The document explores the history and evolution of automated debugging techniques, highlighting the contributions of early pioneers and various methodologies such as program slicing, delta debugging, and statistical debugging. It discusses the effectiveness of these techniques through studies, posing research questions on how developers interact with ranked debugging tools. The overall aim is to evaluate whether automated debugging tools are genuinely assisting programmers in locating and fixing bugs more efficiently.

1. Automated Debugging:
Are We There Yet?
Alessandro (Alex) Orso
School of Computer Science – College of Computing
Georgia Institute of Technology
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~orso/
Partially supported by: NSF, IBM, and MSR

2. Automated Debugging:
Are We There Yet?
Alessandro (Alex) Orso
School of Computer Science – College of Computing
Georgia Institute of Technology
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~orso/
Partially supported by: NSF, IBM, and MSR

5. How are we doing?
Are we there yet?
Where shall we go
next?

6. How Are We Doing?
A Short History of Debugging

7. ???
The Birth of
Debugging
First reference to software errors
Your guess?
2013

8. The Birth of Debugging
1840
1843
• Software errors mentioned in Ada Byron's
notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine
• Several uses of the term bug to indicate
defects in computers and software
• First actual bug and actual debugging
(Admiral Grace Hopper’s associates working
on Mark II Computer at Harvard University)
2013

9. The Birth of Debugging
1840
...
• Software errors mentioned in Ada Byron's
notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine
1940
• Several uses of the term bug to indicate
defects in computers and software
• First actual bug and actual debugging
(Admiral Grace Hopper’s associates working
on Mark II Computer at Harvard University)
2013

10. The Birth of Debugging
1840
• Software errors mentioned in Ada Byron's
notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine
• Several uses of the term bug to indicate
defects in computers and software
1947
2013
• First actual bug and actual debugging
(Admiral Grace Hopper’s associates working
on Mark II Computer at Harvard University)

11. Symbolic Debugging
1840
• UNIVAC 1100’s FLIT
(Fault Location by Interpretive Testing)
1962
2013
• Richard Stallman’s GDB
• DDD
• ...

12. Symbolic Debugging
1840
• UNIVAC 1100’s FLIT
(Fault Location by Interpretive Testing)
1986
2013
• GDB
• DDD
• ...

13. Symbolic Debugging
1840
• UNIVAC 1100’s FLIT
(Fault Location by Interpretive Testing)
1996
2013
• GDB
• DDD
• ...

14. Symbolic Debugging
1840
• UNIVAC 1100’s FLIT
(Fault Location by Interpretive Testing)
1996
2013
• GDB
• DDD
• ...

15. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
1981
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

16. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
1981
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

17. Static Slicing Example
mid() {
int x,y,z,m;
1: read(“Enter 3 numbers:”,x,y,z);
2: m = z;
3: if (y<z)
4:
if (x<y)
5:
m = y;
6:
else if (x<z)
7:
m = y; // bug
8: else
9:
if (x>y)
10:
m = y;
11:
else if (x>z)
12:
m = x;
13: print(“Middle number is:”, m);
}

18. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
1981
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

19. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
1988
1993
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

20. Dynamic Slicing Example
mid() {
int x,y,z,m;
1: read(“Enter 3 numbers:”,x,y,z);
2: m = z;
3: if (y<z)
4:
if (x<y)
5:
m = y;
6:
else if (x<z)
7:
m = y; // bug
8: else
9:
if (x>y)
10:
m = y;
11:
else if (x>z)
12:
m = x;
13: print(“Middle number is:”, m);
}

21. Dynamic Slicing Example
1,2,3
3,2,1
5,5,5
5,3,4
2,1,3
mid() {
int x,y,z,m;
1: read(“Enter 3 numbers:”,x,y,z);
2: m = z;
3: if (y<z)
4:
if (x<y)
5:
m = y;
6:
else if (x<z)
7:
m = y; // bug
8: else
9:
if (x>y)
10:
m = y;
11:
else if (x>z)
12:
m = x;
13: print(“Middle number is:”, m);
}
Pass/Fail
3,3,5
Test Cases
•
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22. Dynamic Slicing Example
1,2,3
3,2,1
5,5,5
5,3,4
2,1,3
mid() {
int x,y,z,m;
1: read(“Enter 3 numbers:”,x,y,z);
2: m = z;
3: if (y<z)
4:
if (x<y)
5:
m = y;
6:
else if (x<z)
7:
m = y; // bug
8: else
9:
if (x>y)
10:
m = y;
11:
else if (x>z)
12:
m = x;
13: print(“Middle number is:”, m);
}
Pass/Fail
3,3,5
Test Cases
•
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23. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
1988
1993
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

24. Program Slicing
1960
• Intuition: developers “slice” backwards
when debugging
2008
2013
• Weiser’s breakthrough paper
• Korel and Laski’s dynamic slicing
• Agrawal
• Ko’s Whyline

