The document discusses various components of a computer system including:
- The CPU, which controls and coordinates other components. It has a control unit and ALU.
- Memory types like RAM, which is volatile and used for temporary storage, and ROM, which is non-volatile and holds permanent programs.
- Common storage devices like hard drives, which use spinning disks and heads to read/write data, and solid state drives which have no moving parts and use flash memory.
- Other components that connect various parts like the motherboard and interfaces like SATA that connect storage devices to the computer.
Basics of Computer! BATRA COMPUTER CENTRE IN AMBALAjatin batra
Are you searching for computer training in Ambala?
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This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
Basics of Computer! BATRA COMPUTER CENTRE IN AMBALAjatin batra
Are you searching for computer training in Ambala?
Now your search ends here.... Batra computer centre is Ambala based computer training centre and provides you the best computer training in Ambala Cantt. We offer you training in courses like training in Basics of Computer, training in Programming languages C & C++, training in Web designing & Development, training in SEO and many more...
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
Computer Basics ppt for BMM Students.
for online training on
Web designing
Graphic Designing
Digital marketing
Please feel free to contact
https://www.seoskills.in
Course Code: CS-301
Book: Introduction to Computing.
Chapter Number 1: Introduction to Computer Systems.
Degree: BS (SE, CS, BIO)
Contents:
This chapter will cover the following topics:
1.Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
2. The Computer System
3. How Computers Represent Data
4. The CPU and Primary Storage
5. Microprocessors and Processing Power
6. Multiple Processors and Parallel Processing
7. Storage Input, and Output Technology
8. Secondary Storage Technology
9. Input and Output Devices
10. Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
11. Computer Software
Computer Basics ppt for BMM Students.
for online training on
Web designing
Graphic Designing
Digital marketing
Please feel free to contact
https://www.seoskills.in
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
3 MODULE 2.2 -COMPUTER MEMORY.ppt
1. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
In this chapter you will learn about:
Internal structure of processor
Memory structure
Determining the speed of a processor
Different types of processors available
Determining the capacity of a memory
Different types of memory available
Several other terms relatedto the
processor and main memory of a computer
system
Learning Objectives
2. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Block Diagram of Computer
• Functional block diagram consists of three
basic units:
1) Input/Output devices
2) System Unit
3) Storage Unit
• Computer hardware system consists of
different types of devices. Each device is
connected directly or indirectly to the
motherboard. These are classified into three
basic categories:
4. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• Input/Output Devices: User enters the commands
and data through the keyboard or mouse, these data
are translated into a form that computer can process.
After processing the data, output devices converts it
into human understandable format.
Ex. Commonly used input/output devices are keyboard,
mouse, monitor and printer.
5. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• System Unit : Also called as system cabinet contains
the most of the electronic components that make up a
computer system. Important component is processor,
which controls and manipulates data to produce
information. Clock is used to synchronize the whole
circuitry of the system.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) use to store
temporarily data to read or write data onto the
disk/memory. ROM (Read Only Memory) contains
permanently stored programs such as monitor
programs. Expansion slots are available on
motherboard to enhance computer system by using
graphics cards, sound cards, TV tuner card etc. Ports
are connecting sockets on the system unit like monitor
port, printer port, USB port, RJ45 port and audio port.
6. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• Storage Unit : Attached hard disk inside the cabinet is
mainly used as storage device, as it can store more
data and faster than CD drive. But still CD (Compact
disc) and DVD (Digital Video Disc) are used to store
and transfer data from one pc to another.
7. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
8. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• It's a microprocessor chip developed by Intel, AMD or any
other company.
• CPU speed depends upon the clock frequency, higher the
clock frequency more number of instructions can be
executed per second.
• Clock frequency is measured in MHz or GHz.
• CPU word size is the largest number of bits that can be
handled by CPU in one clock cycle. It is either 8, 16, 32, 64
or 128 bit.
• This word size value determines number of bit processor
i.e. 8-bit processor, 16-bit processor, 32 bit processor etc.
• CPU performance also depends upon the RAM, bus speed
and cache size as well.
• Called as heart of the computer.
9. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Working
• CPU consists of three basic units: control unit,
Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) and memory unit.
