Bringing LOD to SME – The case of the LinDA pilots business intelligence, environmental sector, media industry
Presentation at LinDA Workshop on 2nd September 2014 at Semantics2014 by Salvatore Virtuoso
A guide to ICT-related activities in WP2016-17Open Concept
Przewodnik Komisji Europejskiej, „A guide to ICT-related activities in WP2016-17” - czyli jak aplikować o środki w dziedzinie ICT w Programie Horyzont 2020.
Countries across the OECD have developed ambitious plans for STI policy to contribute to socio-technical transitions as the world recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These plans contain a broad variety of policy goals and instruments designed to support STI in a changing global environment, to tackle new and growing challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to apply new tools and approaches to STI policy making, especially digital tools, that emerged in the context of the pandemic.
A guide to ICT-related activities in WP2016-17Open Concept
Przewodnik Komisji Europejskiej, „A guide to ICT-related activities in WP2016-17” - czyli jak aplikować o środki w dziedzinie ICT w Programie Horyzont 2020.
Countries across the OECD have developed ambitious plans for STI policy to contribute to socio-technical transitions as the world recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These plans contain a broad variety of policy goals and instruments designed to support STI in a changing global environment, to tackle new and growing challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to apply new tools and approaches to STI policy making, especially digital tools, that emerged in the context of the pandemic.
Advanced Materials International Forum, Bari 18-19 settembre, conferenza internazionale dedicata ai materiali avanzati e alle loro possibili applicazioni nei settori industriali, con un focus particolare sui trasporti (aerospazio, automotive, navale e cantieristico).
Presentation for a Chinese delegation from the Fujian province that did a study tour in The Netherlands. I presented the work LEI Wageningen UR is doing on Information Management & ICT in Agri-Food by highlighting project work.
BDE-SC1 Webinar: OpenPHACTS Re-engineered with Big Data EuropeBigData_Europe
Watch this webinar on YouTube: https://youtu.be/MwG0yhrctDs
Slides for the latest update on our Big Data Europe pilot in Societal Challenge 1: Health, Demographic Change and Wellbeing.
Last year we successfully completed the first phase of this pilot, replicating the functionality of the Open PHACTS Discovery Platform on the BDE infrastructure. The Open PHACTS Discovery Platform brings together pharmacological data resources in an integrated, interoperable infrastructure, and has been developed to reduce barriers to drug discovery for industry, academia, and small businesses.
Learn more about the progress we’ve made, and what’s coming next.
1. General overview of the Big Data Europe project and Societal Challenges it addresses (Ronald Siebes, VU Amsterdam)
2. The Big Data Europe infrastructure, generic components that are being developed, and their flexibility for different applications (Hajira Jabeen, University of Bonn)
3. Latest details of the current state of the Open PHACTS architecture in BDE, and ongoing work (Nick Lynch, CTO, Open PHACTS Foundation)
How can patients and providers best contribute to the HTA process?EUnetHTA
How can patients and providers best contribute to the HTA process? Anna Nachtnebel, LBI-HTA, Simone Warren, ZIN
Presentation from the 3rd face to face training course for EUnetHTA Stakeholders organised by EUnetHTA JA2 WP2; April 23rd, 2015, Brussels.
Big Data Europe at eHealth Week 2017: Linking Big Data in HealthBigData_Europe
Of the four V's of big data – Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity – the most challenging for the health sector is Variety. Health data comes from many sources, formats and standards – how can we bring these together to reap the benefits of big data technologies?
Big Data Europe is tackling this challenge head-on, building a big data infrastructure flexible enough to tackle all seven Societal Challenges identified by Horizon 2020. Here we demonstrate our pilot implementation of Open PHACTS, which integrates life science data for drug discovery.
