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Classes of 
Microorganisms 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
11
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 NNoonn--ppaatthhooggeenniicc 
– nnoorrmmaall 
– ddoo nnoott pprroodduuccee ddiisseeaassee 
– bbeenneeffiicciiaall 
 PPaatthhooggeenniicc 
– ccaauussee iinnffeeccttiioonn aanndd ddiisseeaassee 
 MMaayy bbee nnoonn--ppaatthhooggeenniicc iinn oonnee bbooddyy ssyysstteemm,, 
ppaatthhooggeenniicc iinn aannootthheerr ((EE.. ccoollii)) 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
22
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 AAeerroobbiicc 
– rreeqquuiirreess ooxxyyggeenn ttoo lliivvee 
 AAnnaaeerroobbiicc 
– ddooeess nnoott rreeqquuiirree ooxxyyggeenn ttoo lliivvee 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
33
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 66 ccllaasssseess ooff mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
– BBaacctteerriiaa 
– PPrroottoozzooaa 
– FFuunnggii 
– RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee 
– VViirruusseess 
– HHeellmmiinntthhss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
44
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
 OOfftteenn ccoonnssiiddeerreedd tthhee ccaauusseess ooff 
ddiisseeaassee 
 CCeerrttaaiinn bbaacctteerriiaa 
– pprroodduuccee aannttiibbiioottiiccss 
– lliivvee iinn tthhee bbooddyy wwiitthhoouutt pprroobblleemmss 
– lliivvee oonn tthhee rroooottss ooff cceerrttaaiinn ppllaannttss,, 
ccoonnvveerrttiinngg nniittrrooggeenn iinnttoo aa uussaabbllee ffoorrmm 
– hheellpp bbrreeaakk ddoowwnn ddeeaadd oorrggaanniicc mmaatttteerr 
 CCllaassssiiffiieedd bbyy sshhaappee aanndd aarrrraannggeemmeenntt 
 TTrreeaatteedd wwiitthh aannttiibbiioottiiccss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
55
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
– CCooccccii-- 
 rroouunndd iinn sshhaappee 
– ddiippllooccooccccii 
– ssttrreeppttooccooccccii 
– ssttaapphhyyllooccooccccii 
Streptococci 
Staphylococcal clusters 
66
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
– BBaacciillllii 
 rroodd sshhaappee 
– ssiinnggllee 
– ppaaiirrss 
– cchhaaiinnss 
 mmaayy hhaavvee ffllaaggeellllaa 
 mmaayy ffoorrmm ssppoorreess 
– ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ttrreeaatt 
77
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
– SSppiirriillllaa 
 ssppiirraall oorr ccoorrkkssccrreeww sshhaappee 
– vviibbrriioo -- ssppiirroocchheettee 
Cholera Treponema pallidum 
88
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
 SSoommee bbaacctteerriiaa ddeevveelloopp rreessiissttaannccee ttoo 
aannttiibbiioottiiccss 
 VVeerryy ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ccuurree 
– MMeetthhiicciilllliinn--rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ((MMRRSSAA)) 
– MMuullttiiddrruugg--rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ((MMDDSSAA)) 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
99
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 PPrroottoozzooaa 
– OOnnee cceelllleedd,, aanniimmaall--lliikkee oorrggaanniissmm 
– CCoonnttaaiinn aa nnuucclleeuuss aanndd ootthheerr ddeeffiinneedd 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
oorrggaanneelllleess 
1100
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 FFuunnggii 
– oorrggaanniissmmss tthhaatt uussuuaallllyy eennjjooyy aa ssyymmbbiioottiicc,, bbuutt 
ssoommeettiimmeess ppaarraassiittiicc rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwiitthh tthheeiirr hhoosstt 
– pprroovviiddee nnuummeerroouuss ddrruuggss aanndd ffooooddss 
– pprroovviiddee bbuubbbblleess iinn bbrreeaadd,, cchhaammppaaggnnee,, aanndd bbeeeerr 
– ccaauussee aa nnuummbbeerr ooff ppllaanntt aanndd aanniimmaall ddiisseeaasseess 
– ffuunnggaall ddiisseeaasseess aarree vveerryy ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ttrreeaatt 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
