Presentation covers 9 key areas related to language and accessibility:
1. Person-First Language
2. Plain Language
3. Flesch-Kincaid Readability
4. Captioning
5. Transcription
6. Audio Description
7. Alternative Text
8. Long Description
9. Language Attribute
Elementary intelligent business (pearson) pepitagimenez7
Rich and famous people are giving more money to charity now than in the past. Bill Gates recently gave $31 billion to his foundation. Some think charities can learn from businesses about spending money effectively. Instead of just giving to hospitals and universities, as done traditionally in the USA, money could help solve problems like poverty and the environment by using donors' connections and skills. While money helps, rich people's time, social connections and business expertise may help solutions even more.
Effective writing is clear, accurate, and concise communication that follows basic principles. It is important to be accurate with correct word choice, grammar, punctuation and spelling. Writing should be concise and say only what is needed without losing clarity. For clarity, writing must be understandable to the audience and avoid bias by using inclusive language. The goals of effective writing are to accurately convey intended meaning to the intended audience in a clear and concise manner.
Non-native users of English--Common writing mistakes and the role of the editorMark Matsuno
This document discusses common writing errors made by non-native English users and the role of editors. It notes that English is widely used globally and editing services are an important industry. The document compares processes where a subject matter expert writes a document in another language and has it translated, versus writing in English and having it edited. It discusses common mistakes made by non-native English writers like incorrect word forms, spelling errors, and direct translations. The document provides examples and advice for editors on how to identify errors and stay sane in their work editing documents written by non-native English users.
This document provides exercises to practice vocabulary related to jobs, departments, and responsibilities in a company. It includes activities where students underline correct verbs, make sentences about job roles and departments, pronounce word endings, write a short job profile, and take turns describing departments to each other. The final section is a revision game where students role play job-related scenarios on colored squares to practice conversational English.
The business pre intermediate student bookCari Rab
This document provides information about a business English course called Business Advantage. The course offers both print and electronic learning materials, including a self-study DVD-ROM. The syllabus is organized by topic and developed based on research of business degree programs. The course is suitable for both college students studying business and working professionals looking to improve their business English skills. It brings students from a Council of Europe level A2 to B1. The course materials provide integrated language learning, focusing on business vocabulary, grammar, skills and knowledge. It includes a student book, teacher book, audio CDs and a website for additional materials.
This document provides information about a workbook titled "Check Your Vocabulary for English" by Rawdon Wyatt. It was first published in 2001 in Great Britain by Peter Collin Publishing. The workbook contains modules to help students improve their vocabulary for the IELTS exam. Each module presents vocabulary items in context through task-based activities and exercises. The workbook covers both general vocabulary and topic-specific words in areas like education, business, and global problems. It is meant to complement an English dictionary for learners to help them effectively learn new vocabulary.
This document provides an author guide for publishing with Thomson Legal & Regulatory. It outlines responsibilities of authors and the publisher. It provides guidance on structuring works, writing styles, formatting manuscripts, and the production process. Authors are responsible for content accuracy while the publisher edits, styles, and prepares the work for publication. The guide emphasizes planning, clear organization, readability for both print and digital formats, and following the publisher's style guidelines.
Color helps us distinguish objects from each other and guides our attention to and away from things. This presentation will help you understand the issues.
Elementary intelligent business (pearson) pepitagimenez7
Rich and famous people are giving more money to charity now than in the past. Bill Gates recently gave $31 billion to his foundation. Some think charities can learn from businesses about spending money effectively. Instead of just giving to hospitals and universities, as done traditionally in the USA, money could help solve problems like poverty and the environment by using donors' connections and skills. While money helps, rich people's time, social connections and business expertise may help solutions even more.
Effective writing is clear, accurate, and concise communication that follows basic principles. It is important to be accurate with correct word choice, grammar, punctuation and spelling. Writing should be concise and say only what is needed without losing clarity. For clarity, writing must be understandable to the audience and avoid bias by using inclusive language. The goals of effective writing are to accurately convey intended meaning to the intended audience in a clear and concise manner.
Non-native users of English--Common writing mistakes and the role of the editorMark Matsuno
This document discusses common writing errors made by non-native English users and the role of editors. It notes that English is widely used globally and editing services are an important industry. The document compares processes where a subject matter expert writes a document in another language and has it translated, versus writing in English and having it edited. It discusses common mistakes made by non-native English writers like incorrect word forms, spelling errors, and direct translations. The document provides examples and advice for editors on how to identify errors and stay sane in their work editing documents written by non-native English users.
This document provides exercises to practice vocabulary related to jobs, departments, and responsibilities in a company. It includes activities where students underline correct verbs, make sentences about job roles and departments, pronounce word endings, write a short job profile, and take turns describing departments to each other. The final section is a revision game where students role play job-related scenarios on colored squares to practice conversational English.
The business pre intermediate student bookCari Rab
This document provides information about a business English course called Business Advantage. The course offers both print and electronic learning materials, including a self-study DVD-ROM. The syllabus is organized by topic and developed based on research of business degree programs. The course is suitable for both college students studying business and working professionals looking to improve their business English skills. It brings students from a Council of Europe level A2 to B1. The course materials provide integrated language learning, focusing on business vocabulary, grammar, skills and knowledge. It includes a student book, teacher book, audio CDs and a website for additional materials.
This document provides information about a workbook titled "Check Your Vocabulary for English" by Rawdon Wyatt. It was first published in 2001 in Great Britain by Peter Collin Publishing. The workbook contains modules to help students improve their vocabulary for the IELTS exam. Each module presents vocabulary items in context through task-based activities and exercises. The workbook covers both general vocabulary and topic-specific words in areas like education, business, and global problems. It is meant to complement an English dictionary for learners to help them effectively learn new vocabulary.
This document provides an author guide for publishing with Thomson Legal & Regulatory. It outlines responsibilities of authors and the publisher. It provides guidance on structuring works, writing styles, formatting manuscripts, and the production process. Authors are responsible for content accuracy while the publisher edits, styles, and prepares the work for publication. The guide emphasizes planning, clear organization, readability for both print and digital formats, and following the publisher's style guidelines.
Color helps us distinguish objects from each other and guides our attention to and away from things. This presentation will help you understand the issues.
Cognitive theory of multimedia learning, krista greear, csun 2017Krista Greear
This document discusses the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and some concerns with its principles when applied to individuals with disabilities.
The theory proposes that (1) learning occurs through dual channels for visual/pictorial and auditory/verbal processing, but this may not account for those with sensory impairments. It also states (2) each channel has limited capacity, but this does not consider variations across individuals like blind people processing audio faster. Additionally, (3) active learning occurs through cognitive processing, but this neglects individual differences in brain anatomy and needs.
