Current Affairs for Competitive Exams

1. www.iasnext.com

2. Anti-defection law
Reference News:
Independent MLA from Gujarat’s Vadgam constituency, Jignesh Mevani, has pledged support to the
Congress party, saying though he has
ideology. Hence, provisions of the Tenth Schedule
Relevance: the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
Popularly known as the anti-defection law.
• It specifies the circumstances under which changing of political parties by legislators invites
action under the law.
• It was added to the Constitution by
• It includes situations in which an independent MLA, too, joins a party after the election.
The law covers three scenarios with respect to shifting of political parties by an MP or an MLA. These
include:
1. When a member elected on the ticket of a political party “voluntarily gives up” membership of
such a party or votes in the House against the wis
2. When a legislator who has won his or her seat as an independent candidate joins a political
party after the election.
In the above two cases, the legislator loses the seat in the legislature on changing (or joining) a
party.
1. Relates to nominated MPs. In their case, the law gives them six months to join a political party,
after being nominated. If they join a party after such time, they stand to lose their seat in the
House.
Matters related to disqualification:
• Under the anti-defection law,
with the presiding officer of the legislature.
• The law does not specify a time frame
• Last year, the Supreme Court observed that
Speakers in three months’ time
However, Legislators may change their party without the risk of disqualification in certain
circumstances. Exceptions:
1. The law allows a party to merge with or into another party provided that at least two
its legislators are in favour of the merger.
2. On being elected as the presiding officer of the House, if a member, voluntarily gives up the
membership of his party or rejoins it after he ceases to hold that office, he won’t be
disqualified.
defection law, for independent legislators
Independent MLA from Gujarat’s Vadgam constituency, Jignesh Mevani, has pledged support to the
he has not formally joined the Congress, he has joined the party’s
the Tenth Schedule do not apply in this case.
Relevance: the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
defection law.
specifies the circumstances under which changing of political parties by legislators invites
It was added to the Constitution by the 52nd Amendment Act.
situations in which an independent MLA, too, joins a party after the election.
The law covers three scenarios with respect to shifting of political parties by an MP or an MLA. These
When a member elected on the ticket of a political party “voluntarily gives up” membership of
such a party or votes in the House against the wishes of the party.
When a legislator who has won his or her seat as an independent candidate joins a political
the legislator loses the seat in the legislature on changing (or joining) a
Relates to nominated MPs. In their case, the law gives them six months to join a political party,
after being nominated. If they join a party after such time, they stand to lose their seat in the
the power to decide the disqualification of an MP or MLA rests
with the presiding officer of the legislature.
The law does not specify a time frame in which such a decision has to be made.
Last year, the Supreme Court observed that anti-defection cases should be decided by
’ time.
Legislators may change their party without the risk of disqualification in certain
The law allows a party to merge with or into another party provided that at least two
f the merger.
On being elected as the presiding officer of the House, if a member, voluntarily gives up the
membership of his party or rejoins it after he ceases to hold that office, he won’t be
www.iasnext.com
, for independent legislators
Independent MLA from Gujarat’s Vadgam constituency, Jignesh Mevani, has pledged support to the
he has joined the party’s
specifies the circumstances under which changing of political parties by legislators invites
situations in which an independent MLA, too, joins a party after the election.
The law covers three scenarios with respect to shifting of political parties by an MP or an MLA. These
When a member elected on the ticket of a political party “voluntarily gives up” membership of
When a legislator who has won his or her seat as an independent candidate joins a political
the legislator loses the seat in the legislature on changing (or joining) a
Relates to nominated MPs. In their case, the law gives them six months to join a political party,
after being nominated. If they join a party after such time, they stand to lose their seat in the
the power to decide the disqualification of an MP or MLA rests
in which such a decision has to be made.
ection cases should be decided by
Legislators may change their party without the risk of disqualification in certain
The law allows a party to merge with or into another party provided that at least two-thirds of
On being elected as the presiding officer of the House, if a member, voluntarily gives up the
membership of his party or rejoins it after he ceases to hold that office, he won’t be