1111
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 FFuunnggii 
1122
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee 
– rroodd--sshhaappeedd,, ppaarraassiittiicc 
bbaacctteerriiaa 
– lliivvee iinn tthhee ttiissssuueess ooff ttiicckkss,, 
fflleeaass,, aanndd lliiccee 
– ttrraannssmmiitttteedd ttoo hhuummaannss 
tthhrroouugghh bbiitteess 
– iinnvvaaddee tthhee nneeww hhoosstt ffrroomm 
wwiitthhiinn 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
1133
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
 VViirruusseess 
– ssmmaallll,, iinnffeeccttiioouuss aaggeenntt 
– rreeqquuiirreess aa hhoosstt ffoorr ssuurrvviivvaall 
– oovveerr 55,,000000 ttyyppeess 
– ccaann ccoommbbiinnee iinn mmuullttiippllee wwaayyss ttoo pprroodduuccee aa 
wwiiddee rraannggee ooff ddiisseeaasseess 
– pprroodduuccee iimmmmuunnee rreessppoonnssee iinn hhuummaannss 
– ttrreeaatteedd wwiitthh aannttiivviirraall ddrruuggss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
1144
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 HHeellmmiinntthhss 
– PPaarraassiittiicc wwoorrmm--lliikkee oorrggaanniissmmss 
– LLiivvee iinnssiiddee tthhee hhoosstt 
– FFeeeedd ooffff tthheeiirr hhoosstt 
– DDiissrruupptt nnuuttrriieenntt aabbssoorrppttiioonn 
– LLeeaadd ttoo wweeaakknneessss 
– EExxccrreettee ttooxxiinnss mmaakkiinngg hhoosstt 
ssuusscceeppttiibbllee ttoo ootthheerr ddiisseeaasseess 
– AApppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy 3300 bbiilllliioonn ppeeooppllee 
gglloobbaallllyy aarree iinnffeecctteedd 
1155
CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 
2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll 
pprroocceedduurreess 
 BBaacctteerriiaa 
 PPrroottoozzooaa 
 FFuunnggii 
 RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee 
 VViirruusseess 
 HHeellmmiinntthhss 
1166

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2.02 Classes of Microorganisms

  • 1. Classes of Microorganisms 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 11
  • 2. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  NNoonn--ppaatthhooggeenniicc – nnoorrmmaall – ddoo nnoott pprroodduuccee ddiisseeaassee – bbeenneeffiicciiaall  PPaatthhooggeenniicc – ccaauussee iinnffeeccttiioonn aanndd ddiisseeaassee  MMaayy bbee nnoonn--ppaatthhooggeenniicc iinn oonnee bbooddyy ssyysstteemm,, ppaatthhooggeenniicc iinn aannootthheerr ((EE.. ccoollii)) 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 22
  • 3. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  AAeerroobbiicc – rreeqquuiirreess ooxxyyggeenn ttoo lliivvee  AAnnaaeerroobbiicc – ddooeess nnoott rreeqquuiirree ooxxyyggeenn ttoo lliivvee 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 33
  • 4. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  66 ccllaasssseess ooff mmiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss – BBaacctteerriiaa – PPrroottoozzooaa – FFuunnggii – RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee – VViirruusseess – HHeellmmiinntthhss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 44
  • 5. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  BBaacctteerriiaa  OOfftteenn ccoonnssiiddeerreedd tthhee ccaauusseess ooff ddiisseeaassee  CCeerrttaaiinn bbaacctteerriiaa – pprroodduuccee aannttiibbiioottiiccss – lliivvee iinn tthhee bbooddyy wwiitthhoouutt pprroobblleemmss – lliivvee oonn tthhee rroooottss ooff cceerrttaaiinn ppllaannttss,, ccoonnvveerrttiinngg nniittrrooggeenn iinnttoo aa uussaabbllee ffoorrmm – hheellpp bbrreeaakk ddoowwnn ddeeaadd oorrggaanniicc mmaatttteerr  CCllaassssiiffiieedd bbyy sshhaappee aanndd aarrrraannggeemmeenntt  TTrreeaatteedd wwiitthh aannttiibbiioottiiccss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 55