12 May 2017
OGD2011 Requirements Analysis of an Open Government Data StrategyMartin Kaltenböck
Presentation of Martin Kaltenböck (Semantic Web Company) at the ISESS2011 conference in Brno on 27 June 2011: OGD2011 Requirements Analysis of an Open Government Data Strategy (in Austria)
7th Session: Workshop II on a Roadmap to Future Government
In this session we proceed to presentations and discussion concerning the the development of the new roadmap for digital government. Two projects (Gov3.0 and Big Policy Canvas) will join forces in this exciting endeavor.
Organizers: Maria Wimmer, Professor, Koblentz University, Germany; Francesco Mureddu, Associate Directorr, Lisbon Council, Belgium; Juliane Schmeling Fraunhofer Institut FOKUS, Researcher, Germany; Shoumaya Ben Dhaou, Researcher, United Nations University, PT
Remodelling of a Database of Bavarian Dialects into TEI XML and LODJack Bowers
Presentation describes the goals, progress, processes and challenges we are facing in converting a TUSTEP database of over 2 million entries of Bavarian dialectal data into TEI XML. Our models present novel examples of how linked open data can be used as a means of linking geographical as well as conceptual, semantic data to the knowledge contained in the semantic web.
This presentation discusses the value of inferred knowledge over LOD and presents a new version of FactForge, a reason-able view, the biggest body of heterogeneous generic knowledge on which inference is performed, showing examples of inferred statements across LOD datasets.
Advanced Materials International Forum, Bari 18-19 settembre, conferenza internazionale dedicata ai materiali avanzati e alle loro possibili applicazioni nei settori industriali, con un focus particolare sui trasporti (aerospazio, automotive, navale e cantieristico).
Presentation for a Chinese delegation from the Fujian province that did a study tour in The Netherlands. I presented the work LEI Wageningen UR is doing on Information Management & ICT in Agri-Food by highlighting project work.
BDE-SC1 Webinar: OpenPHACTS Re-engineered with Big Data EuropeBigData_Europe
Watch this webinar on YouTube: https://youtu.be/MwG0yhrctDs
Slides for the latest update on our Big Data Europe pilot in Societal Challenge 1: Health, Demographic Change and Wellbeing.
Last year we successfully completed the first phase of this pilot, replicating the functionality of the Open PHACTS Discovery Platform on the BDE infrastructure. The Open PHACTS Discovery Platform brings together pharmacological data resources in an integrated, interoperable infrastructure, and has been developed to reduce barriers to drug discovery for industry, academia, and small businesses.
Learn more about the progress we’ve made, and what’s coming next.
1. General overview of the Big Data Europe project and Societal Challenges it addresses (Ronald Siebes, VU Amsterdam)
2. The Big Data Europe infrastructure, generic components that are being developed, and their flexibility for different applications (Hajira Jabeen, University of Bonn)
3. Latest details of the current state of the Open PHACTS architecture in BDE, and ongoing work (Nick Lynch, CTO, Open PHACTS Foundation)
How can patients and providers best contribute to the HTA process?EUnetHTA
How can patients and providers best contribute to the HTA process? Anna Nachtnebel, LBI-HTA, Simone Warren, ZIN
Presentation from the 3rd face to face training course for EUnetHTA Stakeholders organised by EUnetHTA JA2 WP2; April 23rd, 2015, Brussels.
Big Data Europe at eHealth Week 2017: Linking Big Data in HealthBigData_Europe
Of the four V's of big data – Volume, Velocity, Variety and Veracity – the most challenging for the health sector is Variety. Health data comes from many sources, formats and standards – how can we bring these together to reap the benefits of big data technologies?
Big Data Europe is tackling this challenge head-on, building a big data infrastructure flexible enough to tackle all seven Societal Challenges identified by Horizon 2020. Here we demonstrate our pilot implementation of Open PHACTS, which integrates life science data for drug discovery.
