The document discusses augmented reality (AR), its comparison with virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), and its applications across various fields like education, medicine, and engineering. AR enhances the real environment by overlaying digital content, enabling interaction with both virtual and real objects. It highlights the architecture of AR systems, their functionalities, and examples of implementation in different disciplines.

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CHAPTER 5
Augmented
Reality
(AR)

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Outline
•Overview of AR
•AR, VR and MR
•Architecture of AR Systems
•Applications of AR

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What is Augmented Reality?
• AR refers to a technology that combines the view of
real environment with virtual content that is
presented through computer graphics to enhance the
user's perception of reality.
• AR is achieved by ensuring that the virtual content is
aligned and registered with the real objects.

It overlays virtual elements onto the physical
environment, allowing users to interact with both real
and virtual objects simultaneously.

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 AR can be experienced through various devices like
smartphones, tablets, smart glasses, or headsets, enabling
users to see and manipulate digital content in real-time
 AR is a form of emerging technology that allows users to
overlay computer generated content in the real world.
Cont.…

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AR, VR and MR
•Extended reality (XR) is a universal term inclusive all real-
and-virtual combined environments and human-machine
interactions generated by computer technology such as
virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed
reality (MR).
 By the help of computer vision and power of processor
development we have three types of reality;
Virtual reality (VR),
Augmented reality (AR)
Mixed reality (MR)

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Virtual Reality (VR)
VR is a technology that creates virtual environment
This environment is perceived through a device known as a
virtual reality headset or helmet
It is computer -generated simulation of an environment or a
3-dimentioal image making the user feel they are immersed
in their surrounding.
VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into
thinking you’re in a different environment or world apart
from the real world
It is called a computer-simulated reality

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Cont.…
 VR is the use a of computer-technology to create a
simulated environment.
 It is an artificial environment where people can do things
and interact in that environment.
 Computer technologies using reality headsets to generate
realistic sounds, images and other sensations that replicate
a real environment or create an imaginary world.

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Augmented Reality
• Advanced version of VR
• An enhanced version of the real physical world that is achieved through
the use of digital visual elements, sound, or other sensory stimuli
delivered via technology.
• Add vertiual things in a real world
Users can see and interact with the real world while digital content is
added to it:
 adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a
smartphone
• AR is a real time direct or indirect view of a physical real world
environment that has been enhanced / augmented by adding virtual
computer generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or
GPS data to it.

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Examples of AR
Photography and Editing
Interior direction Apps
Google Glass : digital content is displayed on a tiny
screen in front of a user’s eye.
AR give more information about things that are in-front
of them.

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Mixed Reality (MR)
Sometimes referred to as hybrid reality
It is the merging of real and virtual worlds to produce new
environments and visualizations where physical & digital
objects co-exist & interact in real-time.
play a virtual video game, grab your real-world water
bottle, and smack an imaginary character from the game
with the bottle.

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Cont.…
In MR users can interact with and manipulate both
physical and virtual items and environments using next
generation sensing and imagination technology..
The key character of MR is that the artificial content
and the real world content are able to react to each other
in real time.
• M.R Provides the ability one foot (or hand) in the real
world, and the other in an imaginary place.
• Breaking down basic concepts between real &
imaginary

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Cont.…

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AR vs VR vs MR
AR
• Overlay digital content on top of the real-world
• It is the integration of digital Information with user’s
environment in real time
VR
• 100% (Fully) digital
• Fully immersive
• Which creates a totally artificial environment
• require specialized VR headsets, noise-canceling headphones,
cameras, and sometimes even motion capture technology.
MR
• Digital overlay that allows interactive virtual elements to
integrate and interact with the real-world
• MR hard ware is still emerging and hasn’t quite broken in to
the mainstream consumer market, most likely due to the price.

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Architecture of AR Systems
• The first AR systems were usually designed with a bases on
three main blocks:
• Infrastructure Tracker Unit
• Processing Unit
• Visual Unit
• The Infrastructure Tracker Unit was responsible for
collecting data from the real world, sending them to the
Processing Unit
• Processor unit mixes the virtual content with the real content
and send the result to the Video Out module of the Visual Unit

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Cont.…
• Visual Unit can be classified into two types of system
1.Video see-through : it uses a head mounted Display
(HMD) that uses a video mixing and displays the merged
images on a closed view HMD.
2. Optical see-through: it uses an HMD that employs
optical combiner to merge the image with an open view
HMD.
HMD-(head-mounted display)

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Architecture of AR Systems

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VR Vs AR
• VR is 75 percent virtual, while AR is only 25 percent
virtual.
• VR requires a headset device, while AR does not or
may be.
• VR users move in a completely fictional (Imaginary)
world, while AR users are in contact with the real world

18. Applications of AR Systems
AR can be applied to many different disciplines such as
Education
Medical
Entertainment
Engineering Design
Manufacturing,
Maintenance, and Repair
Collaborative AR
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19. Applications of AR: Education
 It allows flexibility and attractive by extend content into the world
outside the classroom.
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Affordable learning materials : obtain
the necessary material with low cost
 Interactive lessons: we can ask our teacher any
question and get response
 Higher engagement : any one can use the
class and get what you want.
 Higher retention: use different senses
 Boost intellectual curiosity :

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• Driving Simulators.
• Ship Simulators.
• Flight Simulators.
Applications of AR: Education…

21. Applications of AR: Medicine
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• Enhancing medicine and healthcare towards more safety and
efficiency
• Practice Performing Surgery.
• Perform surgery on a remote patient.
• Teach new skills in a safe, and controlled environment.
• Ultrasound, CT (Computed Tomography) and/or MRI (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging) scans provide the surgeon with the necessary
view of the internal anatomy
• AR tools may also aid to detect the signs of depression and other
mental illnesses by reading from facial expressions, voice tones,
and physical gestures.
A 3D Virtual Reality Model of

22. Applications of AR: Medicine…
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3D ultrasound scan is registered with a pregnant woman’s
body- Looking into the Inner part of the body
Describing symptoms: accurate diagnosis
Nursing care: successful finding of the vein (Accuvien)
Surgery: Three-dimensional reconstructions of organs
(Agumedics)
Diabetes Management : real-time tracking of blood sugar levels
Navigation: the nearest hospitals

23. Applications of AR: Entertainment
 AR can be used in music, movies, live shows, games
 AR in games: for increasing physical activity
 AR in music : providing complete information on the track
or its performer
 AR on TV: adding supplementary information
 AR in eSports : online gaming
 AR in the theater : accessibility (eg. Subtitles )
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24. Applications of AR
Engineering Design
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 3D prototyping of Engineering Design
 Design augmented with a computer-generated
image of the current design built from the
CAD files describing it
 The image of the equipment would be augmented
with annotations and information pertinent to the
repair.
Makes much easier than consulting a lot of
repair manuals
 Boing made an experimental system, where the
technicians are guided by the augmented display
that shows the routing of the cables on a generic
frame used for all harnesses
Manufacturing, Maintenance, and Repair

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END