• Input is given through the input devices to CPU.
• Control unit controls communication within ALU and
memory unit.
• Decides which circuit is to be activated.
• For reading instruction it uses Fetch-execute
mechanism.
• Control unit gets instruction from memory.
• Control unit decides what to do of that instruction and
transfers it to the ALU.
10. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• ALU performs various arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc. on
that instruction.
• Results of ALU are stored in the memory or resistor
for its further operations.
• After completing the instruction, stored results are
passed to the output devices.
• To synchronize all these operations CPU uses its own
system clock.
11. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
What it does?
• Executes stored instructions called as
program.
• Tells rest of the computer system what to do.
• Executes arithmetic calculation and data
manipulation.
• Holds data and instruction which are in the
current use.
• Responsible for storing and retrieving
information on disks and other media.
13. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
The brain of a computer system
Performs all major calculations and comparisons
Activates and controls the operations of other units of a
computer system
Two basic components are
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
No other single component of a
computer determines its overall performance as much
as the CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
14. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Control Unit (CU)
• One of the two basic components of CPU
• Act as the central nervous system of a computer System
• Select and interprets program instructions, and coordinate
execution
• Has some special purpose registers and a decoder to perform
these activities
15. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
One of the two basic components of CPU.
Actual execution of instructions takes place in ALU
Has some special purpose registers
Has necessary circuitry to carry out all the
arithmetic and logic operations included in the CPU
instruction set
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
17. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Motherboard
• A small or large circuit board inside a cabinet
containing most of the electronic components.
• Everything connected to the computer is directly or
indirectly plugged into motherboard. Components like
CPU, BIOS, ROM, RAM, chips, and CMOS setup
information.
• Expansion slots for installing different cards like video,
sound, graphics, and NIC.
• Also contains RAM slots, system chipset, controllers
and underlying circuit to tie it together.
18. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Types of motherboard
Non-integrated:
• Assemblies such as I/O port connectors, hard drive
connectors, CD drive connectors etc installed as
expansion boards.
• Takes lot of free space inside the case because of
expansion slots.
• If something goes wrong such as bend or broken pin
or defective controller can be repaired with minor
cost.
• Are cheap and easy to produce.
• Most of the olden motherboards were non-integrated.
19. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Integrated:
• Assemblies are integrated or built right onto the
board.
• Serial and parallel ports, IDE, CD drive are directly
connected to the motherboard.
• This tends to free some space inside case and better
accessibility to the components.
• Cheaper to produce but are expensive to repair.
• Fast, powerful, feature rich motherboard at reasonable
price.
20. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Motherboard form factors:
• Determines general layout, size and feature placement
on the motherboard.
• Form factors such as physical size, shape, component
placement, power supply connectors etc.
• Various form factors of motherboards are AT(Advanced
Technology), Baby AT, ATX(Advanced Technology Extended),
Mini-ATX, Micro-ATX, Flex ATX, LPX(Low Profile Extension)
and Mini LPX and NLX(New Low Profile Extended).
22. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
What was the first motherboard?
• The first motherboard is considered to be one
used in the IBM Personal Computer, released
in 1981. At the time, IBM called it a "planar"
instead of a motherboard. The IBM Personal
Computer and the motherboard inside it would
set the standard for IBM-compatible computer
hardware going forward
23. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Best Motherboards
1. Asus ROG Maximus XII HERO - best Intel motherboard
2. MSI MEG Z490 Godlike - best high-end Intel motherboard
3. GIGABYTE Z490 Gaming X - best budget Intel motherboard
4. MSI MPG Z390M Gaming Edge AC - best Intel micro-ATX
motherboard
5. Asus ROG Strix Z390-I Gaming - best Intel mini-ITX
motherboard
6. ASRock X570 Phantom Gaming X - best AMD motherboard
7. Aorus X570 Master - best high performance AMD
motherboard
8. Asus ROG Strix B550-E Gaming - best budget AMD
motherboard
9. Asus TUF Gaming B550M-PLUS - best AMD micro-ATX
motherboard
10.ASUS ROG Strix X470-I - best AMD mini-ITX motherboard
25. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Memory capacity of a computer is equal to the number
of bytes that can be stored in its primary storage
Its units are:
Memory Capacity
Kilobytes (KB) : 1024 (210) bytes
Megabytes (MB) : 1,048,576 (220) bytes
Gigabytes (GB) : 1,073,741824 (230) bytes
26. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Primary storage of a computer is often referred to as RAM
because of its random access capability
RAM chips are volatile memory
A computer’s motherboard is designed in a manner that
the memory capacity can be enhanced by adding more
memory chips
The additional RAM chips, which plug into special sockets
on the motherboard, are known as single-in-line memory
modules (SIMMs)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
27. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
What Is RAM?