12 May 2017
OGD2011 Requirements Analysis of an Open Government Data StrategyMartin Kaltenböck
Presentation of Martin Kaltenböck (Semantic Web Company) at the ISESS2011 conference in Brno on 27 June 2011: OGD2011 Requirements Analysis of an Open Government Data Strategy (in Austria)
7th Session: Workshop II on a Roadmap to Future Government
In this session we proceed to presentations and discussion concerning the the development of the new roadmap for digital government. Two projects (Gov3.0 and Big Policy Canvas) will join forces in this exciting endeavor.
Organizers: Maria Wimmer, Professor, Koblentz University, Germany; Francesco Mureddu, Associate Directorr, Lisbon Council, Belgium; Juliane Schmeling Fraunhofer Institut FOKUS, Researcher, Germany; Shoumaya Ben Dhaou, Researcher, United Nations University, PT
Remodelling of a Database of Bavarian Dialects into TEI XML and LODJack Bowers
Presentation describes the goals, progress, processes and challenges we are facing in converting a TUSTEP database of over 2 million entries of Bavarian dialectal data into TEI XML. Our models present novel examples of how linked open data can be used as a means of linking geographical as well as conceptual, semantic data to the knowledge contained in the semantic web.
This presentation discusses the value of inferred knowledge over LOD and presents a new version of FactForge, a reason-able view, the biggest body of heterogeneous generic knowledge on which inference is performed, showing examples of inferred statements across LOD datasets.
M. Durco, M. Windhouwer. Semantic Mapping in CLARIN Component Metadata. In E. Garoufallou and J. Greenberg (eds.), Metadata and Semantics Research (MTSR 2013; mtsr2013.teithe.gr), CCIS Vol. 390, Springer, Thessaloniki, Greece, November 20-22, 2013.
EDF2014: BIG - NESSI Networking Session: Nuria de Lama, Representative to the...European Data Forum
BIG - NESSI Networking Session, Talk by Nuria de Lama, Representative to the European Commission, Research & Innovation ATOS, Spain at the European Data Forum 2014, 20 March 2014 in Athens, Greece: Towards a Big Data Public Private Partnership
20140902 LinDa Workshop Semantincs2014 - LinDA Project OverviewLinDa_FP7
LinDa Project presentation - Challenges, tools, workplan and objectives
Presentation at LinDA Workshop on 2nd September 2014 at Semantics2014 by Spiros Mouzakitis
Presentation on Data4Impact methodology and results (Workshop in Brussels)Data4Impact
The project team organised a workshop on Data4Impact methodology and indicators on 24 June 2019 at the premises of the Research Executive Agency in Brussels. The goal of this hands-on, interactive workshop was to gather feedback on the chosen methodology, coverage and latency/timeliness of the developed indicators, to maximise the relevance for all stakeholders involved (particularly for funding agencies and policymakers).
This presentation includes the introduction to Data4Impact, presents our conceptual framework, and discusses the development of a series of indicators on the performance and societal impact of 40+ research programmes in the health domain.
European Open Data Portal and Policy Compass: from national Open Data reposit...OW2
In November 2015 the European Commission officially lunched the European Data Portal http://www.europeandataportal.eu . The mission of the portal is to become the catalogue of all European public data providing them in all official languages of the European Union. The portal is harvesting metadata from heterogeneous open data portals of 28 EU and other 11 European countries. It lists over 580 000 datasets and it is the biggest Open Data portal worldwide. From the techincal perspective, it is the first official Open Data portal implementing the new DCAT Application Profile specification.
The portal is the place to find European public data and it is a basis for other innovative services. One of them is Policy Compass https://policycompass.eu. It brings together open public data, social media, e-participation platforms, causal models, and argumentation technology for constructing, sharing, visualizing and debating progress metrics and impacts of policies.
Both portals are Open Source. They provide rich APIs and may become a data source for other applications.
Presentation on ICT trends in developments and what this means for the agri-food business, focussing on the FIspace platform. The presentation was part of the mastercourse Hortibusiness in which about 20 entrepreneurs from the horticultural business are participating.