The document raises that universally applying the theory's principles may not accommodate diverse learners as recommended by universal design for learning. It calls for cross-collaboration between
Accessibility metrics Accessibility Data Metrics and Reporting – Industry Bes...Ted Drake
Accessible version: http://www.last-child.com/a11y-data-metrics/
Learn how top companies are tracking and graphing product accessibility progress and incorporating data from automated, manual, and user testing to create management dashboards.
CSUN 2017 Success Criteria: Dependencies and PrioritizationSean Kelly
This document discusses an approach called Success Criteria Prioritization (SCP) for customizing and prioritizing Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) success criteria. It notes that not all WCAG criteria are equal in importance, with some needing to be addressed before others due to dependencies. It introduces the concept of "Fix and Reveal" (FaR) where fixing some issues reveals new issues. The document proposes extending the list of core "CR5" criteria and developing multiple priority levels in SCP aligned with but customized from WCAG levels. SCP is argued to provide a consistent roadmap for accessibility and aid in integrating accessibility into agile development through use of "Minimum Accessible Products"
Accessibility and Design: Where Productivity and Philosophy MeetJoe Lonsky
Accessibility and Design: Where Productivity and Philosophy Meet - CSUN 2017 - Presented by Ryan Strunk and Joe Lonsky - Design once, develop once. Learn how providing integrated accessibility and design feedback before development begins can drastically improve the accessibility of your experience.
Digital Accessibility Legal Update - CSUNATC 2017 (CSUN)Lainey Feingold
This document summarizes a presentation on digital accessibility laws in the United States and strategies for enforcement. It discusses that the ADA and other federal and state laws establish digital accessibility as a civil right. It outlines three strategies for enforcement, including filing complaints with government agencies, accessibility lawsuits, and structured negotiations. The results of these efforts have led to expanded digital access for education, employment, movies, voting and other areas. Potential threats to accessibility progress are also addressed.
Preparing the enterprise for 508 refresh, ibm csun2017Michael Gower
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on preparing for the Section 508 Refresh. It discusses the major changes in the Refresh, including incorporating WCAG 2.0 and harmonizing with European standards. It also provides an overview of the rule and requirements for reviewing the final rule, comparing to existing guidance, and producing new guidance and resources to support compliance.
Mystery Meat 2.0 – Making hidden mobile interactions accessibleTed Drake
Mystery Meat was the unsavory term for hiding menus behind a parent link. Learn about today’s mobile version and how to make it accessible.
Accessible version: http://www.last-child.com/mystery-meat-2-accessible/
Reusable acceptance criteria and test cases for accessibilityIntopia
The document discusses how a team established reusable acceptance criteria and test cases for accessibility testing. It explains that the team had limited accessibility knowledge and aggressive timelines. Generic and custom component-level acceptance criteria were created along with page-level criteria. Examples of criteria for page titles and checkboxes are provided, following a given-when-then template. The process involved code inspections and testing with keyboards and screen readers. Benefits included providing detailed tests for QA and reusability, while concerns included not covering all cases and requiring accessibility expertise to author the initial criteria and tests.
The team from the University of Central Florida and University of Michigan evaluated the accessibility of the Canvas iOS app using screen readers. They found several issues including inconsistent labeling of controls, a lack of color contrast meeting standards, videos failing to display captions, and alerts not announcing using screen readers or LEDs. Recommendations were provided to Instructure to address these problems and improve the equitable experience for assistive technology users.
Elsevier has responded to hundreds of customer requests for VPATs around 508 compliance. We will discuss the business significance and our approach to handling requests.
Mind your lang (for role=drinks at CSUN 2017)Adrian Roselli
The lang attribute is necessary, I explain why. Animated GIFs and videos can be found on my site at http://adrianroselli.com/2017/03/slides-from-roledrinks-at-csun.html
The document proposes a 2-tier automatic and semi-automatic system for checking EPUB accessibility. The system would check EPUB files against 156 points related to semantics, navigation, metadata, and other accessibility guidelines. 39 points could be automatically checked through a standalone PC program, while 117 points would require a semi-automatic web-based check linked to an HTML editor. The system aims to improve on current EPUB validation tools by specifically checking for accessibility issues. Future work includes making more checks fully automatic using machine learning.
Accessibility microinteractions: better user experience, happier developersAidan Tierney
How to create project-specific guidance on accessibility microinteractions and patterns. Users will benefit from consistent interaction. Developers love clear, achievable and testable requirements.
The 7 minute accessibility assessment and app rating systemAidan Tierney
The document describes a 7-minute accessibility assessment and rating system for apps. It involves launching an app, exploring core tasks and screens using a screen reader, identifying accessibility issues, and assigning a rating from 1 to 5 stars based on issue severity. The rating and a brief summary are provided without a full issue list. The process requires accessibility testing experience but can be completed quickly with minimal resources.
This document provides resources for students with disabilities transitioning from secondary to post-secondary education. It outlines key laws like the IDEA and Rehabilitation Act. An IEP developed by age 16 outlines goals and resources. Transition challenges are addressed through programs, assistive technologies, and accessible reading services. Resources are provided by organizations like AFB, ATSTAR, and the National Library Service.
CSUN 2017 - ACT Now: Accessibility Conformance Testing for WCAGMary Jo Mueller
This document discusses the work of the W3C Accessibility Conformance Testing Task Force (ACT TF) and the Auto-WCAG Community Group (CG). The ACT TF is developing a framework called ACT for writing standardized accessibility test rules. The Auto-WCAG CG is using this framework to create a repository of test rules that can be used across accessibility testing tools. The goals are to reduce differing interpretations of WCAG success criteria, make test procedures interchangeable between tools, and develop a library of commonly accepted rules.
The is a technical presentation for the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference for a session occurring on Friday March 3rd 2017. It hightlights the new assistive technology for Mobile Deposits.
Organizations are looking for mobile accessibility standards but is mobile different than desktop? Learn about is new in WCAG 2.1, Europe and around the world.
A lightning talk presentation from Jisc's Focus on the future: new developments in accessible and assistive technologies event held on 16 March 2022 as part of Digifest community fringe.
Speech Recognition: Art of the possible - DigiFest 2022Dominik Lukes
Presentation introducing a panel discussion on the present and future of speech recognition for lecture capture at Digifest 2022 online fringe on Assistive Technologies: https://www.jisc.ac.uk/events/focus-on-the-future-new-developments-in-accessible-and-assistive-technologies-16-mar-2022
Cognitive theory of multimedia learning, krista greear, csun 2017Krista Greear
This document discusses the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and some concerns with its principles when applied to individuals with disabilities.
