The document discusses various types of car engines and components from 1950 to present. It begins by describing different engine types such as V6, V8, diesel and their uses. It then discusses developments in car models from 1900 to 1949 including modifications to engines and improvements in speed and emissions. The document also summarizes key components of cars like transmissions, suspensions, steering, oil, tires, fuel systems and how they work. Finally, it briefly touches on other topics like weight reduction, engine control units, air intake systems, braking systems, superchargers, turbos, exhaust and ignition systems.
The 2017 forte receives mildly updated front-end styling with available adaptive xenon headlights, plus new taillights (with available led lighting). There's a new s sedan trim level with sporty accents and a firmer suspension, and the sedan's base engine is now a 2.0-liter four-cylinder that is rated to deliver slightly better overall fuel economy than the discontinued 1.8-liter unit.
The document summarizes the history of Formula 1 racing from 1950 to the present in three main eras: the early years from 1950-1958 when Formula 1 was regulated by the FIA and featured front-mounted, naturally aspirated or supercharged engines; the mid-engine revolution from 1958-1966 sparked by Cooper's rear-mounted engine design that was widely adopted; and the aerodynamic and technological revolution from 1966-1995 that saw innovations like turbocharging, active suspensions, carbon fiber construction, and increased commercialization and budgets that drove power outputs higher. Safety improvements starting in 1995 aimed to address fatal crashes, while 2005-2014 focused on increased cockpit protection, traction control bans, and reduced electronic driver aids and engine sizes
Vehicle categories are essential for regulating the automotive industry internationally. There are several international organizations that classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, with the main ones being NHTSA in the US and UNECE (ECE) in Europe. ECE vehicle categories include M (passenger vehicles), N (goods vehicles), L (three-wheeled or smaller vehicles), T/R/S (agricultural vehicles), and O (trailers). Passenger vehicles are further broken down by size and use. The document then provides examples to illustrate the various vehicle types that fall under the different international classification systems.
Rally racing involves driving high-performance all-wheel drive cars on varied road surfaces as fast as possible between timed stages. The document discusses the history and evolution of rally racing, including the rise and fall of dangerous Group B class. It compares rally racing to other motorsports and profiles famous rally drivers. Regulations aim to make rally cars street-legal while maintaining safety. The author hopes to enter rally racing and help Americans learn about its culture and popularity internationally.
Rally racing involves driving cars on a variety of surfaces as fast as possible between set points in a race. It originated as a way to test automobiles under tough conditions. Major events include the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland and the Monte Carlo Rally. Cars must be based on production models and have all-wheel drive with turbocharged engines to handle gravel, snow, ice and tarmac roads. Famous drivers include Colin McRae and Sebastien Loeb. Co-drivers navigate with pace notes. Races involve reconnaissance, special stages, and super special stages run in arenas. Safety has improved with better roll cages and suits.
2015 evo final_edition_release_final_10.2steeringnews
Mitsubishi is releasing a limited-edition 2015 Lancer Evolution Final Edition model to commemorate the end of production for the Lancer Evolution. Only 1,600 units of the Final Edition will be sold in the US. The Final Edition builds upon the GSR model with increased power to 303 horsepower, exterior and interior enhancements, and each car is numbered to denote its limited production status. The Final Edition pays tribute to the Lancer Evolution's legacy as a renowned high-performance sports sedan.
1. The document discusses and provides examples of different types of cars classified by their design, including sports cars, muscle cars, sedans, SUVs, MUVs, coupes, hatchbacks, and station wagons.
2. Sports cars are two-seat vehicles designed for quick acceleration and handling while muscle cars have powerful engines and aggressive styling. Sedans have four doors and seating for adults, and SUVs provide cargo space and four-wheel drive capability.
3. Example vehicle types mentioned include the Nissan GT-R, Ford Mustang, Porsche Panamera, BMW X4, Maruti Ertiga, Jaguar F-Type, and BMW 328i station wagon. The document
This document provides information on a 2012 Ford Focus SE for sale for $21,280. The car has a blue exterior and charcoal interior. It is powered by a 2.0L I4 engine and 6-speed automatic transmission. Standard features include power windows, locks and mirrors, air conditioning, and a 6-speaker audio system. The car gets an estimated 28 mpg city and 38 mpg highway. It is for sale at Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois.
The 2017 forte receives mildly updated front-end styling with available adaptive xenon headlights, plus new taillights (with available led lighting). There's a new s sedan trim level with sporty accents and a firmer suspension, and the sedan's base engine is now a 2.0-liter four-cylinder that is rated to deliver slightly better overall fuel economy than the discontinued 1.8-liter unit.
The document summarizes the history of Formula 1 racing from 1950 to the present in three main eras: the early years from 1950-1958 when Formula 1 was regulated by the FIA and featured front-mounted, naturally aspirated or supercharged engines; the mid-engine revolution from 1958-1966 sparked by Cooper's rear-mounted engine design that was widely adopted; and the aerodynamic and technological revolution from 1966-1995 that saw innovations like turbocharging, active suspensions, carbon fiber construction, and increased commercialization and budgets that drove power outputs higher. Safety improvements starting in 1995 aimed to address fatal crashes, while 2005-2014 focused on increased cockpit protection, traction control bans, and reduced electronic driver aids and engine sizes
Vehicle categories are essential for regulating the automotive industry internationally. There are several international organizations that classify vehicles for regulatory purposes, with the main ones being NHTSA in the US and UNECE (ECE) in Europe. ECE vehicle categories include M (passenger vehicles), N (goods vehicles), L (three-wheeled or smaller vehicles), T/R/S (agricultural vehicles), and O (trailers). Passenger vehicles are further broken down by size and use. The document then provides examples to illustrate the various vehicle types that fall under the different international classification systems.