RAM stands for Random Access Memory, and it gives
computers the virtual space needed to manage
information and solve problems in the moment. You can
think of it like reusable scratch paper that you would
write notes, numbers, or drawings on with a pencil. If
you run out of room on the paper, you make more by
erasing what you no longer need; RAM behaves
similarly when it needs more space to deal with
temporary information (i.e. running software/programs).
Larger pieces of paper allow you to scribble out more
(and bigger) ideas at a time before having to erase;
more RAM inside of computers shares a similar effect.
28. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
A small scale size IC's memory chip used to store and
access data in any order (i.e. in random order), so the
name Random Access Memory.
Description
• Also called as temporary or volatile memory.
• Holds the program and data, which are currently
processing.
• Data is lost as soon as computer is turned off or
power failure.
• Data stored in this memory can be altered or changed.
29. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Types of RAM
SRAM (Static RAM):
• Fast and has less access time.
• Consists of flip-flop using either transistor or MOS
(Mosfet).
• For each bit it requires one flip-flop.
• Status of each bit remains as it is unless there is write
operation or power is off.
• e.g. Cache memory.
• Advantages
Refreshing circuit is not required.
• Disadvantages
Costly and low package density.
Requires more space.
30. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
DRAM (Dynamic RAM):
• Slower and higher access time
• Data is stored in the form of capacitors.
• Capacitors charges when data is 1 and doesn't charge
if data is 0.
• Because of leakage current in capacitor, they need to
be refreshed to hold the data in memory cells.
• Refreshing is the process in which the contents of
each memory cell is read and written hundred times a
second.
• This maintains the data of memory cells in capacitor.
• e.g. Main memory.
Advantages
Cheaper than static RAM.
Disadvantages
Requires refreshing circuit.
32. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
LATESR RAM
• DDR4 SDRAM is the abbreviation for "double data rate fourth
generation synchronous dynamic random-access memory",
the latest variant of memory in computing.
... DDR4 chips are expected to support transfer rates between
2133 MT/s (million transfers per second) and 4266 MT/s.
• https://youtu.be/PVad0c2cljo
35. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• Normally RAM comes in 4GB, 8GB and 16GB
Slots Samsung sells a single 32GB stick of
DDR4 RAM, but it's quite expensive. The
maximum you'll see in the wild is usually
16GB.
36. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Also called as non-volatile memory.
• Holds the permanent programs to tell system
how to use circuit board.
• Data is not lost even the computer is switched
off or power failure.
• Data in this memory is read only.
37. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Type Usage
• MROM (Mask-programmed
ROM)
• It is programmed at the factory.
• Program or data is permanently installed
at the time of manufacturing.
User-programmed ROM
or
Programmable ROM (PROM)
• Can be custom-programmed by the user
only once using special circuitry PROM
programmer.
• This circuit uses high voltages to
permanently eliminate or create inner
links.
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
Can be programmed by the user using
strong ultraviolet light and special circuitry.
Types of ROMs
(Continued on next slide)
38. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Type Usage
Electrically EPROM
(EEPROM)
• Can be erased and reprogrammed by
electrical signals.
• Manufacturing process is complex and
expensive.
• Rarely used.
Types of ROMs
39. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
It is commonly used for minimizing the memory-
processor speed mismatch.
It is an extremely fast, small memory between CPU
and main memory whose access time is closer to the
processing speed of the CPU.
It is used to temporarily store very active data and
instructions during processing.