The theory proposes that (1) learning occurs through dual channels for visual/pictorial and auditory/verbal processing, but this may not account for those with sensory impairments. It also states (2) each channel has limited capacity, but this does not consider variations across individuals like blind people processing audio faster. Additionally, (3) active learning occurs through cognitive processing, but this neglects individual differences in brain anatomy and needs.
The document raises that universally applying the theory's principles may not accommodate diverse learners as recommended by universal design for learning. It calls for cross-collaboration between
Accessibility metrics Accessibility Data Metrics and Reporting – Industry Bes...Ted Drake
Accessible version: http://www.last-child.com/a11y-data-metrics/
Learn how top companies are tracking and graphing product accessibility progress and incorporating data from automated, manual, and user testing to create management dashboards.
CSUN 2017 Success Criteria: Dependencies and PrioritizationSean Kelly
This document discusses an approach called Success Criteria Prioritization (SCP) for customizing and prioritizing Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) success criteria. It notes that not all WCAG criteria are equal in importance, with some needing to be addressed before others due to dependencies. It introduces the concept of "Fix and Reveal" (FaR) where fixing some issues reveals new issues. The document proposes extending the list of core "CR5" criteria and developing multiple priority levels in SCP aligned with but customized from WCAG levels. SCP is argued to provide a consistent roadmap for accessibility and aid in integrating accessibility into agile development through use of "Minimum Accessible Products"
Accessibility and Design: Where Productivity and Philosophy MeetJoe Lonsky
Accessibility and Design: Where Productivity and Philosophy Meet - CSUN 2017 - Presented by Ryan Strunk and Joe Lonsky - Design once, develop once. Learn how providing integrated accessibility and design feedback before development begins can drastically improve the accessibility of your experience.
Digital Accessibility Legal Update - CSUNATC 2017 (CSUN)Lainey Feingold
This document summarizes a presentation on digital accessibility laws in the United States and strategies for enforcement. It discusses that the ADA and other federal and state laws establish digital accessibility as a civil right. It outlines three strategies for enforcement, including filing complaints with government agencies, accessibility lawsuits, and structured negotiations. The results of these efforts have led to expanded digital access for education, employment, movies, voting and other areas. Potential threats to accessibility progress are also addressed.
Preparing the enterprise for 508 refresh, ibm csun2017Michael Gower
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on preparing for the Section 508 Refresh. It discusses the major changes in the Refresh, including incorporating WCAG 2.0 and harmonizing with European standards. It also provides an overview of the rule and requirements for reviewing the final rule, comparing to existing guidance, and producing new guidance and resources to support compliance.
Mystery Meat 2.0 – Making hidden mobile interactions accessibleTed Drake
Mystery Meat was the unsavory term for hiding menus behind a parent link. Learn about today’s mobile version and how to make it accessible.
Accessible version: http://www.last-child.com/mystery-meat-2-accessible/
Reusable acceptance criteria and test cases for accessibilityIntopia
The document discusses how a team established reusable acceptance criteria and test cases for accessibility testing. It explains that the team had limited accessibility knowledge and aggressive timelines. Generic and custom component-level acceptance criteria were created along with page-level criteria. Examples of criteria for page titles and checkboxes are provided, following a given-when-then template. The process involved code inspections and testing with keyboards and screen readers. Benefits included providing detailed tests for QA and reusability, while concerns included not covering all cases and requiring accessibility expertise to author the initial criteria and tests.
The team from the University of Central Florida and University of Michigan evaluated the accessibility of the Canvas iOS app using screen readers. They found several issues including inconsistent labeling of controls, a lack of color contrast meeting standards, videos failing to display captions, and alerts not announcing using screen readers or LEDs. Recommendations were provided to Instructure to address these problems and improve the equitable experience for assistive technology users.
Elsevier has responded to hundreds of customer requests for VPATs around 508 compliance. We will discuss the business significance and our approach to handling requests.
Mind your lang (for role=drinks at CSUN 2017)Adrian Roselli
The lang attribute is necessary, I explain why. Animated GIFs and videos can be found on my site at http://adrianroselli.com/2017/03/slides-from-roledrinks-at-csun.html
The document proposes a 2-tier automatic and semi-automatic system for checking EPUB accessibility. The system would check EPUB files against 156 points related to semantics, navigation, metadata, and other accessibility guidelines. 39 points could be automatically checked through a standalone PC program, while 117 points would require a semi-automatic web-based check linked to an HTML editor. The system aims to improve on current EPUB validation tools by specifically checking for accessibility issues. Future work includes making more checks fully automatic using machine learning.
Accessibility microinteractions: better user experience, happier developersAidan Tierney
How to create project-specific guidance on accessibility microinteractions and patterns. Users will benefit from consistent interaction. Developers love clear, achievable and testable requirements.
The 7 minute accessibility assessment and app rating systemAidan Tierney
The document describes a 7-minute accessibility assessment and rating system for apps. It involves launching an app, exploring core tasks and screens using a screen reader, identifying accessibility issues, and assigning a rating from 1 to 5 stars based on issue severity. The rating and a brief summary are provided without a full issue list. The process requires accessibility testing experience but can be completed quickly with minimal resources.
This document provides resources for students with disabilities transitioning from secondary to post-secondary education. It outlines key laws like the IDEA and Rehabilitation Act. An IEP developed by age 16 outlines goals and resources. Transition challenges are addressed through programs, assistive technologies, and accessible reading services. Resources are provided by organizations like AFB, ATSTAR, and the National Library Service.
CSUN 2017 - ACT Now: Accessibility Conformance Testing for WCAGMary Jo Mueller
This document discusses the work of the W3C Accessibility Conformance Testing Task Force (ACT TF) and the Auto-WCAG Community Group (CG). The ACT TF is developing a framework called ACT for writing standardized accessibility test rules. The Auto-WCAG CG is using this framework to create a repository of test rules that can be used across accessibility testing tools. The goals are to reduce differing interpretations of WCAG success criteria, make test procedures interchangeable between tools, and develop a library of commonly accepted rules.
The is a technical presentation for the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference for a session occurring on Friday March 3rd 2017. It hightlights the new assistive technology for Mobile Deposits.
Organizations are looking for mobile accessibility standards but is mobile different than desktop? Learn about is new in WCAG 2.1, Europe and around the world.
A lightning talk presentation from Jisc's Focus on the future: new developments in accessible and assistive technologies event held on 16 March 2022 as part of Digifest community fringe.