Rally racing involves driving high-performance all-wheel drive cars on varied road surfaces as fast as possible between timed stages. The document discusses the history and evolution of rally racing, including the rise and fall of dangerous Group B class. It compares rally racing to other motorsports and profiles famous rally drivers. Regulations aim to make rally cars street-legal while maintaining safety. The author hopes to enter rally racing and help Americans learn about its culture and popularity internationally.
Rally racing involves driving cars on a variety of surfaces as fast as possible between set points in a race. It originated as a way to test automobiles under tough conditions. Major events include the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland and the Monte Carlo Rally. Cars must be based on production models and have all-wheel drive with turbocharged engines to handle gravel, snow, ice and tarmac roads. Famous drivers include Colin McRae and Sebastien Loeb. Co-drivers navigate with pace notes. Races involve reconnaissance, special stages, and super special stages run in arenas. Safety has improved with better roll cages and suits.
2015 evo final_edition_release_final_10.2steeringnews
Mitsubishi is releasing a limited-edition 2015 Lancer Evolution Final Edition model to commemorate the end of production for the Lancer Evolution. Only 1,600 units of the Final Edition will be sold in the US. The Final Edition builds upon the GSR model with increased power to 303 horsepower, exterior and interior enhancements, and each car is numbered to denote its limited production status. The Final Edition pays tribute to the Lancer Evolution's legacy as a renowned high-performance sports sedan.
1. The document discusses and provides examples of different types of cars classified by their design, including sports cars, muscle cars, sedans, SUVs, MUVs, coupes, hatchbacks, and station wagons.
2. Sports cars are two-seat vehicles designed for quick acceleration and handling while muscle cars have powerful engines and aggressive styling. Sedans have four doors and seating for adults, and SUVs provide cargo space and four-wheel drive capability.
3. Example vehicle types mentioned include the Nissan GT-R, Ford Mustang, Porsche Panamera, BMW X4, Maruti Ertiga, Jaguar F-Type, and BMW 328i station wagon. The document
This document provides information on a 2012 Ford Focus SE for sale for $21,280. The car has a blue exterior and charcoal interior. It is powered by a 2.0L I4 engine and 6-speed automatic transmission. Standard features include power windows, locks and mirrors, air conditioning, and a 6-speaker audio system. The car gets an estimated 28 mpg city and 38 mpg highway. It is for sale at Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois.
This 4dr Car generally a delight to drive. You will find its Gas/Ethanol V6 3.0L/181 and 6-Speed Automatic sounds smooth. Options on this vehicle include a 3.0l 24v V6 Duratec Flex Fuel Engine, a 302a Rapid Spec Order Code, a Front License Plate Bracket and a Luxury Pkg. Call and speak with one of our training sales consultants now to setup an appointment.
The document discusses how students at Florida International University are designing and building a race car for the Formula SAE competition. They are using a 450cc Yamaha engine within competition restrictions and designing custom parts like an intake manifold to maximize performance. Students use computer modeling, wind tunnel testing, and carbon fiber molding to create a lightweight design that considers factors like suspension geometry, safety structures, and aerodynamics. The competition evaluates business planning, engineering design, and dynamic driving events like acceleration and endurance racing.
Hawkinson Kia is a Kia dealership located in Matteson, Illinois. The document provides details on a 2011 Kia Sorento EX for sale, including a stock number, mileage, features, specs, and contact information for the dealership. It includes sections describing standard equipment, optional equipment installed, and technical specifications for the vehicle.
This document provides details about a 2012 Ford Fusion SE being sold for $24,610 by Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois. The sedan has a black exterior, charcoal black interior, gas 2.5L engine, and 6-speed automatic transmission. It gets an estimated 23 mpg city and 33 mpg highway. Included options are a rear spoiler, reverse sensing system, and front license plate bracket.
Ford F-150 FX4 Crew Cab Truck Photo Galleryizmostudio
The document describes a 2013 Ford F-150 FX4 Crew Cab truck. It provides details on the truck's specifications including its 3.7L V6 engine with 302 horsepower, 6-speed automatic transmission, 4,685 pound weight, and 12,200 pound towing capacity. Safety features include dual front, front side, and full-length side curtain airbags as well as an Advance Trac stability system and traction control.
The document provides a comparison of 4 leading car brands - Holden, Toyota, Mazda, and Subaru. It summarizes key information about each brand's history and popular sedan models. Specifications such as engine sizes, fuel efficiency, safety features, and prices are outlined in table format. In the conclusion, the Toyota is assessed to have the best overall performance. The Holden is considered safest, while the Subaru is deemed best value for money. All 4 brands are said to have outstanding and appealing features for Australian buyers.
When cam phasers go bad, it can cause various engine problems and damage. Signs that cam phasers are faulty include engine noise, decreased power, worse gas mileage, and check engine light illumination. Cam phasers control valve timing and can fail due to issues like low oil pressure, worn gears, or electrical problems. While cam phasers can sometimes be repaired by cleaning or replacing components, they often must be replaced. Diagnosing the specific cause of failure and performing the right repair is necessary to fix cam phaser issues.
This vehicle is absolutely striking! This 2012 Ford Focus gets 28 miles per gallon in the city and gets 40 miles per gallon on the highway. It comes equipped with options like a 201a Rapid Spec Order Code, 6-Speed Powershift Automatic Transmission and a Super Fuel Economy (sfe) Pkg. Come in for a test drive today!
The document provides details on 10 fuel efficient luxury cars: BMW 5 Series, BMW 3 Series, Skoda Superb, Audi A6, Audi A7, Audi A4, BMW X3, BMW X1, Land Rover Freelander 2, and Volvo S60. For each car, it lists key features and specifications like engine types, transmission options, safety and driver assistance features, and more.
