses, we can strengthen self-efficacy today.
Cognitive reappraisal of the arousal we feel before a task is also
helpful. Many
performers or public speakers talk about “psyching themselves
up” before going on
stage, choosing to interpret their shaky knees and increased
heart rate as a sign that
they are “excited” instead of “nervous.” This can take practice,
but remember that the
body is preparing us to either run away and avoid the situation
at all costs (which will
lead to failure and low self-efficacy) or to stay and “fight”
through to success.
Good teachers and managers recognize the importance of
specific, high-quality
feedback. When it is not offered, we should ask for it. However,
we may not always have
someone we trust who can provide social persuasion that is
specific enough to increase
our self-efficacy. Personal reflection can be a good substitute
for social persuasion, as
long as we do so with a mind toward improvement instead of
self-punishment. As
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59. mentioned above, reviewing previous work can help us
recognize how we have
improved, but it also provides an opportunity to identify for
ourselves which skills we
need to develop or what strategies we may want to use next
time.
Multiple-Choice Question
Diane is not confident in her ability to meet her sales goals for
this month.
Considering the sources of self-efficacy, how could her manager
increase
her self-efficacy for achieving this goal?
The manager could stop by Diane’s desk and give her a general
pep talk, such
as “Go get ’em, Diane!”
The manager could really put the pressure on Diane to achieve
this sales goal
and make sure she understands that her quarterly bonus—or
even her job—is
at stake.
The manager could provide specific feedback on Diane’s sales
strategies (those
that are effective) and encourage her to shadow the top
salesperson on the
team to learn some new strategies.
The manager could remind Diane of each of the few times that
she has failed
to meet her monthly sales goals in the past.
Correct. By providing specific feedback on strategies Diane
already uses, the manager
would be using social persuasion as a source of self-efficacy to
60. increase Diane’s
confidence. The manager would also be boosting Diane’s self-
efficacy by letting her
vicariously experience success as she shadows the top
salesperson.
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Psychology
7 Motivation / Page 7.9 Conclusion
Conclusion
How does motivation relate to your problem solving and self
and social awareness
skills?
Using Psychology to Make Good Decisions
Now that you have used your self and social awareness skill to
gather insight about your
motivation, you can use that insight to make better decisions
and improve your problem
solving skill. Your motivation for a task will be highest when
you feel that you will be
61. successful (self-efficacy, growth mindset) and that the task is
valuable (self-regulation,
grit). So when you face a difficult problem, you can create
motivation by interpreting
the problem as a doable challenge and by feeling confident that
you can develop new
knowledge and skills as you work. Along with exhibiting that
growth mindset and self-
efficacy, you can also practice metacognition and self-
regulation by evaluating current
strategies or learning new ones as you monitor your progress
toward a goal. If you need
to motivate other people, such as students or employees, you
can now recognize why
you should set high, clear standards and provide specific
feedback that helps people
self-regulate and develop a growth mindset. You can use your
self and social awareness
skill to consider how to ensure that the people around you
experience enough, but not
too much, physiological arousal.
Quick Chapter Review
This week you honed your problem solving skill by reflecting
on your own motivation.
You also improved your self and social awareness skill by
learning what motivates
people. Many of the concepts you learned this week built on
what you have already
learned about emotions, personality, cognition, and self and
social awareness. Let’s take
a few minutes to review the key concepts from this week:
Motivation has been studied from four main perspectives:
instincts, drive-
62. reduction, arousal, and a hierarchy of needs.
Certain types of thoughts or beliefs affect motivation:
Metacognition involves knowing yourself, knowing how to
implement
strategies, and being able to regulate yourself. It influences
motivation by
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allowing you to plan, monitor, and evaluate your progress
toward a goal.
Metacognition is also a necessary part of your self and social
awareness skill.
Self-efficacy is a task-specific belief in your ability. A higher
degree of self-
efficacy promotes motivation—you are more motivated to do
things you feel
confident about, even when you face challenges.
