The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located at the front of the neck below the voice box. It plays a major role in metabolism, growth, development, and other bodily functions through the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The pituitary gland helps regulate the thyroid gland's production of hormones. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroid hormone, commonly caused by Graves' disease. Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and anxiety. It is diagnosed by blood tests and treated with anti-thyroid medications or surgery. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland underproduces hormones,

2. thyroid gland
Thethyroidgland(ENDOCRINEGLAND): isfoundatthe frontofthe
neck,under thevoicebox.Itisbutterfly-shaped:The twoside lobeslieagainst
andaroundthewindpipe(trachea),andare connectedatthefrontbya
narrowstripof
tissue
Thethyroidglandisa vital hormonegland:Itplays amajorroleinthe
metabolism,growthanddevelopment ofthehuman body,Breathing ,Heart
rate ,Centralandperipheralnervoussystems ,Bodyweight,Body
temperature ,Cholesterollevels

3. How the Thyroid Gland Works
*endocrine system
*The thyroid gland uses iodine from the foods
you eat to make two main hormones: 1-
Triiodothyronine (T3) 2-Thyroxine (T4)
*Sometimes our bodies need more thyroid
hormones, and sometimes they need less. To
make the exact right amount of hormones, the
thyroid gland needs the help of another gland:
the (pituitary gland). The pituitary gland

6. hyperthyroidism
What is hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism means (overactivity of the
thyroid gland), resulting in too much thyroid
hormone in the bloodstream. The oversecretion
of thyroid hormones leads to overactivity of
the body's metabolism.
Primary hyperthyroidism : (problem in
thyroid gland)
1-graves disease (most common)
2-toxic adenoma

7. What are the symptoms of
hyperthyroidism?

increase metabolic-brake more glycogen-brake more
glucose -breakdown lipid -lead Wight loss

increase body temperature lead increased sweatind
–cause decreased blood volume

increase heart rate(tachycardia)---increase to SV---
increase Cardiac output--lead

(
(hypertension

Fracture

insomnia

Diarrhea lead hypovolemia

increase hair growth

8. How is hyperthyroidism
diagnosed?
1-Primary hyperthyroidism VS Secondary
hyperthyroidism
Primary hyperthyroidism : increase T4
,decrease TSH
Secondary hyperthyroidism : increase T4
,increase TSH

9. How is
hyperthyroidism treated?
(
1-symptomatic treatment :beta blockers(
propranolol
2-Antithyroid drugs :methimazole (Tapazole)
and propylthiouracil (PTU)

10. hypothyroidism
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is a condition happens when the thyroid
doesn’t create and release enough thyroid hormone into the
body. This makes your metabolism slow down

11. What are the symptoms of
hypothyroidism?

Gaining weight.

decrease body temperature

bradycardia

hypertension

decrease bone growth lead short

decrease SNS : lead depression , fatigue,
lethargy, memory loss

constipation

hair loss

dry skin

12. How is hyperthyroidism
diagnosed?
Primary hypothyroidism VS Secondary
hypothyroidism
Primary hypothyroidism : low level of FT4 :
high level of TSH
Secondary hypothyroidism : low level of FT4
:problem in pituitary gland : low level TSH
tertiary hypothyroidism :low level of FT4
:problem in hypothalamus :low level TRH :low
level TSH

13. How is hypothyroidism treated?
levothyroxine