Speech Recognition: Art of the possible - DigiFest 2022Dominik Lukes
Presentation introducing a panel discussion on the present and future of speech recognition for lecture capture at Digifest 2022 online fringe on Assistive Technologies: https://www.jisc.ac.uk/events/focus-on-the-future-new-developments-in-accessible-and-assistive-technologies-16-mar-2022
Speech Recognition: Art of the possible - DigiFest 2022Dominik Lukes
Presentation introducing a panel discussion on the present and future of speech recognition for lecture capture at Digifest 2022 online fringe on Assistive Technologies: https://www.jisc.ac.uk/events/focus-on-the-future-new-developments-in-accessible-and-assistive-technologies-16-mar-2022
There's an old joke that goes, “The two hardest things in programming are cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-one errors.” In this talk, we'll discuss the subtle art of naming things – a practice we do every day but rarely talk about.
This document provides guidance on using PowerPoint effectively for presentations. It discusses key PowerPoint terminology like slides. It emphasizes keeping presentations concise with few words and using graphics. Presenters are advised to know their topic well, engage the audience, make eye contact, and avoid reading slides verbatim. Tips include starting strongly to grab attention, telling the main points at the beginning, middle and end, and making the presentation accessible.
This document provides guidance on how to structure an essay for a TV drama exam. It recommends including analysis of technical aspects like camera work, editing, and sound to illustrate how representation is constructed. Students should focus their analysis on one of several representation issues - gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, class, ability - which are the "macro aspects" that the "micro elements" make up. When taking notes, students should ask questions about the represented issue, stereotypes, and main characters. As an example, it analyzes the representation of ethnicity in the clip "Spooks" and how to discuss this in the essay using relevant examples and terminology while analyzing micro and macro aspects. The introduction should state the question and outline points
Gadgets pwn us? A pattern language for CALLLawrie Hunter
The document discusses creating a pattern language for computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It explores the concept of a pattern language as defined by Christopher Alexander and proposes a framework for creating a CALL pattern language in the era of web 2.0. The paper seeks to rework concepts from other fields, like "formal learning design expression" and "task arc," and have participants brainstorm elements to include through graphical challenges. The overall goal is to establish foundational patterns for CALL work.
Internal Com Intranet Writing For The Web S BarrattDISUJO
The document provides guidance on how to write effective text for the web. It discusses how web users scan pages differently than print readers and focuses on brevity and easy consumption of information. Key recommendations include using an inverted pyramid structure, concise headlines and paragraphs, clear labeling and links, and focusing content around user personas and their goals. Proper style, fact checking, and having others review content are also emphasized.
The document provides tips for effective report writing in 3 or less sentences:
The presentation outlines simple rules for writing good reports such as keeping ideas simple, using short sentences and paragraphs, defining terms, including diagrams and references, and considering the intended audience. Good planning is emphasized as it can save time and produce a better report. Key elements like contents page, acknowledgements and spelling/grammar are also addressed.
outstanding argumentative essays topics - Visulattic - Your .... 10 Best Ideas For Argumentative Essay Topics 2023. 013 Good Persuasive Essay Topics Example ~ Thatsnotus. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure & Topics | Pro Essay Help. Business Paper: Sample argument essay. Top Good Argumentative Essay Topics ~ Thatsnotus.
This document provides guidance on how to answer a question analyzing two long-form television drama texts. It explains that the question will ask about the institution, audience, representation, and language of the texts. It advises addressing these elements for each text and comparing them. Contextual factors about the long-form television drama industry should also be discussed. The response should include an introduction, background on contexts, analysis of the question elements with evidence from the texts, and a conclusion that directly answers the question.
The document discusses the importance of structure in writing. It defines structure as the shape and design of a piece of writing as intended by the author. It then discusses various punctuation marks - including commas, colons, semicolons, dashes/hyphens - and their proper uses to effectively structure writing. It also briefly discusses grammar and the importance of considering the audience when writing.
Designing Effective Power Point PresentationWaqas Faizan
The document provides guidelines for designing effective PowerPoint presentations, including making text and elements big and visible, keeping the design simple with limited text and colors, maintaining clarity through use of fonts, colors, numbers and bullets, progressing the presentation in a logical order, and remaining consistent in design elements. The concluding slide summarizes the key points as big, simple, clear, progressive and consistent.
Various tips on how to keep your writing simple (and straightforward) for all audiences, but particularly when you are writing English content that will be translated, or consumed by non-native English speakers.
This presentation was delivered at the Australian Society for Technical Communication (ASTC) annual conference in October, 2018.
More on Indexing Text Operations (1).pptxMahsadelavari
This document discusses various text processing techniques used in information retrieval systems, including tokenization, removal of stop words, normalization, stemming/lemmatization, and handling different languages. It provides examples and issues to consider for each technique. For example, it explains tokenization may involve splitting text at punctuation or deciding if "San Francisco" is one or two tokens. For normalization, it discusses techniques like case folding, handling accents, and creating equivalence classes. The document also compares stemming versus lemmatization and notes stemming is less accurate but requires less linguistic knowledge than lemmatization.
Essay Examples Life Experience Essay. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Pollard
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is common in Parkinson's disease, occurring in up to 95-100% of later-stage patients. Motor impairments from dopamine loss in the brain cause rigidity, lack of coordination, and reduced sensation in muscles involved in swallowing. Studies using videofluoroscopic modified barium swallow tests reveal impaired laryngeal and hyoid bone movement, lack of epiglottic protection, and prolonged pharyngeal transit times in Parkinson's patients, leading to pooling of material in the vallecula and possible aspiration. Bedside screenings often fail to detect around 80% of swallowing disorders found on more detailed testing.
Your Global Audience is Already Here: How to Create Content that Communicates...Scott Abel
Presented by Ann Zdunczyk at Documentation and Training Life Sciences, June 23-26, 2008 in Indianapolis, IN.
English is one of the most expressive languages on Earth; with a vocabulary of over 900,000 words, no wonder there are so many ways to say the same thing! Mission critical, life saving messages must be communicated clearly in English as in target languages. Even if your content is still in “English only”, this presentation will give you insights to more effectively communicate your intent, in words and images, to a diverse audience. Find out what global forces are eroding market boundaries and helping “make the world flat,” broadening your future audience to include languages you may not have considered before.
This presentation will cover many considerations, including:
* Is your content written as clearly and as to the point as possible?
* Does your content use consistent terminology?
* Has your company acquired other subsidiary divisions that have different standards for writing and managing content and language translation? If so, how do your coordinate your efforts in this arena?
* How do you optimize source, English content to leverage as much previously translated text from legacy material as possible?
* How can a professional linguist be certain of your intent during translation?
* How can you validate content translated for overseas markets?