Mindset is the tendency to see intelligence or ability either as
something that
is fixed, or as something that can grow. When you have a
growth mindset, you
view ability as something that develops over time, with
practice. Challenges
then become opportunities to learn and get better.
Self-regulation is the process of controlling your behaviors,
thoughts, and
63. emotions in order to reach specific goals or standards of
behavior. It relates to
metacognition because it requires you to know your strengths
and strategies
and be able to monitor your progress.
Grit is the ability to sustain high levels of motivation and
passion for a goal
over a long period of time. It requires a growth mindset, a high
degree of self-
efficacy and metacognition, and well-developed self-regulation
skills.
Developing grit greatly improves your problem solving skill.
Coming Up: Decision Making
So far in this course, we have discussed concepts that influence
decision making. In this
chapter, you saw how decisions are influenced by your level of
motivation or by certain
beliefs, such as mindset or self-efficacy. In the next chapter,
you will learn about
different strategies for solving problems and making decisions,
and you will apply what
you have learned in this course to solve problems presented in a
case study.
You’ve reached the end of Chapter 7. Before moving on, take a
break and reflect on what
you’ve learned here. When you’re ready, use the Table of
Contents menu in the upper
left corner of this screen to select the chapter you want to view
next.
close
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Psychology
Course Notes
Motivation and Grit
On this page, take note of some additional info about
achievement motivation that you
will need to succeed on course assignments.
7 Motivation / Page 7.8 Course Notes: Motivation and Grit
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So far we have seen how self-regulation, along with self-
efficacy and mindset, can affect
motivation. But how do some people manage to sustain their
motivation through very
difficult tasks, while others give up quickly? Psychologist
Angela Duckworth studied
high-achieving individuals—such as National Spelling Bee
contestants, West Point
cadets, and sales professionals—and identified one factor as a
vital ingredient of
success: grit.
Going for Grit
After examining the characteristics of those who had achieved a
high level of success,
psychologist Angela Duckworth found that the best predictor of
65. success across many
occupational and educational contexts wasn’t IQ, high school
GPA, or social
intelligence. It was grit, a personality trait that she described in
her 2013 TED Talk:
“Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit
is having stamina. Grit
is sticking with your future, day in, day out, not just for the
week, not just for the
month, but for years, and working really hard to make that
future a reality” (2013).
Duckworth’s research shows that students who graduate from
college are higher in grit
than those who don’t, and she continues to study how grit can
be developed over time
(Hanford, 2012).
People with grit possess four psychological assets: deep
interest, deliberate practice, a
growth mindset, and a sense of purpose. A deep interest
provides the optimum level of
arousal necessary to engage in a task or skill over and over. It is
what sustains spelling-
bee contestants, professional basketball players, or
paleontologists to continue their
quest years after most people have given up on such interests.
Deliberate practice,
according to Duckworth, is more than simple repetition. It
involves working on your
specific weaknesses in an area so you can refine your skills, and
it is the kind of practice
often done alone. The spelling-bee contestant who studies Latin
prefixes every night is
engaging in deliberate practice, as is the golfer who spends
weeks perfecting a specific
swing.
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As you can see, grit requires having a growth mindset, a high
degree of self-efficacy, and
well-developed self-regulation. Grit is the rare combination of
passion and
perseverance. It represents what can happen when we are truly
passionate about
achieving a goal—when we will do what it takes to sustain our
motivation along the way,
to monitor our progress, and to make choices that lead us closer
to our goal.
Multiple-Choice Question
Which of the following BEST explains how self-efficacy,
mindset, and self-
regulation are related to grit?
Since grit and mindset are the same concept, self-efficacy and
self-regulation
are also different terms for the same concept.
Each aspect proves that you just have to think positive thoughts
and good
things will happen to you.
Developing a fixed mindset will lead to improved self-efficacy
and give you the
67. motivation to be able to regulate your behaviors.
To develop grit, you must believe that your intelligence is not
fixed and that
you will succeed on a task, and you must be able to self-
regulate as you
persevere.
Correct. To develop passionate perseverance for a long-term
goal, you need to believe
that your perseverance will lead to improvement or success.