25. Delta Debugging
1960
• Intuition: it’s all about differences!
• Isolates failure causes automatically
• Zeller’s “Yesterday, My Program Worked.
Today, It Does Not. Why?”
1999
2013
•

26. Delta Debugging
1960
• Intuition: it’s all about differences!
• Isolates failure causes automatically
• Zeller’s “Yesterday, My Program Worked.
Today, It Does Not. Why?”
1999
2013
• Applied in several contexts
•

27. Today
✘
✔
✔
Yesterday

28. Today
✘
✘
✔
✔
Yesterday

29. Today
✘
✘
✘
✔
✔
Yesterday

30. Today
✘
✘
✘
✔
✔
Yesterday

31. Today
✘
✘
✘
…
✘
✔
…
Yesterday
Failure cause
✔
✔

32. ,
ts
✘u
p
in ✘
Today
…
s,
m
✘
a
r .
g ..
ro ,
✘
p es
to tat
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d s
Failure cause
e
li
Yesterday
…
p
p
A
✔
✔

33. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
• Tarantula
• Liblit’s CBI
2001
2013
• Many others!

34. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
• Tarantula
• Liblit’s CBI
2001
2013
• Many others!

35. 1,2,3
3,2,1
5,5,5
5,3,4
2,1,3
sus
mid() {
int x,y,z,m;
1: read(“Enter 3 numbers:”,x,y,z);
2: m = z;
3: if (y<z)
4:
if (x<y)
5:
m = y;
6:
else if (x<z)
7:
m = y; // bug
8: else
9:
if (x>y)
10:
m = y;
11:
else if (x>z)
12:
m = x;
13: print(“Middle number is:”, m);
}
Pass/Fail
3,3,5
Test Cases
pic
iou
sne
ss
Tarantula
•
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0.5
0.5
0.6
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0.7
0.8
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0.0
0.0
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
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•
•
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•
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•
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•
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•
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36. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
• Tarantula
• Liblit’s CBI
2001
2013
• Many others!

37. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
• Tarantula
• CBI
2003
2013
• Many others!

38. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
• Tarantula
• CBI
• Ochiai
2006
2013
• Many others!

39. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
2010
2013
• Tarantula
• CBI
• Ochiai
• Causal inference based
• Many others!

40. Statistical Debugging
1960
• Intuition: debugging techniques can
leverage multiple executions
...
2013
• Tarantula
ion:
rat ,
teg ltar
• CBI
w in GZo
o
rkfl tula,
• OchiaiWo aran nit, ...
T
E based
Causal inferencezU
•
• Many others!

41. Formula-based Debugging
(AKA Failure Explanation)
1960
• Intuition: executions can be expressed as
formulas that we can reason about
2009
2013
• Darwin
• Cause Clue Clauses
• Error invariants
•

42. Input I
Formula
a b le
atisfi
uns
1 Input = I ∧
2
c1 ∧ c2 ∧ c3 ∧ ... ∧
... ∧ cn-2∧cn-1∧ cn ∧
3
A
MAX-SAT
Complement
Assertion A
{ ci }

43. Formula-based Debugging
(AKA Failure Explanation)
1960
• Intuition: executions can be expressed as
formulas that we can reason about
2009
2013
• Darwin
• Cause Clue Clauses
• Error invariants
•

44. Formula-based Debugging
(AKA Failure Explanation)
1960
• Intuition: executions can be expressed as
formulas that we can reason about
• Darwin
• Bug Assist
• Error invariants
•
2011
2013

45. Formula-based Debugging
(AKA Failure Explanation)
1960
• Intuition: executions can be expressed as
formulas that we can reason about
• Darwin
• Bug Assist
• Error invariants
•
2011
2013

46. Formula-based Debugging
(AKA Failure Explanation)
1960
• Intuition: executions can be expressed as
formulas that we can reason about
• Darwin
• Bug Assist
• Error invariants
• Angelic debugging
2011
2013

47. Additional Techniques
1960
2013
• Contracts (e.g., Meyer et al.)
• Counterexample-based (e.g., Groce et al., Ball et al.)
• Tainting-based (e.g., Leek et al.)
• Debugging of field failures (e.g., Jin et al.)
ive!
• Predicate switching (e.g., Zhang et al.)
eal.)s
het n
• Fault localization for multiple faults (e.g., Steimann
p re
om
c(e.g., Park et al.)
failures
• Debugging of concurrencybe
• Automated data structure repair (e.g., Rinard et al.)
t to
ean genetic programming
Finding patches with
• ot m
N
• Domain specific fixes
(tests, web pages, comments, concurrency)
•
•
•
Identifying workarounds/recovery strategies (e.g., Gorla et al.)
Formula based debugging (e.g., Jose et al., Ermis et al.)
...