* When does “fancy” formatting and page layout become an impediment to language translation?
No doubt you’ve already heard about Controlled English, and the many challenges to effectively translating rich, technical content from English to other languages. At first glance, the task can seem overwhelming. Believe it or not, you are already “shifting gears” and writing at different levels of English for different audiences. The same skills you use every day in editing you own email can be transposed to effectively create focused, technical content for a broad global audience.
Domestically, a significant proportion of medical staff are non-native English speakers. In an emergency, all staff must instantly grasp the intent of written instructions on complex equipment. The “life-saving” ramifications of your content become even more pronounced when your words are translated from English to another language. Attend this session to learn even more ways to avoid errors and save lives. (And you thought you were just creating content!)
Format Matters - How presentation affects understandingMike Rice
One of the strengths of DITA architecture is the separation of presentation from content. When focusing on the content model, it is easy to forget about how it looks to the end user.
Together with Chris Patterson, an information developer with Creative and Technical Communications at Xerox, we discuss factors affecting the usability of technical publications and how research, experience, and DITA structure influence format decisions.
Similar to 2017 CSUN The Art of Language in Accessibility (20)
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Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
2. 2
The difference between the right
word and the almost right word is
the difference between lightning
and the lightning bug.
-Mark Twain
3. Person First Language
Good manners
Respect
Golden rule
Changes the way we see a person
Changes the way a person sees themselves
4. Examples of Person First Language
SAY:
People with disabilities
Communicates with her…
Cognitive disability
INSTEAD OF:
Handicapped or disables
Is non-verbal
Mental retardation
5. 5
The most valuable of all talents is
never using two words when one
will do.
-Thomas Jefferson
7. Plain Language Myths
1. Baby talk
2. Stripping out necessary information
3. Just editorial “polishing”
4. Imprecise
5. Just using pronouns in a Q and A format
6. Something the lawyers will never go for
7. Easy
8. 8
Goals of Plain Language
Help the reader find the information
Help the reader understand the
information
If you your document doesn’t do both, it’s
not plain language
10. 10
Plain Language & Web
Things to Use
page titles
short paragraphs
short sentences
everyday words
consistent terms
lists
appropriate link
names
11. 11
Plain Language & the Web
Things to Avoid
unnecessary words – Doublets
hidden verbs
Latin terms
abbreviations
18. 18
Testing Recommendations
Sentence by Sentence
Test individual sentences.
Example: IVR, AO, SMS, Bill
Messages
Justification: The examples
provided are generally
standalone single
sentences. IVRs/AOs
(Automated Outbound
messages) are designed to
be short, concise and crisp.
SMS messages have a
character limit. Bill
messages are limited to a
small area of the bill.
19. 19
Testing Recommendations
Paragraph by Paragraph
(for more than one paragraph of content, but fewer than 2
pages of content)
Test full paragraphs. Test individual sentences if
the paragraph is higher than 9.9.
Example: Website content, Mobile Application
content, Bill Insert, E-mails, Forms
Justification: Many documents contain items that
may skew results. These may include bulleted
lists, section headers, etc. For this reason, it makes
sense to select the individual paragraphs that
contain full sentences, and test those for
readability.
20. 20
Testing Recommendations
Sampling
(for more than 2 pages of content)
Test sample pages of content from the beginning,
middle, and end of the document.
Example: User manuals
Justification: Many multi-page documents
contain items that may skew results. Theses may
include picture captions, bulleted lists, chapter
titles, etc. For this reason, it makes sense to select
sample pages that contain full sentences, and test
those for readability.
21. 21
Out of intense complexities intense
simplicities emerge. Broadly
speaking, the short words are the
best, and the old words when short
are best of all.
-Winston Churchill
23. 23
Logical Captions
Preferred:
MY, WHAT DANGEROUS GAMES
WE USED TO PLAY
IN THE RUINS OF THIS CITY.
To be avoided:
MY, WHAT DANGEROUS GAMES
WE USED
TO PLAY IN THE RUINS
OF THIS CITY.
When a sentence must be divided, break it at a logical phrase.
31. Alternative Text
- Represents an image in any situation where
it can’t be seen or displayed.
- Is the textual alternative to non-text
content in web pages.
- Is the first principle of web accessibility.
32. Alternative Text Basics
Functions
Avoid repeating
Don’t confuse alt with title
Positioning of alt
Blank alt
33. 33
Image Classifications for Alt Text
Eye candy (decorative images)
Clip art and stock images
Images that express a concept
Functional images
Graphs, complex diagrams and screen shots
34. 34
You don’t write because you want to
say something, you write because
you have something to say.
-F. Scott Fitzgerald
36. 36
Don’t use words too big for the
subject. Don’t say ‘infinitely’ when
you mean ‘very’; otherwise you’ll
have no word left when you want to
talk about something really infinite.
-C.S. Lewis
My name is Crystal Baker, I am a Web Accessibility Solutions Engineer with AT&T.
I try to include a little something for everyone in our presentations; today we have a bit of humor and a bit of history.
“The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lightning bug.”
Topic #1, Person first language. Words are powerful. The first way to devalue someone is through language, by using words or labels to identify a person/group as ,less-than, and not like us. Our language shapes our attitudes. Our attitudes shape our language. The two are intertwined and they both drive our actions.
You put the person first, literally. Instead of saying a disabled person, you say a person with a disability, instead of a blind person, they are a person who is blind. The person always comes first.
When we use the diagnosis as the most important characteristic of a person, we devalue them as an individual.
Do you want to be known for your psoriasis, or sexual dysfunction? Of course not.
What is routinely called a “problem” actually reflects a need. Thus, Susan doesn’t have a problem walking, she needs a wheelchair. Like gender and ethnicity, a disability is simply one of many natural characteristics of being human.
The basic idea is to impose a sentence structure that names the person first and the condition second.
Some of these are hard to remember, it’s not a habit, it’s not a part of our everyday jargon. It takes practice.
For the History lovers out there: the term person-first language first appears in 1988 as recommended by advocacy groups in the United States.
There are two exceptions:
In Deaf Culture, Deaf-first language is used instead since culturally, deaf is a source of positive identity and pride. Correct terms to use would be “Deaf person” or “hard of hearing person”.
The phrase hearing “impaired” is not acceptable because it emphasizes what they cannot do.
In Autistic Culture, Identity-First language is preferred by many self-advocates and their allies. Correct terms to use would be “Autistic”, “Autistic person”, or “Autistic individual.”. This is because autism is an inherent part of an individual’s identity. The same way one refers to “gifted” and “athletic”. On the other hand, many parents of Autistic people and professionals who work with Autistic people prefer person-first terminology because they consider it more of a label, and not part of the identity. So what are we to do?