This 2011 Ford F-150 Lariat is equipped with many luxury and performance features. It gets 15 mpg city and 21 mpg highway. Features include 20-inch wheels, leather seats, navigation, and a turbocharged 3.5L V6 engine. It is for sale at Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois for $49,270.
Welcome 2016 in a New Ford Find Your New Ford in Yarmouth MaineCasco_Bay_Ford
Casco Bay Ford Showing All the New Ford Models for 2016. Focus, Fiesta, Fusion, C-Max, Edge, Escape, Explorer, Taurus, Expedition, Flex, Transit Wagon, Ford F-150, Ford F-250, Ford F-350 and the Ford GT
The document discusses various aspects of sports cars including their layouts, engines, seating arrangements, and top manufacturers. It provides details on specific models from manufacturers like Alfa Romeo, Aston Martin, BMW, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Bugatti, Jaguar, Porsche, and Maserati. For each manufacturer, it lists popular past and current models and identifies what is considered their best model. The document also briefly discusses Formula One racing.
The document is a listing for a used 2012 Ford Focus Titanium for sale. It provides details on the car's features, options, specifications, and contact information for the dealership. The listing could not find staff with the given ID number.
This 4dr Car is hot! This 2012 Ford Focus gets 28 miles per gallon in the city and gets 40 miles per gallon on the highway. It comes equipped with options like a 201a Rapid Spec Order Code, 6-Speed Powershift Automatic Transmission and a Super Fuel Economy (sfe) Pkg. Come in for a test drive today!
2011 Chevrolet Suburban Youngstown OH – Columbiana Buick Cadillac ChevroletColumbia Chevrolet
2011 Chevrolet Suburban brochure provided by Columbiana Buick Cadillac Chevrolet located near Youngstown, OH. Find the 2011 Chevrolet Suburban for sale in Ohio; call about our current sales and incentives at (866) 505-3024. http://www.youngstownchevrolet.net/
2011 Chevrolet Tahoe Youngstown OH – Columbiana Buick Cadillac ChevroletColumbia Chevrolet
2011 Chevrolet Tahoe brochure provided by Columbiana Buick Cadillac Chevrolet located near Youngstown, OH. Find the 2011 Chevrolet Tahoe for sale in Ohio; call about our current sales and incentives at (866) 505-3024. http://www.youngstownchevrolet.net/
The document provides information about the Hyundai Veloster, summarizing its key features and specifications. It describes the Veloster as combining the style of a coupe with the functionality of a hatchback. Key features highlighted include its 1.6L engine, 6-speed manual or dual clutch transmission, sporty 18-inch alloy wheels, advanced safety features like six airbags and electronic stability control, and stylish interior amenities. Specifications such as fuel economy, dimensions, warranty information and available exterior colors are also listed.
The document presents an overview of the automobile industry in the United States in 2010, including the top 3 automakers by market share - General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Company, and Toyota Motors - and the top 3 models for each of those automakers, with General Motors' top models being the Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck, Chevrolet Impala, and Chevrolet Malibu, Ford's top models being the Ford F-Series pickup truck, Ford Fusion, and Ford Focus, and Toyota's top models being the Toyota Camry, Toyota RAV4, and Toyota Prius.
Hyundai Tucson India Launch - Press ReleaseRushLane
Hyundai launches its third generation Tucson SUV in India. Some key features of the Tucson include a new 2.0L diesel engine producing 185ps, advanced safety features like 6 airbags and front and rear parking sensors, and a premium interior with features like an 8-inch touchscreen and smart tailgate. It will be offered in 5 variants and 5 colors, with prices starting at Rs. 18.99 lakh for the petrol manual variant. Hyundai emphasizes the Tucson's global recognition, having won over a dozen awards and being one of Hyundai's best-selling models worldwide with over 4.5 million sold.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para la creación de presentaciones similar a Microsoft Office PowerPoint o a Impress de LibreOffice pero de manera dinámica y original.Esta aplicación te permite copiar y pegar o abrir archivos del Power Point y seguirlos ahí.
This 4dr Car generally a delight to drive. You will find its Gas/Ethanol V6 3.0L/181 and 6-Speed Automatic sounds smooth. Options on this vehicle include a 3.0l 24v V6 Duratec Flex Fuel Engine, a 302a Rapid Spec Order Code, a Front License Plate Bracket and a Luxury Pkg. Call and speak with one of our training sales consultants now to setup an appointment.
The document discusses how students at Florida International University are designing and building a race car for the Formula SAE competition. They are using a 450cc Yamaha engine within competition restrictions and designing custom parts like an intake manifold to maximize performance. Students use computer modeling, wind tunnel testing, and carbon fiber molding to create a lightweight design that considers factors like suspension geometry, safety structures, and aerodynamics. The competition evaluates business planning, engineering design, and dynamic driving events like acceleration and endurance racing.
Hawkinson Kia is a Kia dealership located in Matteson, Illinois. The document provides details on a 2011 Kia Sorento EX for sale, including a stock number, mileage, features, specs, and contact information for the dealership. It includes sections describing standard equipment, optional equipment installed, and technical specifications for the vehicle.
This document provides details about a 2012 Ford Fusion SE being sold for $24,610 by Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois. The sedan has a black exterior, charcoal black interior, gas 2.5L engine, and 6-speed automatic transmission. It gets an estimated 23 mpg city and 33 mpg highway. Included options are a rear spoiler, reverse sensing system, and front license plate bracket.
