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4. i
PREFACE
Although it currently represents a small percentage of global power generation, installations of
solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants are growing rapidly for both utility-scale and distributed
power generation applications. Reductions in costs driven by technological advances, economies
of scale in manufacturing, and innovations in financing have brought solar power within reach of
grid parity in an increasing number of markets. Continued advancements and further cost
reductions will expand these opportunities, including in developing countries where favorable
solar conditions exist.
Policy environments for renewable energy in the developing world are being refined, drawing on
the lessons learned from the successes and failures of policies adopted in first-mover markets. We
now see several regulatory models being successfully deployed in the developing world with
consequent increase in investment and installations. Solar is proving to be viable in more places
and for more applications than many industry experts predicted even a few years ago. At the same
time, this rapid market growth has been accompanied by an observed uneven expertise and know-
how demonstrated by new market entrants.
Building capacity and knowledge on the practical aspects of solar power project development,
particularly for smaller developers, will help ensure that new PV projects are well-designed, well-
executed, and built to last. Hereby, I present the first version of our book Solar Photovoltaic
Technology and Systems: A Guide for Trainers and Engineers and hope that it will be a useful
source that helps our readers to study the different topics of solar photovoltaic energy. It covers
the topics on photovoltaics (PV): PV Basics, PV Technology, and PV Systems. I trust that this
publication will help build capacity amongst key stakeholders, as solar power continues to become
a more and more important contributor to meeting the energy needs in emerging economies.

5. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Yashpal, Associate Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, SET, PU, Jaipur and Dr. Jayant K. Purohit, Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, PU, Jaipur for giving me an opportunity to work
under their guidance for my review of research papers and their consistent motivation direction
in this regard.
I extend my deep sense of gratitude and respect towards honorable Dr. S. M. Seth, Chairman
Emeritus, Poornima Foundation for his continuous inspiration and motivation for the research.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to honorable Dr. Suresh Chandra Padhy, President,
Poornima University for his kind support and guidance from time to time.
My sincere thanks are due to Ar. Shashikant Singhi, Chairman, Poornima Foundation
Chairperson Poornima University who has established Poornima University and given us an
opportunity to undergo research work in the renowned name “Poornima” as one of the
established brand in the field of professional educations. I extend my sincere thanks to Ar.
Rahul Singhi, Director, Poornima Foundation for his untiring support. I extend my sincere thanks
to Dr. Manoj Gupta, Pro-President, Poornima University for his continuous support and
encouragements throughout the course work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Devesh Kumar, Assistant Professor and Head of
Department, Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University for his support. I would like to express
my sincere thanks to Dr. Neeraj Tiwari, Associate Dean (SET), Poornima University for his
support.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Chandni Kirpalani, Registrar, Poornima
University for her support.
Pratish Rawat

6. iii
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER
1. Introduction
2. Selection of Solar Panels and Inverters
3. Selection of a Solar Battery or Off-Grid Power System
4. Design and Selection of Module Mounting Structures
5. Solar Cables and Connectors
6. How to Read Solar Net Meter Electricity Bill
7. Grounding in A Solar PV Plant
8. Solar Power Plant Layout
9. Operation and Maintenance of Solar Power Plant
10. Financing Solar Power Projects in India
11. Socio - Techno Economic Feasibility Study
12. Government/Private Organizations in Renewable Energy
Annexure – I
Annexure - II
Annexure - III
REFERENCES
(i)
(ii)
Page no.
1-14
15-32
33-41
42-50
51-61
62-64
65-67
68-69
70-76
77-82
83-112
113-119
120 -122
123- 138
139-140
141-145

7. 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Currently the main source of fuel in the world is Fossil fuels. The demand for fossil fuel has grown
continuously due to increased industrial growth in developing and developed countries. It is estimated that
the world energy demand will increase by 45% between 2006 and 2030, and the rate of increase will be 1.6%
per year.
India is now the eleventh largest economy in the world and is poised to make tremendous economic strides
over the next ten years, with significant development already in the planning stages. Due to the lower cost of
manpower and good production quality, India emerges as a leading destination for foreign investors. In the
major cities, these investments have brought benefits of employment and development. This sector only
represents a small portion of the total population and the remaining population still lives in very poor
conditions.
Renewable energy is form of energy which can be replenished. Renewable energy is available in various
forms such wind, solar, hydropower, biomass, etc. Renewable energy has to play an important role in
contributing to the energy demand of the world in the 21st century and beyond, since the energy production
from fossil fuels is not a sustainable practice, both due to adverse environmental impacts and limited amounts
fuels. To some extent global warming and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by making better use of
our renewable energy resources.
The increase of the energy demand may be met by utilizing fossil fuel resources but the amount of greenhouse
gas emissions in the atmosphere will reach a dangerous level. The Mitigation of Climate Change indicated
that over the last three decades, greenhouse gases emissions have increased by an average 1.6% per year with
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year. According to
the fourth assessment report from 2007 Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, the increases of sea
level are consistent with global warming. The rise of the sea level is attributed to the melting of snow and ice
in the Arctic Sea due to the global warming effect.
Renewable energy such as solar energy, wind power, hydropower, bio-fuel, etc is suggested to provide a
solution to solve the global warming problem and to meet the increasing energy demands. The demand of
fossil fuels will be reduced when the market of renewable energies increases. Furthermore, potential climate
change will be mitigated when the renewable energies replace fossil fuels in the future. Solar energy is one
of the most promising energy sources with solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface at a rate approximately
80,000 TW which is 10,000 times the present consumption of energy in the world.

8. 2
Figure 1: Energy Map of India
(Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India)
All renewable energy resources are derived from sunlight. The sun releases the large amount solar radiation
in the solar system but only a tiny fraction of that energy is intercepted by the earth, but if the sun’s ray
reaching the earth surface just for one hour could all be converted into electricity it would be enough to meet
the energy needs for the entire world’s population. The major application of solar energy includes solar
thermal and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Photovoltaic is a technology that converts solar radiation
directly into electricity using solar cells. PV technology does not consume fuel resources or produce green
house gases. However solar cells are expensive. Therefore, the overall goal of PV research and development
has been to produce a low-cost efficient solar cells and a low cost efficient PV system.

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