3. National Action Plan f
Reference News:
On the occasion of World Rabies Day
dog Mediated Rabies Elimination’(NAPRE) by 2030.
• The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
with the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
What is the Rabies?
Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease
can spread to people and pets if they are bitten
or scratched by a rabid animal.
• Rabies is mostly found in wild
animals like bats, raccoons, skunks, and
foxes, dogs and most rabies deaths in
people around the world are caused by
dog bites.
• The rabies virus infects the central
nervous system.
• If a person does not receive the
appropriate medical care after a
potential rabies exposure, the virus can cause disease in the brain, ultimately resulting in
death.
• Rabies can be prevented by vaccinating pets, staying away from wildlife, and seekin
care after potential exposures before symptoms start.
How is rabies transmitted?
Rabies virus is transmitted through direct contact
membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with
animal.
Transmission:
• Rabies affects only mammals.
Rabies in India:
India has around 20,000 rabies deaths a year. Worldwide, over 59,000 people die every year from
rabies, around 40% of them aged under 15.
Rabies is responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality in India.
• The disease is endemic throughout the count
National Action Plan for dog Mediated Rabies Elimination:
World Rabies Day, central Government has unveiled the ‘National Action Plan for
Elimination’(NAPRE) by 2030.
ase Control (NCDC) has drafted the action plan in consultation
with the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
fatal but preventable viral disease. It
if they are bitten
mostly found in wild
like bats, raccoons, skunks, and
foxes, dogs and most rabies deaths in
people around the world are caused by
rabies virus infects the central
person does not receive the
after a
potential rabies exposure, the virus can cause disease in the brain, ultimately resulting in
by vaccinating pets, staying away from wildlife, and seekin
care after potential exposures before symptoms start.
through direct contact (such as through broken skin or mucous
membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth) with saliva or brain/nervous system tissue
only mammals.
India has around 20,000 rabies deaths a year. Worldwide, over 59,000 people die every year from
rabies, around 40% of them aged under 15.
Rabies is responsible for extensive morbidity and mortality in India.
The disease is endemic throughout the country.
www.iasnext.com
or dog Mediated Rabies Elimination:
the ‘National Action Plan for
has drafted the action plan in consultation
potential rabies exposure, the virus can cause disease in the brain, ultimately resulting in
by vaccinating pets, staying away from wildlife, and seeking medical
(such as through broken skin or mucous
saliva or brain/nervous system tissue from an infected
India has around 20,000 rabies deaths a year. Worldwide, over 59,000 people die every year from

4. • With the exception of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands, human cases of rabies are
reported from all over the country. The cases occur throughout the year.
• About 96% of the mortality and morbidity is associated with dog bites.
Reference News:
The Union government last week told the Supreme Court that the
in the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) of 2011
General and Census Commissioner of India
Development that 98.87% of the data on individual caste and religion was “error free”.
Why the data is “unusable” according to the government?
• The government had said that the total number of castes surveyed in 1
the SECC figures show that there are more than 46 lakh different castes. Assuming that some
castes may bifurcate into sub-
extent.
• The entire exercise was corrupted because
the same castes. In many cases the respondents, the government said, had refused to divulge
their castes.
How have caste details been collected so far?
1. While SC/ST details are collected as part of
collected by the enumerators. The main method is by
2. So far, backward classes commissions
to ascertain the population of backward castes.
What kind of caste data is published in the Census
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.
What is SECC 2011?
The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011
economic status of various communities.
With the exception of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands, human cases of rabies are
reported from all over the country. The cases occur throughout the year.
About 96% of the mortality and morbidity is associated with dog bites.
Caste census
The Union government last week told the Supreme Court that the caste-based data enumerated
Economic Caste Census (SECC) of 2011 was “unusable”, but in 2016,
General and Census Commissioner of India had informed the Standing Committee on Rural
Development that 98.87% of the data on individual caste and religion was “error free”.
Why the data is “unusable” according to the government?
The government had said that the total number of castes surveyed in 1931 was 4,147, while
the SECC figures show that there are more than 46 lakh different castes. Assuming that some
-castes, the total number can not be exponentially high to this
The entire exercise was corrupted because the enumerators had used different spellings for
the same castes. In many cases the respondents, the government said, had refused to divulge
How have caste details been collected so far?
SC/ST details are collected as part of the census, details of other castes are not
collected by the enumerators. The main method is by self-declaration to the enumerator.
backward classes commissions in various States have been conducting their own counts
to ascertain the population of backward castes.
caste data is published in the Census?
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.
ensus of 2011 was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio
economic status of various communities.
www.iasnext.com
With the exception of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands, human cases of rabies are
data enumerated
was “unusable”, but in 2016, the Registrar-
informed the Standing Committee on Rural
Development that 98.87% of the data on individual caste and religion was “error free”.
931 was 4,147, while
the SECC figures show that there are more than 46 lakh different castes. Assuming that some
castes, the total number can not be exponentially high to this
the enumerators had used different spellings for
the same castes. In many cases the respondents, the government said, had refused to divulge
details of other castes are not
to the enumerator.
in various States have been conducting their own counts
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.
was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio-