Ford F-150 FX4 Crew Cab Truck Photo Galleryizmostudio
The document describes a 2013 Ford F-150 FX4 Crew Cab truck. It provides details on the truck's specifications including its 3.7L V6 engine with 302 horsepower, 6-speed automatic transmission, 4,685 pound weight, and 12,200 pound towing capacity. Safety features include dual front, front side, and full-length side curtain airbags as well as an Advance Trac stability system and traction control.
The document provides a comparison of 4 leading car brands - Holden, Toyota, Mazda, and Subaru. It summarizes key information about each brand's history and popular sedan models. Specifications such as engine sizes, fuel efficiency, safety features, and prices are outlined in table format. In the conclusion, the Toyota is assessed to have the best overall performance. The Holden is considered safest, while the Subaru is deemed best value for money. All 4 brands are said to have outstanding and appealing features for Australian buyers.
When cam phasers go bad, it can cause various engine problems and damage. Signs that cam phasers are faulty include engine noise, decreased power, worse gas mileage, and check engine light illumination. Cam phasers control valve timing and can fail due to issues like low oil pressure, worn gears, or electrical problems. While cam phasers can sometimes be repaired by cleaning or replacing components, they often must be replaced. Diagnosing the specific cause of failure and performing the right repair is necessary to fix cam phaser issues.
This vehicle is absolutely striking! This 2012 Ford Focus gets 28 miles per gallon in the city and gets 40 miles per gallon on the highway. It comes equipped with options like a 201a Rapid Spec Order Code, 6-Speed Powershift Automatic Transmission and a Super Fuel Economy (sfe) Pkg. Come in for a test drive today!
The document provides details on 10 fuel efficient luxury cars: BMW 5 Series, BMW 3 Series, Skoda Superb, Audi A6, Audi A7, Audi A4, BMW X3, BMW X1, Land Rover Freelander 2, and Volvo S60. For each car, it lists key features and specifications like engine types, transmission options, safety and driver assistance features, and more.
This 2011 Ford F-150 Lariat is equipped with many luxury and performance features. It gets 15 mpg city and 21 mpg highway. Features include 20-inch wheels, leather seats, navigation, and a turbocharged 3.5L V6 engine. It is for sale at Hennessy Ford Stores in Illinois for $49,270.
Welcome 2016 in a New Ford Find Your New Ford in Yarmouth MaineCasco_Bay_Ford
Casco Bay Ford Showing All the New Ford Models for 2016. Focus, Fiesta, Fusion, C-Max, Edge, Escape, Explorer, Taurus, Expedition, Flex, Transit Wagon, Ford F-150, Ford F-250, Ford F-350 and the Ford GT
The document discusses various aspects of sports cars including their layouts, engines, seating arrangements, and top manufacturers. It provides details on specific models from manufacturers like Alfa Romeo, Aston Martin, BMW, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Bugatti, Jaguar, Porsche, and Maserati. For each manufacturer, it lists popular past and current models and identifies what is considered their best model. The document also briefly discusses Formula One racing.
The document is a listing for a used 2012 Ford Focus Titanium for sale. It provides details on the car's features, options, specifications, and contact information for the dealership. The listing could not find staff with the given ID number.
This 4dr Car is hot! This 2012 Ford Focus gets 28 miles per gallon in the city and gets 40 miles per gallon on the highway. It comes equipped with options like a 201a Rapid Spec Order Code, 6-Speed Powershift Automatic Transmission and a Super Fuel Economy (sfe) Pkg. Come in for a test drive today!
2011 Chevrolet Suburban Youngstown OH – Columbiana Buick Cadillac ChevroletColumbia Chevrolet
2011 Chevrolet Suburban brochure provided by Columbiana Buick Cadillac Chevrolet located near Youngstown, OH. Find the 2011 Chevrolet Suburban for sale in Ohio; call about our current sales and incentives at (866) 505-3024. http://www.youngstownchevrolet.net/
2011 Chevrolet Tahoe Youngstown OH – Columbiana Buick Cadillac ChevroletColumbia Chevrolet
2011 Chevrolet Tahoe brochure provided by Columbiana Buick Cadillac Chevrolet located near Youngstown, OH. Find the 2011 Chevrolet Tahoe for sale in Ohio; call about our current sales and incentives at (866) 505-3024. http://www.youngstownchevrolet.net/
The document provides information about the Hyundai Veloster, summarizing its key features and specifications. It describes the Veloster as combining the style of a coupe with the functionality of a hatchback. Key features highlighted include its 1.6L engine, 6-speed manual or dual clutch transmission, sporty 18-inch alloy wheels, advanced safety features like six airbags and electronic stability control, and stylish interior amenities. Specifications such as fuel economy, dimensions, warranty information and available exterior colors are also listed.
The document presents an overview of the automobile industry in the United States in 2010, including the top 3 automakers by market share - General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Company, and Toyota Motors - and the top 3 models for each of those automakers, with General Motors' top models being the Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck, Chevrolet Impala, and Chevrolet Malibu, Ford's top models being the Ford F-Series pickup truck, Ford Fusion, and Ford Focus, and Toyota's top models being the Toyota Camry, Toyota RAV4, and Toyota Prius.
Hyundai Tucson India Launch - Press ReleaseRushLane
Hyundai launches its third generation Tucson SUV in India. Some key features of the Tucson include a new 2.0L diesel engine producing 185ps, advanced safety features like 6 airbags and front and rear parking sensors, and a premium interior with features like an 8-inch touchscreen and smart tailgate. It will be offered in 5 variants and 5 colors, with prices starting at Rs. 18.99 lakh for the petrol manual variant. Hyundai emphasizes the Tucson's global recognition, having won over a dozen awards and being one of Hyundai's best-selling models worldwide with over 4.5 million sold.