You also need to have a
growth mindset and a high degree of self-efficacy, as well as
the self-regulation skills to
actually persevere through difficulties.
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Assignment: Case Study #3
Overview
It can be hard to know how to handle a problem with a coworker
or friend. That’s why the psychological
concepts you’re learning in this course are so important.
Understanding how the human brain works will help
68. you master your problem solving and self and social awareness
skills in your personal and professional life.
And whether at work or home, you’re learning how to read the
social cues of others and recommend strategies
based on psychological concepts and principles.
This week you’ll use your problem solving and self and social
awareness skills to look beyond the opinions
of others and figure out a problem’s cause so you can help a
coworker make informed decisions. Review the
scenario below to get started.
Case Study and Questions
Reggie works with Gloria and Lakeisha. He is a friendly older
man who often talks about his plans for
retirement in five years. He likes to make people laugh but
often jokes about his struggles to learn new
programs and technology.
The company recently informed the team that there will be a
compliance test on new safety policies, which
employees will need to pass in order to keep their jobs. The
company has provided materials to study as
well as optional practice exams. Gloria, Lakeisha, and Reggie
are having lunch in the break room, and
Gloria and Lakeisha mention that they have already signed up to
take the first practice test. Reggie
comments about how hard it is for him to learn a different way
of doing the jobs that he has already been
doing for years, joking that “you can’t teach an old man new
tricks.” However, later in the day, he stops by
Gloria’s desk to find out how she is preparing for the test and
asks for advice. Given that they have a month
until the compliance test, Gloria is confident that she can help
69. Reggie prepare. Using your problem solving
and self and social awareness skills and the information that
you learned in Chapter 7 of the webtext about
brain plasticity and mindset, answer the questions below:
1. What kind of mindset does Reggie need to embrace to be
successful?
2. How does Reggie’s mindset affect his brain?
3. In Chapter 4, you learned about memory and how to
effectively study. Using Chapter 4 in the
webtext, what specific strategies should Gloria suggest to
Reggie so that he will be prepared for the
compliance test, and why?
4. If Reggie was your coworker, what important aspects of the
situation would you want to keep in
mind when offering advice and strategies to him? Why do you
think this is important?
Instructions
Use the Case Study #3 Assignment Template to record your
responses. For each question, you should write a
paragraph-length response (5-7 sentences) to receive credit for
this assignment. You may use your Soomo
webtext as a resource. Once you have completed your work,
save the file and upload it to the assignment
submission area.
Strayer University Writing Standards Note: Review the Strayer
University Writing Standards. These are
provided as a brief set of user-friendly guidelines that make it
easier for you to learn the behaviors of appropriate
writing (i.e., clear, professional, and ethical writing). This is
70. meant to support the use of the template provided.
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PSY101 CASE STUDY #3 – WEEK 9
Type Your Name Here Smarter Decision Making through
Psychology
March 13, 2020
Using your problem solving and self and social awareness skill
and the information that you learned in Chapter 7 of the webtext
about brain plasticity and mindset, answer the questions below.
For each question, you should write a paragraph-length response
(5–7 sentences) to receive credit for this assignment. You may
use your Soomo webtext as a resource.
Question 1: What kind of mindset does Reggie need to embrace
to be successful? (Hint: Page 7.6 will be a great resource for
this question.)
Question 2: How does Reggie’s mindset affect his brain? (Hint:
Page 7.6 will help you learn about mindset.)
71. Question 3: In Chapter 4, you learned about memory and how to
effectively study. Using Chapter 4 in the webtext, what specific
strategies should Gloria suggest to Reggie so that he will be
prepared for the compliance test. Why did you select these
strategies? (Hint: Page 4.15 has suggestions to improve your
memory.)
Question 4: If Reggie were your coworker, what important
aspects of the situation would you want to keep in mind when
offering advice and strategies to him? Why do you think this is
important?
Sources
1. D. G. Myers & C. N. DeWall. 2019. Psychology (6th ed.).
Soomo Learning. http://www.webtexts.com