5. • It had two components: a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these
households based on pre-set parameters, and a caste census.
• However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban
households were released. The caste data has not been released till now.
Difference between Census & SECC:
• The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, whil
beneficiaries of state support.
• Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948,
whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government
departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.
Pros of caste census:
The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure
equitable representation of all of them.
Concerns associated:
• There is a possibility that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands
for larger or separate quotas.
• It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to
perpetuate the system.
The burden of climate change on children born today
Reference News:
A study was recently published by Researchers on the impact of
today.
• The study is based on data from
(ISIMIP).
How was the study carried out?
The ISIMIP data were used alongside country
temperature trajectories from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Next Analysis-
• Children born today will be hit much harder by extreme climate events than today’s adults
• During his or her lifetime, a child born in 2021 is likely to experience on average twice as many
wildfires, two to three times more droughts, almost three times more river floods and crop
a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these
set parameters, and a caste census.
However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban
The caste data has not been released till now.
The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify
beneficiaries of state support.
the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential,
whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government
grant and/or restrict benefits to households.
The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure
equitable representation of all of them.
ty that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands
It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to
The burden of climate change on children born today
A study was recently published by Researchers on the impact of climate change
The study is based on data from the Inter-sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project
The ISIMIP data were used alongside country-scale, life-expectancy data, population data and
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Children born today will be hit much harder by extreme climate events than today’s adults
During his or her lifetime, a child born in 2021 is likely to experience on average twice as many
wildfires, two to three times more droughts, almost three times more river floods and crop
www.iasnext.com
a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these
However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban
The caste data has not been released till now.
e the SECC is a tool to identify
all data are considered confidential,
whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government
The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure
ty that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands
It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to
The burden of climate change on children born today
on children born
sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project
expectancy data, population data and
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Children born today will be hit much harder by extreme climate events than today’s adults.
During his or her lifetime, a child born in 2021 is likely to experience on average twice as many
wildfires, two to three times more droughts, almost three times more river floods and crop

6. failures and about seven times more heat waves compared to a pers
old today.
What needs to be done?
Under a scenario of current “insufficient” climate policies, dangerous extreme heatwave events,
which affect about 15% of the global land area today, could treble to 46% by the end of this centur
However, if:
• Countries are able to follow through with their climate policies as decided under
Climate Agreement, this effect could be limited to 22%, which is just seven percentage points
more than the global land area that is affected today.
• Weincrease climate protection from current emission reduction pledges and get in line with a
1.5-degree target, we will reduce
average by 24% globally.
What is the Inter-sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP)?
This is a community-driven climate-impacts modelling initiative that assesses the differential impa
of climate change.
• Initiated by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and has since grown to involve over 100
modelling groups from around the world.
Who is involved?
NGO’s, Private sector, Policy-/decision
How is it carried out?
ISIMIP is organised into simulation rounds, which are
simulation protocol defines a set of common simulation scenarios based on the focus topic.
Participating modelling groups are provided with a common set of climate input data, and other data
(in some cases unique to one sector) necessary to ensure cross
simulations
failures and about seven times more heat waves compared to a person who is, say, 60 years
Under a scenario of current “insufficient” climate policies, dangerous extreme heatwave events,
which affect about 15% of the global land area today, could treble to 46% by the end of this centur
Countries are able to follow through with their climate policies as decided under
this effect could be limited to 22%, which is just seven percentage points
more than the global land area that is affected today.
Weincrease climate protection from current emission reduction pledges and get in line with a
degree target, we will reduce young people’s potential exposure to extreme events on
sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP)?
impacts modelling initiative that assesses the differential impa
Initiated by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and has since grown to involve over 100
modelling groups from around the world.
/decision -makers.
ISIMIP is organised into simulation rounds, which are guided by a focus topic. For each round, a
simulation protocol defines a set of common simulation scenarios based on the focus topic.
Participating modelling groups are provided with a common set of climate input data, and other data
to one sector) necessary to ensure cross-sectorally consistent impacts
www.iasnext.com
on who is, say, 60 years
Under a scenario of current “insufficient” climate policies, dangerous extreme heatwave events,
which affect about 15% of the global land area today, could treble to 46% by the end of this century.
Countries are able to follow through with their climate policies as decided under the Paris
this effect could be limited to 22%, which is just seven percentage points
Weincrease climate protection from current emission reduction pledges and get in line with a
young people’s potential exposure to extreme events on
impacts modelling initiative that assesses the differential impacts
Initiated by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and has since grown to involve over 100
guided by a focus topic. For each round, a
simulation protocol defines a set of common simulation scenarios based on the focus topic.
Participating modelling groups are provided with a common set of climate input data, and other data
sectorally consistent impacts