Prezi es una aplicación multimedia para la creación de presentaciones similar a Microsoft Office PowerPoint o a Impress de LibreOffice pero de manera dinámica y original.Esta aplicación te permite copiar y pegar o abrir archivos del Power Point y seguirlos ahí.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
The document summarizes a web seminar on content usability. It discusses principles of content and usability on the web, the psychology of design, writing for search engines, and keys to writing content for the web such as being explicit, creating emotional impact, optimizing meta-content for search engines, using good manners for trustworthiness, and aligning content with tasks. The speaker is an expert in user experience design with over 15 years of experience working with major companies.
Haveli refers to large historical mansions in India and Pakistan, usually with architectural significance. Many were influenced by Islamic, Persian, and Indian styles and contain central courtyards and fountains. Fine examples can be found in the old cities of Agra, Lucknow, Delhi, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar, and Hyderabad, featuring Mughal architecture. The term was also used for Vaishnava temples in Gujarat and large Krishna temples in northern India, known for frescoes depicting gods and stories from Hindu epics.
Este serie de estudios biblicos esta hecho para ninos y estudian el pasaje de Tito 2:11-15. Esta hecho para realizarse en un campamento cristiano pero pueden ser usados en cualquier otro contexto. Este documento contiene las paginas para el alumno (campero/campista) y al final la guía para los facilitadores (o confidentes de campamento).
This document discusses the energy crisis in Pakistan, its causes, and recommendations. It outlines that Pakistan faces a huge energy crisis due to economic and political instability, fluctuating oil prices, a faulty distribution system, aging equipment, mismanagement of resources, and silting reducing reservoir capacity. The crisis is exacerbated by heavy reliance on expensive imported oil and coal. Recommendations include short-term plans to increase private power producers and import electricity, medium-term plans to transition to renewable energy and develop village projects, and long-term plans to develop coal, explore new reserves, and provide engineer training. The conclusion recommends overhauling infrastructure to utilize renewable and coal resources.
The document provides an overview of the local government system in Pakistan from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various systems that have been implemented under different regimes, including the Basic Democracies system under Ayub Khan, the People's Local Government system under Bhutto, and the Devolution of Power Plan introduced under Musharraf in 2001. The current local government system established in 2013 devolved some powers to elected local governments in each province, but provincial governments still retain significant control over local administrations.
The document summarizes the key systems and components of a typical car, including:
1) The major systems are the power plant (engine), power train (transmission), running gear (suspension, wheels), and control system (steering, brakes).
2) The power plant includes subsystems like the engine, fuel system, electrical system, exhaust, lubrication, and cooling.
3) Most cars use a four-stroke engine cycle to power the vehicle.
The document discusses the evolution of automobiles and their major components. It describes how vehicles have evolved from horse-drawn carriages with attached engines to fully enclosed steel bodies. The major components of a vehicle include the frame/chassis, suspension, braking, steering, powertrain, and electrical systems. It also outlines the evolution of engine designs from flathead to overhead camshaft configurations and lists common areas of automotive service.
The document discusses the history and development of automobiles. It describes how early vehicles were powered by steam engines but that Karl Benz is credited with building the first practical automobile powered by an internal combustion engine in 1885. It then discusses major innovations and components of modern automobiles, including engines, transmissions, and other systems like braking, suspension, and electrical. It focuses on the engineering advances that have made cars simpler to operate and more efficient over time.
The document discusses four wheel steering systems. It describes how four wheel steering provides active steering of the rear wheels during turns to improve handling and allow for tighter turns. It explains that the front wheels do most of the steering, while the rear wheels are generally steered in the opposite direction of the front wheels for tighter turns at low speeds and in the same direction at high speeds for stability. The advantages of four wheel steering systems are also summarized as improved stability, controllability, response to steering input, straight line stability, and reduced turning radius.
1-AE-UNIT-I-Classification and Components of four wheeler automobile.pptxGuntur Rajesh
The document provides a history of the automobile from its origins in the late 18th century. Some of the key developments include:
- In 1769, Nicholas Carnot created the first self-propelled road vehicle powered by a steam engine.
- In the late 19th century, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz developed the first vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, paving the way for modern cars.
- Henry Ford later formed the Ford Motor Company in 1903, making cars more affordable for mass production.
- More recent automotive innovations include the introduction of anti-lock braking systems in 1978 and hybrid gas-electric engines by Honda and Toyota in 2002.
This document discusses the classification and layout of automobiles. It categorizes vehicles based on factors such as load, number of wheels, fuel used, body style, transmission, drive, suspension system, engine position, and chassis type. Common passenger vehicle layouts include front-engine/front-wheel drive, front-engine/rear-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive. Components like the engine, drivetrain, and suspension are described along with their functions and materials. Methods of forced induction like turbocharging and supercharging are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to automobiles. It begins by defining an automobile and listing the objectives of understanding its major components and the four stroke engine cycle. It then discusses the brief history of the automobile's invention in Germany and France in the late 1800s. It proceeds to describe the major components of an automobile, including the engine, power train, suspension system, steering system, braking system, electrical system, and body. It also explains the supporting systems needed for engine operation, such as the fuel, ignition, lubrication, and cooling systems. It concludes by describing the four stroke engine cycle involving the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
The automobile is a self-propelled vehicle that usually has four wheels and is powered by an engine to transport people. The first automobiles in the late 1800s were powered by gas engines and used chains to transmit power to rear wheels. Automobile production expanded in the early 1900s in both Europe and the United States. Modern automobiles have over 15,000 parts organized into key systems like the engine, transmission, suspension, steering, braking, and electrical systems to power and control the vehicle.
This document provides an overview of vehicle body engineering, including:
1. It defines key terms related to vehicle body design such as chassis, body, suspension system, and power train.
2. It describes the basic requirements for automobile body design including strength, stiffness, providing adequate space, minimizing air drag, and protecting occupants from weather, corrosion, and accidents.