First: Many health and human service agencies will have their own list of preferred terms. So check with your communications department to see if there is a preferred term you need to be using.
Second: Be consistent when discussing autism and issues that affect autistic people, and develop coherent, rational explanations for why you prefer one terminology over another, so that you can engage in mutually respectful and civil exchanges with others.
Any questions about Person-First language?
Thomas Jefferson brings us to our second topic. “The most valuable of all talent is never using two words when one will do.”
Our second topic is Plain Language. Plain Language is communication that your readers can understand the first time they hear or read it.
The main elements of plain language are:
Logical organization
Using an active voice
Common, every day words
Short sentences
“You” and other pronouns
Lists and tables, and
Easy-to-read design features
Plain language is not baby talk.
Plain language does not intend to eliminate necessary technical and legal information.
Plain language is not editorial or imprecise.
It’s not just using pronouns,
or something lawyers will never go for,
and it’s certainly not easy to do, it takes a lot of thought and creativity.
The goals of plain language are:
Helping the reader find the information.
We’re all busy people. We don’t want to waste a lot of time trying to translate difficult, wordy documents.
When we go to the web, we want to scan, not read, and
you want to make your message stand out.
When readers don’t understand, you may have to:
Answer phone calls
Write interpretative letters
Write explanatory documents
Litigate
I’m sure like many of you, my biggest pet peeve is people wasting my time.
If you are writing for brain surgeons, they can understand the medical jargon and complex sentences when they aren’t busy, but not when they’re in the middle of surgery. They just need the facts.
Fun Fact: Studies found attorneys take twice as long to translate legalese. It’s no wonder they charge us by the hour.
People rarely read dense text
Eye tracking research shows how people deal with a page with dense text.
These photos are from Jakob Neilsen’s website, useit.com
It shows the typical “f” pattern of reading. Red shows the most read parts of the page and you will notice the red is mostly down the left side of the page.
On average, users read the first 2 words on each line
People read 25% slower on the web
Web users scan – they don’t read
Online readers focus on headings and bulleted list information
So avoid bloat, less it more.
Before you write content, think about what type of page you’re working on. Homepages should contain a minimum of text while content pages can be beefier. Think topics, not stories. Think about having a conversation with your customer. Eliminate anything that’s not part of the conversation.
Page Titles – seconds count.
The first 11 characters of a page title are the most important.
Within 5 seconds people will decide if your site is useful
Divide information into small clear chunks
Use actual numbers rather than roman numerals
Keep the user’s trust: no spelling or grammatical errors, no broken links or images.
Only use bold text when needed
Avoid all-CAPS
Avoid blue or underlined text which is reserved for links
Use Short Paragraphs
Limit a paragraph to one subject or step
Smaller “bites” of information are easier to digest
Aim for no more than 7 lines per paragraph
Use Short Sentences
Treat only one subject in each sentence
Avoid complexity and confusion
Aim for 20 words per sentence or fewer
Use Everyday Words
Use expect rather than anticipate
Use try rather than attempt
Use Consistent Terms
Avoid “shall” it is ambiguous and is not used in everyday speech
Use “must” for an obligation
Use “may” for a discretionary action
Use “should” for a recommendation
I would frequently have discussions with web content writers wanting to know if the term “webpage” was one word or two words, is the W capitalized or lower case. Pick one and be consistent.
Use Lists
Make it easy for the reader to identify all items or steps in a process
Add blank space for easy reading, note there is a right and wrong way to add blank space. You need to use paragraph spacing NOT the return key.
Help the reader see the structure of your document.
But don’t make lists too long, seven items are the maximum that work well in a list. Longer lists are harder to navigate. ***note how many are listed on this slide***
Use Appropriate Link Names
Link names should be the same as the page name it’s linking to
Be as explicit as you can – too long is better than too short
Make the link meaningful. Don’t use “click here” or “more”
Don’t embed links in text. It just invites people to leave your text!
In the English language we love doubling up on words, especially in legal text, these are called
Doublets
Cease and desist
Due and payable
remember our quote, don’t use 2 words when 1 will do.
Avoid Hidden Verbs
Use help rather than provide assistance
Use assess rather than do an assessment
Avoid Latin Terms
i.e. and e.g. are major problems. Many people do not know what these mean. Many who do know the meanings don’t remember which is which.
By the way:
Use i.e. when you want to give further explanation for something
Use e.g. when you want to give a few examples but not a complete list.
And last but not least Avoid Abbreviations [go to next slide].
Readers complain more about abbreviations and acronyms than about any other feature of bureaucratic writing.
Using abbreviations and acronyms turns your material in to a research project for readers.
QUESTION:
HOW MANY ACRONYMS ARE USED INTERNALLY AT AT&T??
[over 26,000 acronyms]
Use no more than three abbreviations in each written document.
Use “nicknames” such as “unit” instead of WPU for Witness Protection Unit.
Any questions on plain language?
The creator of The Simpsons and Futruama, Matt Gray-ning takes us into the Flesch-Kincaid world. I know all those words, but that sentence makes no sense to me.
Topic #3 is Flesch (Flesh)-Kincaid Readability.
Fun Fact for my military history buffs: The Flesch-Kincaid formula was first used by the Army for assessing the difficulty of technical manuals in 1978 and soon after became the Department of Defense military standard.
There are a few other manual methods for testing readability. To keep us on schedule, I will only be discussing the automated tool call Flesch-Kincaid. All Readability tests have caveats…
Test only full, complete sentences, replace acronyms, abbreviations, phone numbers, and URLs with an equivalent for testing purposes only.
Our goal at AT&T is to get text to a 9.9 grade level or below. Word runs this test for you, but the feature is usually turned off by default. Once you activate this feature it will stay turned on by default.
In Word, click on File, then Options. A new window will open, click on proofing, then check the check box for Show Readability Statistics.
For running the test, copy and paste the text you want to test into a blank word document. I say a blank word document, because I have found anomalies where the formatting within the document being tested skewed the results. So start fresh with each test you run. Run Spellcheck (Spellcheck is under the “Review” ribbon in the “Proofing section”). Once spell check is complete, the Readability Statistics will be shown to you in a separate window.
The grade level is the last score shown in the list.
I am not concerned with Legal text; most of our webpages have some form of legal disclaimer in the footer. I sometimes test it for fun, to get a laugh, and it would be great if legal text in every facet of our lives could be written to a 9th grade reading level or below, HOWEVER, there is a purpose for legal writing; there is a time and a place for it.
So you’ve turned on MS Word Readability and know how to conduct a readability test.
But how do you approach the testing of your content.