7. Punjab’s desertification in 25 years
Reference News:
The Punjab Vidhan Sabha committee,
that the state will turn into a desert in the next 25 years
underground aquifers continues.
• This is a prediction that has been made before
depletion in Punjab (The State of the World Report, 1998)
frame of 25 years, saying aquifers in Punjab could be depleted by 2025.
How alarming is the water situation in Punjab really?
1. Out of 138 blocks in Punjab, 109 have already gone into the ‘dark’ or over
which means groundwater extract
2. Two fall under the ‘dark/critical’ zone (groundwater extraction is 90 to 100 per cent), while five
are under semi-critical (groundwater extraction 70 to 90 per cent) zone.
3. This means that around 80 per cent blocks of the
are on the verge of it.
4. Water availability at 3 to 10 meters, which needs a centrifugal pump to extract water, is the
most desirable, but currently, water is available at 20 to 30 meters, or more than 30 meter
down, in around 84 per cent of Punjab.
Reasons for this scarcity:
1. More water is being drawn than it is being replenished. The rate of water extraction in Punjab
is 1.66 times against the rate of replenishment.
2. Because of the adoption of a faulty croppi
because of the puddling method used to prepare fields for transplanting.
What needs to be done?
Farmers must be incentivised to choose cropping patterns that require less water, and go for drip
irrigation or other water management mechanisms to save our only available deeper aquifers.
National Disaster Management Authority
Reference News:
17th Foundation Day of National Disaster Management Authority
September.
About NDMA:
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), is the
Management in India.
Punjab’s desertification in 25 years
The Punjab Vidhan Sabha committee, constituted to study water table depletion, has recently said
the state will turn into a desert in the next 25 years if the present trend of drawing water from
This is a prediction that has been made before – over two decades ago, a study on water table
(The State of the World Report, 1998) had projected almost the same
frame of 25 years, saying aquifers in Punjab could be depleted by 2025.
How alarming is the water situation in Punjab really?
Out of 138 blocks in Punjab, 109 have already gone into the ‘dark’ or over
which means groundwater extraction is more than 100 per cent here.
Two fall under the ‘dark/critical’ zone (groundwater extraction is 90 to 100 per cent), while five
critical (groundwater extraction 70 to 90 per cent) zone.
This means that around 80 per cent blocks of the state have already dried up and four per cent
Water availability at 3 to 10 meters, which needs a centrifugal pump to extract water, is the
most desirable, but currently, water is available at 20 to 30 meters, or more than 30 meter
down, in around 84 per cent of Punjab.
More water is being drawn than it is being replenished. The rate of water extraction in Punjab
is 1.66 times against the rate of replenishment.
Because of the adoption of a faulty cropping pattern. Paddy crop hampers water recharging
because of the puddling method used to prepare fields for transplanting.
Farmers must be incentivised to choose cropping patterns that require less water, and go for drip
r other water management mechanisms to save our only available deeper aquifers.
National Disaster Management Authority
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was celebrated on 28
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), is the apex statutory body
www.iasnext.com
constituted to study water table depletion, has recently said
if the present trend of drawing water from
over two decades ago, a study on water table
had projected almost the same time
Out of 138 blocks in Punjab, 109 have already gone into the ‘dark’ or over-exploited zone,
Two fall under the ‘dark/critical’ zone (groundwater extraction is 90 to 100 per cent), while five
state have already dried up and four per cent
Water availability at 3 to 10 meters, which needs a centrifugal pump to extract water, is the
most desirable, but currently, water is available at 20 to 30 meters, or more than 30 meters
More water is being drawn than it is being replenished. The rate of water extraction in Punjab
ng pattern. Paddy crop hampers water recharging
Farmers must be incentivised to choose cropping patterns that require less water, and go for drip
r other water management mechanisms to save our only available deeper aquifers.
(NDMA) was celebrated on 28
apex statutory body for Disaster