Open Source & Open Data Session report from imaGIne 2014 ConferenceGSDI Association
Session report from the imaGIne 2014 Conference held in Berlin, Germany, in October 2014. Session was chaired by Dr. Gabor Remetey-Fulopp, of HUNAGI, who were co-organisers for Session 8C1.
Data for Impact - Horizon 2020 project pioneering big data approaches for improved assessment of the societal impact in the health, demographic change and well-being societal challenge at national and EU levels. Data4Impact aspires to develop a set of new indicators for assessing research and innovation performance based on a hands-on and data-driven approach.
Here is the presentation from the Data4Impact workshop, which took place on 24th of September 2018.
Copernicus Climate Change Service - An introductionCopernicus ECMWF
Copernicus Climate Change Service: An introduction by
Jean-Noel Thepaut, Head of Copernicus Climate Change Service for the ECMWF Copernicus Services Info Day, Brussels, 2 February 2015.
Simplified minimalistic workflows for the publication of Linked Open DataLinDa_FP7
The LinDA project addresses one of the most significant challenges of the usage and publication of Linked Data, the renovation and conversion of existing data formats into structures that support the semantic enrichment and interlinking of data. The set of tools provided by LinDA will assist enterprises, especially SMEs which often cannot afford the development and maintenance of dedicated information analysis and management departments, in efficiently developing novel data analytical services that are linked to the available public data therefore contributing to improve their competitiveness and stimulating the emergence of innovative business models.
This is the project presentation from Samos 2015 Summit on ICT-enabled Governance, held on June 29 – July 3, 2015, Samos, Greece (http://samos-summit.blogspot.de/).
20141030 LinDA Workshop echallenges2014 - Business Intelligence PilotLinDa_FP7
Linda Workshop eChallenges2014 - Linked Open Data for EU SMEs - The case of Business Intelligence Analytics by Anastasios Zafeiropoulos and Barbara Kapourani
20141030 LinDa Workshop echallenges2014 - Linked Data AnalyticsLinDa_FP7
LinDA Workshop eChallenges2014 - Business Value Creation from Linked Data Analytics: The LinDA Approach by Anastasios Zafeiropoulos and Eleni Fotopoulou
0x01 - Newton's Third Law: Static vs. Dynamic AbusersOWASP Beja
f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
===============
Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Acorn Recovery: Restore IT infra within minutesIP ServerOne
Introducing Acorn Recovery as a Service, a simple, fast, and secure managed disaster recovery (DRaaS) by IP ServerOne. A DR solution that helps restore your IT infra within minutes.
Have you ever wondered how search works while visiting an e-commerce site, internal website, or searching through other types of online resources? Look no further than this informative session on the ways that taxonomies help end-users navigate the internet! Hear from taxonomists and other information professionals who have first-hand experience creating and working with taxonomies that aid in navigation, search, and discovery across a range of disciplines.
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Sharpen existing tools or get a new toolbox? Contemporary cluster initiatives...Orkestra
UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
Announcement of 18th IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verif...
20140902 LinDa Workshop Semantincs2014 - Bringing LOD to SMEs
1. LinDA-project.eu
Bringing LOD to SME – The case of the LinDA pilots
business intelligence, environmental sector, media industry
Salvatore Virtuoso salvatore.virtuoso@piksel.com
Senior Project Manager - PIKSEL
LinDA workshop at
SEMANTICS 2014
2. +
Linda Pilots Role
Setup
• Define Scenarios
• Identify Public &
Private datasets
needed, Algorythms
• Define Consumption
metrics
Execution
• Dataset renovation
• Linked Datasets
• Consumption apps
Evaluation
• User Acceptance
• Workbench
assessment
2
To evaluate the efficiency and the business potential
of the LinDA workbench in typical SME setups
Linda Pilot phases:
23/1/2015LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
Sept
2014
3. +
The goals of LinDA pilots
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
3
network of
business
intelligence
management
consultants
SME focussing on
the application of
ICT technologies
to environmental
sector issues
Regional
broadcaster, with
a mission of
reporting about
daily events,
political debate
and sports
Business
Intelligence
to demonstrate
innovative and
gainful intelligence-
based consulting to
customers and
strategy planning
through the LinDA
transformation and
analytic tools.