Cache is pronounced as “cash”
Cache Memory
40. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Hard drive/ Hard disk drive
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard
drive, HD, or HDD) is a non-volatile data storage
device. It is usually installed internally in a computer,
attached directly to the disk controller of the
computer's motherboard. It contains one or
more platters, housed inside of an air-sealed casing.
Data is written to the platters using a magnetic head,
which moves rapidly over them as they spin.
41. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• The first hard drive was introduced to the market
by IBM on September 13, 1956. The hard drive was
first used in the RAMAC 305 system, with a storage
capacity of 5 MB and a cost of about $50,000
• 1983 marked the introduction of the first 3.5-inch size
hard drive, developed by Rodime. It had a storage
capacity of 10 MB
• Seagate was the first company to introduce a
7200 RPM hard drive in 1992. Seagate also introduced
the first 10,000 RPM hard drive in 1996 and the first
15,000 RPM hard drive in 2000.
42. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Can a computer work without a hard drive?
Without a hard drive, a computer can turn on and POST.
Depending on how the BIOS is configured,
other bootable devices in the boot sequence are also
checked for the necessary boot files. For example, if
the USB device is listed in your BIOS boot sequence, you
can boot from a bootable USB flash drive in a computer
without a hard drive.
44. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
How is a hard drive connected to a computer?
• An internal hard drive connects to the
computer using two means: a data cable
(IDE, SATA, or SCSI) to the motherboard and
a power cable to the power supply.
• The vast majority of drives in use today
connect through a standard interface called
Serial ATA (or SATA). Specialized storage
systems sometimes use Serial Attached SCSI
(SAS), Fibre Channel.
45. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
The Solid State Drive (SSD)
• Solid state is industry shorthand for an integrated circuit, and
that’s the key difference between an SSD and a HDD: there
are no moving parts inside an SSD. Rather than using disks,
motors and read/write heads, SSDs use flash memory instead
— that is, computer chips that retain their information even
when the power is turned off.
• SSDs provide a huge performance advantage over hard drives
— they’re faster to start up, faster to shut down, and faster to
transfer data.
46. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• Many SSD makers produce SSD mechanisms that are
designed to be plug-and-play drop-in replacements for 2.5-
inch and 3.5-inch hard disk drives because there are millions
of existing computers
• Intel’s 32 TB P4500. Resembling a standard 12-inch ruler,
the Intel SSD DC P4500 has a 32 terabyte capacity
47. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Laptop makers adopted the mSATA, and then the M.2 standard,
which can be as small as a few squares of chocolate but have
the same capacity as any 2.5” SATA SSD.
48. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
• Another interface technology called NvM Express or NVMe may start to
move from servers in the data center to consumer laptops in the next few
years
• As of August 2020, desktop hard disk drives typically had a capacity of 1 to
8 terabytes, with the largest-capacity drives reaching 20 terabytes (single-
disk drives, "dual" drives are available up to 24 TB). Smaller, laptop internal
2.5-inch drives, are available up to 5 TB.
• Nimbus Data made (Exadrive) 100 TB SSD cost $40,000 or about Rs 30
lakhs
• Samsung 860 EVO with 2 TB space is highest capacity SSD with M.2 slot.
49. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Key Words/Phrases
Accumulator Register (AR)
Address
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Branch Instruction
Cache Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer) architecture
Clock cycles
Clock speed
Control Unit
Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)
Erasable Programmable Read- Only
Memory (EPROM)
Explicitly Parallel Instruction
• Computing (EPIC)
Fixed-word-length memory
Flash Memory
Input/Output Register (I/O)
Instruction Register (I)
Instruction set
Kilobytes (KB)
Main Memory
Manufacturer-Programmed ROM
Megabytes (MB)
Memory
Memory Address Register (MAR)
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)
Microprogram
Multi-core processor
Non-Volatile storage Processor
Program Control Register (PC)
Programmable Read-Only Memory
(PROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
114
50. Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Key Words/Phrases
114
(Continued from previous slide..)
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Register
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
architecture
Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM)
Ultra Violet EPROM (UVEPROM)
Upward compatible
User-Programmed ROM
Variable-word-length memory
Volatile Storage
Word length
Word size