3. It discusses important considerations for vehicle body design like visibility, terminology, and methods to improve space requirements. Diagrams are included to illustrate factors that influence visibility and space.
The document discusses a six-stroke engine which aims to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions compared to traditional four-stroke engines. It works by adding two additional strokes: after the four-stroke cycle is completed, fresh air is drawn in and expelled to capture waste heat for a secondary power stroke. This provides two power strokes per cycle and can increase efficiency by 40% while reducing pollution by up to 65%. However, the engine is more complex with more components and lower power per cylinder compared to four-stroke designs. Widespread adoption in automobiles could significantly reduce fuel use and emissions globally if efficiency gains are realized.
This document provides an overview of the course 191ME63 - Automobile Engineering I C Engine. It includes 5 units that will be covered: vehicle structure and engine components, energy sources, transmission systems and wheels/tyres, front axle/steering/brakes/suspension systems, and automotive electrical and electronic systems. The total periods for the course is 45. Key components of internal combustion engines are described such as the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, valves, and camshaft. The 4-stroke engine cycle and engine cooling systems are also summarized.
Defining Automotive Technology by SouLSteerShobhit Gosain
The document provides an overview of basic automotive technology. It covers various vehicle systems including the body, engine, transmission, steering, braking, suspension, and electrical systems. Key points include classifications of vehicles based on space and body style, engine operation principles for petrol and diesel engines, types of transmissions including manual, automatic and tiptronic, drive train layouts such as front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive, and components such as the differential, tires, and wheels.
This document provides an overview of Mercedes-Benz vehicles, including:
- The history and origins of Mercedes-Benz dating back to Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler in the late 1800s.
- Details on Mercedes-Benz production facilities located in India.
- Explanations of Mercedes-Benz vehicle nomenclature, models, innovations, body styles, and identification codes.
- Descriptions of engine designations, maintenance procedures, and inspection points for key vehicle systems.
The document outlines the experiments to be conducted in an automobile engineering lab for a diploma course. It lists 9 experiments that will study and report on the construction, working principles, and operation of various automotive engine systems, fuel supply systems, clutches, transmissions, drive lines, suspensions, steering systems, tires and wheels, and brake systems. For each experiment, it provides the components to be studied, along with the theory and process to be followed. The goal is for students to gain hands-on experience with and understanding of key automotive components and systems.
Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20, $30, $40 or even $50, maybe you thought about trading in your car for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you're worried that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect.
1. 1950s-present Engines There are many types of said engines The types are as follows V6 engine V8 engine Diesel engines Certain “CID” or Cubic Inches Displacement engine Ex: 396 cid V8 Fuel Cell Ex: Hydrogen Engines Hybrid engines Electric engines Each one is used for different situations Some engines made for certain cars can help a certain car to do better performance “If Fiat was still building vehicles with eighteen different engines, in 1912 almost half of the vehicles produced were one of type “Zero”.” (Francesca Fauri3) http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-engine-types-channel.htm
2. 1900-1949 Car models Since 110 years cars have been undergoing not only an evolution of mechanics, the outlook of them as well In this slide we see an antique of a car made exactly 70 years ago yet still looks new Though it is new you do not see a lot of them The engine itself was still going under many modifications The start up was slow Produce some harmful exhaust Top speed was 95mph Need to be replaced if broken http://www.volvoclub.org.uk/history/history_40s.shtml
3. Transmission There are two ways transmission is referred to: America: Transmission Europe: Gear box It is located behind the flywheel and clutch of the car While being almost idle, it can go to 900 rpm (Revolutions per minute), but can go to 7500rpm if up to speed. The transmission has a special gear to work The most basic type is the spur gear which has straight cut teeth and its parallel to the axis of the gears http://www.carbibles.com/transmission_bible.html
4. Suspension Suspension is something your car would be in need of because it keeps your car from shaking to pieces. If one were to go down a rough road without it your car will break one way or another What the suspension is can only be two things: Coil Springs Shock absorbers http://www.carbibles.com/suspension_bible.html
5. Steering Steering is a lot more complicated then one thinks At first its simple Turn the steering wheel The front tires move toward that side Whole car turns to that direction It goes beyond these three steps Now the steering wheel has four parts Steering wheel connects to steering system Which connects to the tracking rods They connect to the tie rods Finally they connect to the steering arms http://www.carbibles.com/steering_bible.html
6. Engine Oil Oil is another important thing about a car. The oil is the equivalent to blood in the body It goes into the “heart” of the car known as the engine The purpose of oil is to stop the metal surfaces from ever grinding and breaking each other apart from friction It also can clean the engine of chemicals and build ups http://www.carbibles.com/engineoil_bible.html
7. Tires There is some information about tires that most did not know. For example: Certain tires can heat up Some tires heat up according to the rate of temperature the have The ratings are: A, B, and C, A being highest C being lowest http://www.carbibles.com/tyre_bible.html
8. The Fuel and the Engine The fuel is what the engine needs to start running as most know The procedure for this is called the “Internal Combustion” This process is quite long: First takes the fuel and air and compresses both of them Then both ignite using a Spark Plug or Self-Ignition Next allow the explosion of combusting gasses to force the piston back Last expel the exhaust gas http://www.carbibles.com/fuel_engine_bible.html