There are various methodologies out there for how to test and what to test.
You have to find what fits within your business.
At AT&T we have three recommendations for testing content for readability based on the type of the content.
We have Sentence by Sentence
Paragraph by Paragraph
And Sampling.
The first one, Sentence by Sentence. That’s testing one sentence at a time. The examples for when you would use this method is for Interactive Voice Response, IVRs, that’s the “press 1 for this, press 2 for that”. Automated Outbound messages, AOs, those are the robocalls you get, SMS refers to your text messages, and then finally Bill Messages, etc.
These examples are generally standalone single sentences. They are designed to be short, concise, and crisp.
Remember what we discussed as caveats. On this slide is an example of an SMS text message: “AT&T Free Msg: Your order 1HUS-OY-6663 has shipped. Visit https://www.att.com/checkmyorder to track your shipment.”
By design, every text that AT&T sends out; starts with “AT&T Free Msg:”. This cannot be changed and therefore should not be included in readability testing. For one, it has an acronym, the name of our company, and an abbreviation, both items that skew readability results.
We also need to remove the order number, and URL. You can substitute the URL with “our website.”
You end up testing “Your order has shipped. Visit our website to track your shipment.”
The Flesch-Kincaid grade level is 2.7.
We also have an example here of a bill, and have called out an example of a bill message. These are often one-liners, one single sentence, such as this one stating “For important information about your bill, please see the News You Can Use section (Page 3).
The second method for testing is Paragraph by Paragraph.
This method is used when you have more than one paragraph, but not pages and pages of content like a user manual.
If you have multiple paragraphs of content, as is the case with most of the content we develop, our guidance is that you test each paragraph individually.
All sentences in the same paragraph should be related to the same topic. Testing them together gives us a better idea of the reading level of that topic.
If there are non-connected or standalone items, such as a sidebar note in an email, test those separately.
If you test your paragraph and it comes back higher than a 9.9 grade level, then you need to revert to testing sentence by sentence in order to find the most difficult one in your passage that you need revise.
The last testing method is called Sampling. When we start getting into large documents, which is uncommon but it happens, when we have a large document, a document that is more than 2 pages, it will be tedious for anyone to go through that document testing one paragraph at a time. You don’t have time for that, I don’t have time for that. Our guidance in those situations is to test sample pages from the beginning of the document, from the middle of the document, and from the end of the document.
Choose sample pages that are representative of the message being conveyed.
Choose text that includes important content.
Again, remember the cautions, do not include headings, titles, bullet points (unless the bullet points are full sentences).
Start each sample with the first word of a sentence.
A typical paragraph would include at least 3 sentences and around 100 words. I know not all of our content fits that mold, but typically in English writing, a paragraph is 3 sentences or more and around 100 words. On the slide here is what 100 words looks like, it’s a little over 6 lines of text.
Winston Churchill brings us to our fourth topic. “Out of intense complexities intense simplicities emerge. Broadly speaking, the short words are the best, and the old words when short are best of all.”
Our #4 topic is captioning.
Captions are on-screen text descriptions that display a video’s dialogue, identify speakers, and describes relevant sounds.
On the web, synchronized, equivalent captions should be provided any time multimedia content is present. Multimedia generally means both visual and audible content is presented together.
QUESTION:
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN OPEN CAPTION AND A CLOSED CAPTION??
[Open captions are always visible, closed captions can be turned on or off.]
{read slide}
Things to consider when writing up captions:
Editing: Experience has shown that much of the caption-viewing audience prefers to have a verbatim rendering of the audio. However, we tend to speak faster than we read.
When editing becomes necessary because of limited reading time, try to maintain precisely the original meaning and flavor of the language as well as the personality of the speaker.
Identification Placement: Captions are used not only to convey what is being said, but also who is saying it and how it is being expressed. This can be indicated by the placement and timing of the text.
If only one person talks throughout a scene, captions are generally placed at bottom center.
If there are multiple characters in a scene, caption placement on or near individual speakers is used to indicate who is saying what.
Timing: To convey pacing appropriate to humor, suspense, and drama, as well as to indicate who is speaking, captions may be timed to appear and disappear precisely when the words are spoken.
In applying timing conventions, consider that logical caption division should not be sacrificed for exact timing. Readability should always be the first priority.
Sound effects: Sound-effect captions are used to describe sounds that add to the narrative. These are not words actually contained in the audio and should be distinguished as such. For example, show sound-effect captions in lowercase, italics, enclosed in parentheses.
Typography: For ease of reading caption text is generally rendered in uppercase and lowercase, Roman font.
Italics and underline: As in printed text, italics and underlining may be used to indicate emphasis.
QUESTION:
CAN YOU CAPTION MUSIC?
[Yes. When captioning music, use the musical note available as part of the line-21 character set to differentiate song from spoken word.
Songs and jingles should be captioned verbatim. Punctuate them sparingly, but insert some punctuation to indicate the end of the song.
Instrumental music may be described as well. Use the title of a song whenever possible].
Children’s programs are edited more heavily for a slower reading speed and for linguistic simplicity.
Only 2 lines of captions, never 3 for children’s programs.
And this to me is just super cool – with the technology of digital television, it is possible to offer more than one stream of captioning, so it will be possible in the very near future for a program like Sesame Street to have a verbatim stream of captioning for parents who need it and an edited stream for young children.
Robert Heinlein brings us our 5th topic. “The most important lesson in the writing trade is that any manuscript is improved if you cut away the fat.”
Our 5th topic today is Transcriptions.
Transcripts allow anyone that cannot access content from web audio or video to read a text transcript instead. Transcripts do not have to be verbatim accounts of the spoken word in a video.
They should contain additional descriptions, explanations, or comments that may be beneficial, such as indications of laughter or an explosion.
For most web video, both captions and a text transcript should be provided. For content that is audio only, a transcript will usually suffice.
Transcripts also allow the content of your multimedia to be search able, both by computers (such as search engines, such as GOOGLE) and by end users.
Screen reader users may also prefer the transcript over listening to the audio.
Most proficient screen reader users set their assistive technology to read at a rate much faster than most humans speak. This allows them get the same content in less time than listening to the actual audio content.
Are there any questions about transcripts?
Robert Stuberg brings us our 6th topic. “The trouble with so many of us is that we underestimate the power of simplicity.”
Our 6th topic is Audio Description which involves the accessibility of the visual images of theater, television, movies, and other art forms for people who are blind, have low vision, or visually impaired. It is a narration that attempts to describe the scene, what’s going on in the background, what’s the imagery.