Environmental
Sector
To utilize the LinDA
solutions for the
efficient
management and
analysis of the
Italian Regions
Environmental data
MediaIndustry
to demonstrate the
potential of the
LinDA workbench to
provide advanced
tools for
investigative
journalism
4. +
Business Intelligence Pilot
Two scenarios identified:
Scenario 1 - Identifying actions for the
communication strategy of a client,
operating in the pharma sector
Scenario 2 - Press monitoring reports
and consultation services for a telecom
client
23/1/2015LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
4
5. +
Scenario 1 - Pharmaceutical Sector
Issues to be examined:
the OTC liberalisation and how it has affected the:
government [e.g. gov incomes from OTC & drugs, taxes]
industry [e.g. revenues & investments, sales of OTC drugs]
population [e.g. OTC sales, behaviour]
the trends of the OTC prices, compared to the economical status
the trends in the healthcare expenditures
Note: the pilot will be conducted towards the Greek market
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
5
Aim: to assess the positioning of Pharma clients against the issue of
drugs prices liberalisation, mainly for OTC Medicines
6. +
Existing Datasets
Examples of existing public datasets that the pilot intends to use / interlink
European Core Health Indicators (ECHI)
All EU countries 2003-2011, csv format
Demographics and Socioeconomic indicators (e.g. population by education, population below poverty
line)
Healthcare expenditure (e.g. percentage of GDP, percentage of population covered by health
insurance)
Self-reported use of non-prescribed medicines by sex, age and educational attainment level
World Bank Datasets
All countries, 1994-2013, csv format
Out-of-pocket health expenditure (% of private expenditure on health)
Healthcare expenditure (e.g. percentage of GDP) – years 2000 and 2012
OECD Datasets
1980-2013
Health expenditure and financing
Social spending
23/1/20152nd Plenary Meeting (Bonn,DE) | Business Intelligence Analytics Pilot (CP)
6
7. + Examples of private datasets to be created
Association of the European Self-Medication Industry
All EU countries
2011-2013, online data
Total pharmaceutical market
Non-prescription medicines market
Total self-medication market
The Liberalization of the Retail Market of Non-Prescription Medicines
Pdf file with data regarding liberalization of OTC per country
OTC Distribution in Europe: Meeting the New Challenges - New Expanded
2014 Edition (*)
The Rising Tide of OTC in Europe (*)
Central and Eastern Europe OTC Drugs Industry Outlook to 2017 (*)
(*) Non-open dataset, available on a fee basis
23/1/20152nd Plenary Meeting (Bonn,DE) | Business Intelligence Analytics Pilot (CP)
7
8. +
Scenario 2 – Telecom Sector
Issues to be examined:
Sentiment analysis (e.g. Negative / Positive publicity) on news portals, blog posts, social
media, etc
Networking & Electromagnetic fields (EMF) issues
Other relevant: Regulatory, Financial, Marketing, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Business analysis:
Indication and forecasting regarding the reactions upon an installation of a new
antenna
Analysis reports based on comments from residents in specific areas – impact
on company’s revenues
Analysis of source types with more negative comments
Impact on health (based on location of antennas and health incidents, examine
existence of dependencies by including also areas without antennas)
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
8
Aim: to identify and assess the operating environment, using press
monitoring procedures on specific telecoms parameters that might
concern and affect clients’ agenda
9. +
TelecomPilot
Record of antennas with
geolocation data in Greece
Geolocation data from schools,
hospitals etc.
Geodata.gov.gr
Telecoms revenues, market
share, etc
Monitoring of publications in
media relevant to population’s
comments on antennas
List of media
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
9
Existing dataset examples Private dataset to be created
10. +
Environmental Management Pilot
Specific case study: the area comprising the
municipalities of Acerra, Nola and Marigliano in
Campania, Italy.