  • 6. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  BBaacctteerriiaa – CCooccccii--  rroouunndd iinn sshhaappee – ddiippllooccooccccii – ssttrreeppttooccooccccii – ssttaapphhyyllooccooccccii Streptococci Staphylococcal clusters 66
  • 7. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  BBaacctteerriiaa – BBaacciillllii  rroodd sshhaappee – ssiinnggllee – ppaaiirrss – cchhaaiinnss  mmaayy hhaavvee ffllaaggeellllaa  mmaayy ffoorrmm ssppoorreess – ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ttrreeaatt 77
  • 8. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  BBaacctteerriiaa – SSppiirriillllaa  ssppiirraall oorr ccoorrkkssccrreeww sshhaappee – vviibbrriioo -- ssppiirroocchheettee Cholera Treponema pallidum 88
  • 9. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  BBaacctteerriiaa  SSoommee bbaacctteerriiaa ddeevveelloopp rreessiissttaannccee ttoo aannttiibbiioottiiccss  VVeerryy ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ccuurree – MMeetthhiicciilllliinn--rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ((MMRRSSAA)) – MMuullttiiddrruugg--rreessiissttaanntt SSttaapphhyyllooccooccccuuss ((MMDDSSAA)) 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 99
  • 10. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  PPrroottoozzooaa – OOnnee cceelllleedd,, aanniimmaall--lliikkee oorrggaanniissmm – CCoonnttaaiinn aa nnuucclleeuuss aanndd ootthheerr ddeeffiinneedd 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess oorrggaanneelllleess 1100
  • 11. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  FFuunnggii – oorrggaanniissmmss tthhaatt uussuuaallllyy eennjjooyy aa ssyymmbbiioottiicc,, bbuutt ssoommeettiimmeess ppaarraassiittiicc rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwiitthh tthheeiirr hhoosstt – pprroovviiddee nnuummeerroouuss ddrruuggss aanndd ffooooddss – pprroovviiddee bbuubbbblleess iinn bbrreeaadd,, cchhaammppaaggnnee,, aanndd bbeeeerr – ccaauussee aa nnuummbbeerr ooff ppllaanntt aanndd aanniimmaall ddiisseeaasseess – ffuunnggaall ddiisseeaasseess aarree vveerryy ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ttrreeaatt 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 1111
  • 12. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  FFuunnggii 1122
  • 13. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee – rroodd--sshhaappeedd,, ppaarraassiittiicc bbaacctteerriiaa – lliivvee iinn tthhee ttiissssuueess ooff ttiicckkss,, fflleeaass,, aanndd lliiccee – ttrraannssmmiitttteedd ttoo hhuummaannss tthhrroouugghh bbiitteess – iinnvvaaddee tthhee nneeww hhoosstt ffrroomm wwiitthhiinn 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 1133
  • 14. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss  VViirruusseess – ssmmaallll,, iinnffeeccttiioouuss aaggeenntt – rreeqquuiirreess aa hhoosstt ffoorr ssuurrvviivvaall – oovveerr 55,,000000 ttyyppeess – ccaann ccoommbbiinnee iinn mmuullttiippllee wwaayyss ttoo pprroodduuccee aa wwiiddee rraannggee ooff ddiisseeaasseess – pprroodduuccee iimmmmuunnee rreessppoonnssee iinn hhuummaannss – ttrreeaatteedd wwiitthh aannttiivviirraall ddrruuggss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess 1144
  • 15. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  HHeellmmiinntthhss – PPaarraassiittiicc wwoorrmm--lliikkee oorrggaanniissmmss – LLiivvee iinnssiiddee tthhee hhoosstt – FFeeeedd ooffff tthheeiirr hhoosstt – DDiissrruupptt nnuuttrriieenntt aabbssoorrppttiioonn – LLeeaadd ttoo wweeaakknneessss – EExxccrreettee ttooxxiinnss mmaakkiinngg hhoosstt ssuusscceeppttiibbllee ttoo ootthheerr ddiisseeaasseess – AApppprrooxxiimmaatteellyy 3300 bbiilllliioonn ppeeooppllee gglloobbaallllyy aarree iinnffeecctteedd 1155
  • 16. CCllaasssseess ooff MMiiccrroooorrggaanniissmmss 2.02 Understand iinnffeeccttiioonn ccoonnttrrooll pprroocceedduurreess  BBaacctteerriiaa  PPrroottoozzooaa  FFuunnggii  RRiicckkeettttssiiaaee  VViirruusseess  HHeellmmiinntthhss 1166