A great example is our AT&T commercial where a father walks in to an AT&T store with his two daughters, and explains he is buying the oldest daughter a new phone and giving her old phone to the younger sister, who scoffs at getting all of the hand-me downs.
But there is important nonverbal communication that needs to be conveyed…the younger daughter is wearing an outdated bedazzled shirt with her sister’s name on it, an obvious hand-me down from her sister, Our favorite AT&T salesman Lily exclaims she loves bedazzling and the younger sisters snaps back at her.
When Lily turns around to get the phone, her AT&T shirt is bedazzled on the back. That’s what makes the scene funny but it’s not conveyed in speech or the captions, this is where audio description comes in.
Are there any questions about what audio descriptions are and why they would be used?
Leonardo da Vinci brings us our 7th topic. “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.”
Topic #7 is Alternative Text
[read slide]
Called alt text for short. In most modern web programs, there is a field to add alt text to an image.
Alt text serves several functions:
It is read by screen readers in place of images allowing the content and function of the image to be accessible to those with visual or certain cognitive disabilities.
It is displayed in place of the image in browsers if the image file in not loaded or when the user has chosen not to view images.
It provides a semantic meaning and description to images which can be read by search engines, search engine optimization.
Along with headings, alt text is one of the easiest-to-implement accessibility features, and it doesn’t take that much time. For a little work, there’s a big payoff:
Your website can reach more people.
Your website communicates more effectively
Search engines understand your website better.
Did you realize Google is the ultimate sightless user. If Google doesn’t know what your image is, you risk lower rankings in search results. If Google can’t find you, no one can.
This brings up the fine line between accessibility and usability. Web standards state an image must have alt text to be accessible. But having alt text that is merely the photos file name is not usable. It has to be meaningful alternative text.
Alternative Text Basics:
Function
If you don’t know what to write for your alt text, think of the function that the image plays within the page and make that your alt text.
Avoid repeating
A screen reader can see in the HTML that the alt text represents an image, there is no need to repeat that in the alt text. In other words you don’t have to write image of a cat, users know it’s an image, they just need to know it’s a cat.
Don’t confuse alt with title
Here’s a note specifically for coders: You’ll sometimes find markup that applies the same text value to alt and title for a image. As a general rule, this is not a good idea; the popup tooltip text is hardly ever seen by users, as it takes several seconds to come up, and it won’t be encountered by assistive technology users unless the element is focused.
Positioning of alt
As screen readers will read alt text inline with content, you should write your descriptive text in a way that flows with the content immediately around it, especially if the image is floated.
Blank alt
There are two conditions when alt text may be left blank:
The image is purely decorative, it has no informational value
The image is effectively described by an appropriate semantic element immediately beside it: usually a figcaption.
If you wish to keep your page valid, alt should still be present for every image: to keep it blank, set alt to the value of two quotes with no space between them.
Alternatively, in HTML5 you can simply set the alt attribute with no value.
There are 5 types of images when thinking about alt text.:
Eye candy:
Most web pages are full of eye candy, like horizontal rules, glyphs, and spacer images. They make a web page look more attractive. For these types of images, you should use an empty ‘alt’ attribute, that is the alt=“”. The empty ‘alt’ attribute tells the screen reader to skip over the image.
2. Clip art and stock images:
Clip-art and stock images are often used to illustrate an article or news story. They are nearly always next to the text equivalent to the image, therefore the blank ‘alt’ attribute is sufficient.
3. Images that express a concept:
Conceptual images are usually photographs of people, events or situations. These images communicate a concept and the job of the web designer is to try to express that concept concisely. One way you can make that judgment is to ask yourself: if I couldn’t use the image here, what would I write instead? If the answer is, nothing, then it falls into the same class as stock images, and you should use a blank ‘alt’ attribute. If the answer is something else, then you need to find the right words.
4. Functional images:
If the image has a function or communicates information, then the ‘alt’ text should explain the function of the image.
5. Complex images:
When we show a graph or a complex diagram such as an organizational chart. In these instances you need to write brief ‘alt’ text such as Organizational Chart for AT&T, and then you must provide a longer, alternative description which I will cover next.
QUESTION
What should logos be considered?
It is common practice on the web to have the main site logo also link to the site home page. Because this is fairly standard practice, providing alternative text for the image, such as your company name, will usually suffice. Identifying the logo as actually being a logo is not typically necessary.
F. Scott Fitzgerald leads us into our seventh topic. “Your don’t write because you want to say something, you write because you have something to say.”
I mentioned complex images like a graph or organization chart, and how those types of images require a longer alternative description.
In these cases include a short summary in the ALT tag which points to or links screen reader users to a long text description which fully explains the image.
In most cases, the long description should be available to all users.
Our 8th topic is brought to us by C.S. Lewis. “Don’t use words too big for the subject. Don’t say ‘infinitely’ when you mean ‘very’; otherwise you’ll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite.
#8 Language Attribute
HTML is the most basic building block of the web. It describes and defines the content of a webpage.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages.
HTML elements are represented by tags.
HTML tags label pieces of content such as “heading”, “paragraph”, “table”, and so on.
All HTML elements can have attributes.
Attributes provide additional information about an element.
Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name=“value” and Lang=“English”
I frequently find that language attribute is forgotten about or ignored on web pages and PDFs. This is a good practice and good habit to have. The language attribute specifies the language of the content of a web page.
Identifying the language of your content allows you to automatically do a number of things:
Styling pages
Different languages use different alphabets, fonts and punctuation. Language attributes allow you to vary the styling of your content by language.
2. Font selection
User-agents, software acting on behalf of the user will use language information to select language-appropriate fonts.
3. Search
Automatic language detection is commonly used by major search engines to identify the language of resources. The language attribute will improve your search engine optimization.
4. Spelling and grammar checkers
Authoring tools adapt spelling and grammar checking based on the language of the content, or ignore content that is not in the language of the spelling checker.
5. Translation
Translation tools use the language attributes to recognize pages or sections of text in a particular language and automatically adjust the workflow process or protect text from changes by the translator in translation tools.
6. Non-text readers
Language attribute assists speech synthesizers and Braille translators to produce usable results.
7. Parsers and Scripts
Tagging content with language information also allows for language-specific processing. For example, a script could be used to do various things, including:
Extract language-specific text from a page
Look for and select information from pages that are in particular language
Reorder content in the appropriate way for a given language (sort orders are very language dependent)
Apply culture-specific styling, such as appropriate quote substitution or emphasis, during conversation to another format, such as XSL-FO.
I have several resource pages here. They are broken down by the 8 topics in this presentation as well as tools.
Tool resources that can help you.
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Y’all have been a great audience today, thank you for attending our session and enjoy the rest of CSUN.