9. Weight Reduction Weight Reduction is not required in a car. It is only used in motorsport competitions and those few who love to customized their cars There are only three things this add-on effects: Makes the car lighter in weight Increases acceleration and HP (Horse power) It also helps braking since it makes it easy to stop the car when it is lighter http://www.hondaclub.com/forum/articles/287-weight-reduction-overview-few-ideas.html
10. Engine Control Unit (ECU) Back then the ECU was not really a big thing Now a days if you like customize your car the ECU would do wonders for you The ECU is a computer that controls the air/fuel mixture so the catalytic converter could removed a lot of the pollution from the exhaust It also has the closed-loop control, which monitors outputs of a system to control the inputs to a system http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-computer1.htm
11. Air intake system Another add-on used to make your car look cool and ran smooth This system is used to make the car breath faster while running This makes the car run faster and make the gas mileage greater then it was There are three different types of Air Intake Open Element car Air Intake system Sealed car air intake system Ram car air intake system http://www.streetbeatcustoms.com/airinsys2.html
12. Braking System Braking system is one of the more easier to understand kind of performance parts Its purpose is simple: Its used to slow the car wheel movement through friction. There are to types of systems which are important Cars with an ABS system Cars without an ABS system http://www.2carpros.com/how_does_it_work/brake_system.htm
13. Super Chargers Super chargers are one of three types of ways to really boost the HP of your car A Supercharger is like a turbo, but with out the turbo lag When you first install it, it can increase your cars HP by at least 200-250HP http://www.howstuffworks.com/supercharger.htm
14. Turbo A turbo system could become complicated if not well done, and this is how one looks like http://www.turbobygarrett.com/turbobygarrett/tech_center/turbo_tech101.html?#t101_1
15. Exhaust systems There are three main functions for an exhaust system: It takes the poisonous gas of the exhaust from the engine to the rear part of the car It quiets the engine sound while it is running Then it changes unspent fuel to spent fuel with the help of the catalytic converter The exhaust system contains many components: Exhaust manifold Exhaust pipe Catalytic converter Muffler Tail pipe http://www.2carpros.com/how_does_it_work/exhaust_system.htm
16. NA engines NA Engines or Naturally Aspirated Engines is not considered to be a turbo or a supercharger The NA engine is not really famous because it it generally cannot offer suitable Weight: Power ratio http://en.allexperts.com/e/n/na/naturally-aspirated_engine.htm
17. Ignition System The reason for this part is to create a spark that will create a spark that will ignite the fuel-air mixture in a cylinder Timing is an important factor and if timed wrong then the engine will run poorly or not at all. The ignition system has a high voltage spark plug that contains 20,000 volts to 50,000 volts. http://www.familycar.com/CLASSROOM/ignition.htm
18. Car Models (1950-Present) The 1950s was the time of the dream car era which made way for unexpected, unnatural, and unimaginable cars Examples are: 1962 Fisher Body Craftsman’s Guild Model 1967 Lamborghini Marzal 1967 Chrysler 300X Further on cars became more of a way to impress people by how it looks, and how fast it can run.
19. Car Models (1950-Present) Cont. Ever since the 1980s people were able to find creative ways to have fun with cars Now they aim to have the most beautiful and fast cars Some include Porsche Carrera GT Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 PaganiZonda F Jaguar XJ220 Ferrari Enzo McLaren F1 Koenigsegg CCX Saleen S7 Twin Turbo BugattiVeyron SSC Ultimate Aero
21. Car Body Kits Body kits are sort of an add-on to a car which is not required for it to run Its only purpose is to stylize the car in your own image Body kits include from car dealers of: Acura Audi BMW Ford Honda Mazda Nissan Subaru Toyota http://www.bodykits.com/
22. FR Layout FR car is a another way to say Front engine, Rear wheel drive. The lay out is as follows: The engine is put in the front part of the car as in most cars The way the car accelerates, the power and work is put in the rear set of wheels while the front end is used for turning the car only http://www.rearwheeldrive.org/rwd/rwdbenefits.htm
23. FF Cars FF cars also known as the “Front engine, Front wheel drive” cars are not very common They are not that popular as the FR or the 4WD cars, but they are still around Their layout is as follows: The engine is once again in the front part of the car The power however, is in the front two tires instead of the rear this time. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1696147/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_frontwheel.html
24. 4WD Cars 4WD drive cars (or literteraly 4 Wheel Drive) or very popular in the Japanese import tuner Many like this type of car because of how fast this car can go and its limitless ways of modifications it can use There are two ways to describe this type of car: One is the regular 4WD which is not so good in going fast in a high speed corner and cannot drive in the snow or off-road The “AWD” (All Wheel Drive) is a full time 4WD and are made for all surfaces including pavement, snow, and the off-road http://auto.howstuffworks.com/four-wheel-drive.htm
25. Famous FR Cars Some Famous FR cars are as follows Mazda RX-7 FD3S Mazda RX-7 FC3S Mazda RX-8 Nissan Silvia S13 Nissan Silvia S14 Nissan Silvia S15 Nissan 350Z Z32 Nissan Skyline R32 Ford Mustang Flashback http://www.turbomagazine.com/features/0804_turp_1998_nissan_silvia_s15/index.html http://www.edmunds.com/mazda/rx7/review.html
26. Famous FF cars Most Famous FF cars are: Volkswagens Golf GTI Lancia Delta Rally Car Mitsubishi Eclipse GT Spyder Acura Integra Type-R Honda Civic EK9 Type-R Peugeot 206 Renault Clio V6
27. Famous 4WD cars Most famous 4WD cars are: Nissan Skyline GTR R32 Nissan Skyline GTR R33 Nissan Skyline GTR R34 Nissan GTR R35 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 1-10 Subaru Impreza WRX STI Audi R8 Lamborghini Gallardo http://www.rsportscars.com/nissan/2010-nissan-gtr-spec-v/
28. Illegal Side of Cars Though the years have pasted and gone, it has also taken effect on cars and for the worst. Started since 1932 people begin to race and have these races have been so dangerous that its banned Even so people still street race for the fun, thrill, being the best, and any other trivial matter http://www.mdwholesale.com/Illegal_street_racing.html VS.