8. • It was constituted on 27th Septembe
• NDMA is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management.
India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and
Response.
Please note that the Disaster Management Act envisaged the
Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister
Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers
and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
Functions and Responsibilities:
NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster
Management to ensure timely and effective response
Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:
• Lay down policies on disaster management;
• Approve the National Plan;
• Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in
accordance with the National Plan;
• Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;
• Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the
Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention o
the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;
• Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster
management;
• Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;
• Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by
the Central Government;
• Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness
and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situ
consider necessary;
• Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster
Management.
It was constituted on 27th September 2006, under the Disaster Management Act, 2005
to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management.
India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and
Please note that the Disaster Management Act envisaged the creation of National Disaster
headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management
respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and imp
and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster
Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.
Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:
Lay down policies on disaster management;
Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in
accordance with the National Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the
Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention o
the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;
Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster
Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;
port to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by
Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness
and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may
Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster
www.iasnext.com
Management Act, 2005.
to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management.
India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and
creation of National Disaster
State Disaster Management
, to spearhead and implement a holistic
is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster
Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;
Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the
Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or
Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster
port to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by
Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness
ations or disasters as it may
Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster

9. World Maritime Day is celebrated annually on
• It aims to provide an opportunity to focus attention on the importance of shipping and other
maritime activities and to emphasize a particular aspect of the work of the
Maritime Organization (IMO).
• Theme for 2021 is “Seafarers: at the core of
• Zojila tunnel will provide all-year connectivity between Srinagar valley and Leh.
• It is set to be Asia’s longest bi
• It will connect Srinagar, Dras, Kargil and Leh via a tunnel through the famous Zoj
• Located at more than 11,500 feet above sea level, the all
long.
• It will make the travel on the 434
enhance safety and reduce the travel time from mor
Reference News:
Government is pushing to complete the massive Zojila tunnel, its showpiece infra project in Kashmir
and Ladakh, before Republic Day, 2024.
World Maritime Day
World Maritime Day is celebrated annually on 30 September.
It aims to provide an opportunity to focus attention on the importance of shipping and other
maritime activities and to emphasize a particular aspect of the work of the
Maritime Organization (IMO).
“Seafarers: at the core of shipping’s future”.
Zojila tunnel
year connectivity between Srinagar valley and Leh.
Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel.
It will connect Srinagar, Dras, Kargil and Leh via a tunnel through the famous Zoj
Located at more than 11,500 feet above sea level, the all-weather Zojila tunnel will be
It will make the travel on the 434-km Srinagar-Kargil-Leh Section of NH-1
enhance safety and reduce the travel time from more than 3 hours to just 15 minutes.
Government is pushing to complete the massive Zojila tunnel, its showpiece infra project in Kashmir
and Ladakh, before Republic Day, 2024.
www.iasnext.com
It aims to provide an opportunity to focus attention on the importance of shipping and other
maritime activities and to emphasize a particular aspect of the work of the International
year connectivity between Srinagar valley and Leh.
It will connect Srinagar, Dras, Kargil and Leh via a tunnel through the famous Zojila Pass.
weather Zojila tunnel will be 15 km
free from avalanches,
e than 3 hours to just 15 minutes.
Government is pushing to complete the massive Zojila tunnel, its showpiece infra project in Kashmir