The region has recently experienced
increasing deaths caused by cancer and other
diseases that exceeds the Italian national
average.
Objective: To analyse the impact on the health of
the residents based on the variance on specific
environmental parameters and pollution indicators
Process: examination of the frequency and the type
of occurrence of diseases in specific geographical
areas within Italy with the environmental conditions
and indicators for pollution in the area
23/1/2015LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
10
11. +
Environmental Mgmt Scenario
Generic datasets (ISTAT)
Waste collection, noise, vehicle rate, air quality
Population and Households: (Demographics, mortality, projections)
Health statitics (health conditions, incidence, prevalence and mortality)
Cancer registries
Environmental datasets
Waters, etc.
International datasets
pollution, emissions, wastes, policies per country
11
Examples of dataset to be used:
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
12. +
Media Industry Pilot
Two scenarios identified:
Scenario A – Adding data mashups and
analytics to the toolbox of investigative
journalists (and potentially, citizens-
reporters)
Scenario B – Tapping into the
knowledge reservoir of Post Production
Scripts (media-rich and detailed
storyboards supporting programme
broadcasting)
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
12
13. +
Scenario – Media Industry A
Topics of interest
Advanced analysis over data from multiple sources,
Interconnection of georeferenced information to other
parameters as well as international datasets,
Preparation of infographics and creation of
higher‐end multimedia communication tools, and
Integration of LINDA tools in the daily routine of
journalistic work – as well as the supporting
(standard) IT infrastructure
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
13
Aim: to support investigative journalists engaged in evidence search,
collection and commenting/reporting.
14. +
Scenario – Media Industry B
Topics of interest
Migration of existing Post Production Scripts in rdf
format
Advanced management of multimedia content items
(esp. music score and video clips)
Collection of HTML & plain text from WWW and staff
authoring, and
Integration of LINDA tools in the daily routine of
journalistic work – as well as the supporting
(standard) IT infrastructure
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
14
Aim: to facilitate the retrieval of information stored in previously recorded
audio/video clips through mining of Post Production Scripts.
15. +
Additional business cases
Examples of LINDA tools application to the investigative journalism scenario (#5)
of potential interest for SMEs
International comparison of the quality of universities worldwide
An orientation service for students wanting to move abroad
Including location related aspects (logistics, job opportunities, individual grants etc.)
Reconstruction of where aid money goes to
Possible clients: public/private donors and international organisations (e.g. OECD,
World Bank)
Sensitive issue but with huge political impact
A Dbpedia of patents worldwide
Integrating text and visual information
Potentially extended to public domain solutions
Documented interest by a local SME in the patent attorney business
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
15
16. +
Conclusions
Many linked data projects are promoted by technology enthusiasts (or deliberate
experimenters) keen to explore and use their own approach rather than carefully selecting
the best tool for the job.
In other words, linked data projects have not, as yet, been based on business cases.
The benefits of linked data are most often assumed or implied by the implementers; there
is little measurement of them.
Many projects using linked data struggle to express their benefits (although it may be too
early for most of them).
There are far more expressions of technical benefit (for example it is easier to work across
systems) than business benefit (say, better service quality), although one might lead to the
other.
There is a lack of cost-benefit analysis for linked data projects and a lack of comparison
with other technical approaches.
From: http://repository.jisc.ac.uk/559/1/JISC_Linked_Data_Review_Oct2011.pdf
2/9/2014LinDa workshop @ SEMANTICS 2014, Leipzig
16
Editor's Notes
Out of pocket expenditure is any direct outlay by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health practitioners and suppliers of pharmaceuticals, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services whose primary intent is to contribute to the restoration or enhancement of the health status of individuals or population groups. It is a part of private health expenditure.
We have found fragmented datasets on interested information we would like to have, so we intend to build them in private datasets that will be also fed from the dailies that are produced internally in CP