29. Rally events Cars have become such a big part in everyday life that now they have come up with “Rally events” Rally events can take place anywhere around the world and any who finely tuned their cars may participate They take place on dirt roads and use cars only suited for the rough terrain http://www.rally-america.com/news/80/
30. In Culture Cars have also become so famous that they appear just about everywhere They appear on the streets, motorsport events, and now where they are well-known video games as well Some titles include: NFS Franchise Gran Turismo series Juiced series Forza Motorsport Driver Series Grand Theft Auto series Initial D Wangan Midnight shift.needforspeed.com/ www.gran-turismo.com/
Editor's Notes
This slide is useful as it shows examples of how the engine worked toward the future and how it has evolved When looking at engines the only real differences are in looks and HP (horse power)The slide only shows seven types of engines while as mentioned there are more then 18 types of enginesEach one is suited for types of different areasV6 is for just plain driving V8 is for heavy duty trucks like Chevy Silverado and help for construction jobs or any of that kind While all engines look the same to anybody, there are some major differences in it then out it
This slide is talking about the car models and how they were 50-60 years ago The engines in 1900s-1949 were very different from today’s but more info in other slide“Then the war came and the situation changed as if by magic. Sales ceased almost completely and the people who had been screaming loudest for deliveries started to send in cancellations. ”(Gabrielsson2)
While the names being different for Europe and America they are both put in the same spot If the car where to stay at a constant gear the Transmission would fail and would require to get a new one
The picture is depicting the spring on the shock absorber Some suspensions can help a car turn a sharp corner at 80mph
Much to how its complicated this explains the context of the steering not how it works While most believed it to be just one part, it really is spread to four atleast
At first many thought the purpose for oil was simply to clean up the engineIt can also clean the suspension of silica (silicon oxide) and any other acids
This slide talks about the types of tires The tires help a great deal of how good the car can steerThere are also some tires that could be hard of soft which will be explained more in the next slide
This talks about how the engine makes use of the fuels it getsThe procedure is more in depth then what is explained and its the most basic way of explaining it The spark plug it self could be explained more an just a way to help start the car
This talks about the Weight reduction system first used quite recently and stilled used today The picture depicts a light carbon hood in comparison to the heavier hood that it used to haveAlso the hood can also be used for show
The ECU is the most sophisticated type of equipment in a car and most be handled with careSome claim that the ECU can also make the car go faster while controlling the air/mixture of the car Most car fanatics use high level ECU systems to make their cars so fast in the Motorsport competitions they would have a huge lead
The Open air in take system gives you the ability to reused air filter, tube, and couplers that replace the factory components from the air box to the throttle body of the car Sealed car filters, require you to to change the stock filter and tubing along with the stock air box of the car Ram air intake system do not sell well because of the risk of water exposure and debris blockage.
The Braking systems can have greater effects depending on the level system you have. The brakes caused some cars to stop by the rear and, front end of all four of the heels
Superchargers sometimes come with the car ONLY if the person buying the car would want to install it. Though it does greatly increase the power and torque of the car, it could be dangerous and could heavily damage the engine if not careful.
These are the parts listed on the Picture Compressor Inlet Compressor Discharge Charge air cooler (CAC)Intake Valve Exhaust Valve Turbine Inlet Turbine
NA engines Also run the risk on polluting your engine a lot. NA engines not have the Weight to power ratio, but they also tend to have less power then that of a supercharger and a turbochargerAir or Fuel-air mixture is forced into the cylinders by natural atmospheric pressure upon the opening of the inlet valves
#10 – Porsche Carrera GT 205mph 0-60mph in 3.9 Seconds 612 HP $440,000.00#9 Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 – 211 mph 0-60 in 3.3 Seconds 612 HP $430,000#8 – PaganiZonda F 215 mph 0-60 in 3.5 seconds 650 HP $667,321#7 – Jaguar XJ220 217mph 0-60 in 3.8 seconds 542 HP $650,00#6 – Ferrari Enzo 217 mph 0-60 in 3.4 seconds 660 HP $670,000#5 – McLaren F1 240mph 0-60 in 3.2 seconds 627 HP $970,0004 – Koenigsegg CCX 245MPH 0-60 in 3.2 seconds 806HP $545,568 3 – Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo 248 MPH 0-60 in 3.2 seconds 750HP $ 555,0002 – BugattiVeyron 253MPH 0-60 in 2.5 seconds 1001HP $1,700,0001- SSC Ultimate Aero 257MPH 0-60 in 2.7 1183HP $654,400
FR cars are mostly famous due to the fact that they are the perfect car to do drifting maneuver sand are especially famous in the import tuner type of cars also due to their unnatural suspension and can go around tight corners at very high speeds.
Another reason that the Front engine, front wheel drive is not so popular is due to the fact that its only good use for this car is during rally events that are held around the world and it also lacks the physics to make a complete drift and it is much more complicated to maneuver a drift and requires careful execution in order to make a drift.
Mazda RX-7 FD3S and FC3S are classic cars used in the Japan Touge battles in the mountains. It uses a rotary engine and can use two turbo also called the Twin-Turbo. Nissan Silvia S13, S14, and S15 also famous for the only cars in Nissan to run a Rear wheel drive car and able to do easy drifts on the high speed corners of Japan.
Acura Integra Type-R is good with:High compression, low-friction piston High performance camshafts and valve gear Large throttle body and single-port intake manifold Hand-Polished intake and exhaust ports High volume induction and exhaust system
Nissan cars go for the fastest with these statistics 3799CC (Cubic inches) in engine displacement 480 BHP @ 6400 RPMTorque: 428 lb-ft @3200RPM