48. Are We There Yet?
Can We Debug at the Push of a Button?

49. Automated Debugging
(rank based)
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
Here$is$a$list$of$
places$to$check$out$
…"
Ok,$I$will$check$out$
your$sugges3ons$
one$by$one.$

50. Automated Debugging
Conceptual Model
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"
Found&the&bug!&

51. Performance of Automated
Debugging Techniques
%
of
faulty
versions
100
Space
Siemens
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
of
program
to
be
examined
to
find
fault

52. Mission Accomplished?
Best result: fault in 10% of the code.
Great, but...
100 LOC ➡ 10 LOC
10,000 LOC ➡ 1,000 LOC
100,000 LOC ➡ 10,000 LOC

53. Mission Accomplished?
Best result: fault in 10% of the code.
Great, but...
100 LOC ➡ 10 LOC
ions
pt
sum
as
10,000 LOC ➡ 1,000 g
on LOC
str
ver,
r eo
Mo
100,000 LOC ➡ 10,000 LOC

54. Assumption #1: Programmers
exhibit perfect bug understanding
Do you see a bug?

55. Assumption #2: Programmers inspect
a list linearly and exhaustively
Good for comparison,
but is it realistic?

56. Assumption #2: Programmers inspect
a list linearly and exhaustively
se?
sen
ak e
el m
Good afor d
l mo comparison,
d it?
p tu
nce
uate
va
e co but lis eit lrealistic?
h
a ly
es t
Do
e re
ve w
Ha

57. Where Shall We Go Next?
Are We Headed in the Right Direction?
AKA: “Are Automated Debugging Techniques
Actually Helping Programmers?” ISSTA 2011
Chris Parnin and Alessandro Orso

58. What do we know
about automated
Studies on tools
Human studies

59. What do Let’s&see…&know
we
Over&50&years&of&research&
abouton&automated&debugging.&
automated
2001.%Sta)s)cal%Debugging%
Studies on tools
1999.$Delta$Debugging$
Human studies
1981.%Weiser.%Program%Slicing%
1962.&Symbolic&Debugging&(UNIVAC&FLIT)&

60. What do we know
about automated
man
Hu
d ies
stu
o o ls
on t
d ies
Stu
Weiser
Kusumoto
Sherwood
Ko
DeLine

61. Are these Techniques and Tools
Actually Helping Programmers?
• What if we gave developers a ranked list of
statements?
• How would they use it?
• Would they easily see the bug in the list?
• Would ranking make a difference?

62. Hypotheses
H1: Programmers who use automated debugging
tools will locate bugs faster than programmers
who do not use such tools
H2: Effectiveness of automated tools increases
with the level of difficulty of the debugging task
H3: Effectiveness of debugging with automated
tools is affected by the faulty statement’s rank

63. Research Questions
RQ1: How do developers navigate a list of statements
ranked by suspiciousness? In order of suspiciousness
or jumping from one statement to the other?
RQ2: Does perfect bug understanding exist? How
much effort is involved in inspecting and assessing
potentially faulty statements?
RQ3: What are the challenges involved in using
automated debugging tools effectively? Can
unexpected, emerging strategies be observed?

64. Experimental Protocol:
Setup
Participants:
34 developers
MS’s Students
Different levels of expertise
(low, medium, high)
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"

65. Experimental Protocol:
Setup
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"
Tools
• Rank-based tool
(Eclipse plug-in, logging)
• Eclipse debugger

66. Experimental Protocol:
Setup
Software subjects:
• Tetris (~2.5KLOC)
• NanoXML (~4.5KLOC)
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"

67. Tetris Bug
(Easier)

68. NanoXML Bug
(Harder)

69. Experimental Protocol:
Setup
Software subjects:
• Tetris (~2.5KLOC)
• NanoXML (~4.5KLOC)
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"

70. Experimental Protocol:
Setup
Tasks:
• Fault in Tetris
• Fault in NanoXML
• 30 minutes per task
• Questionnaire at the end
✔
✔
✔
1)"
2)"
3)"
4)"
…"

71. Experimental Protocol:
Studies and Groups

72. Experimental Protocol:
Studies and Groups
A!
Study 1
B!

73. Experimental Protocol:
Studies and Groups
C!
D!
Rank!
7➡35
Rank!
83➡16
Study 2

74. Study Results
A!
B!
C!
D!
Rank!
Rank!
Tetris
A
B
C
D
NanoXML

75. Study Results
A!
B!
C!
D!
Rank!
Rank!
Tetris
A
B
C
D
Not
significantly
different
NanoXML

76. Study Results
A!
B!
C!
D!
Rank!
Rank!
Tetris
A
B
C
D
NanoXML
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different

77. Study Results
A!
B!
C!
D!
Rank!
Rank!
Tetris
Stratifying
participants
A
B
C
D
NanoXML
Significantly
different for
high performers
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different

78. Study Results
A!
B!
C!
D!
Rank!
Rank!
Stratifyin
g
and
ults
Tetris res NanoXML
of
s...
SignificantlynaireNot
ysis n
A al
An differento significantly
esti for different
B qu high
C
D
performers
Not
significantly
different
Not
significantly
different

79. Findings: Hypotheses
H1: Programmers who use automated debugging tools will locate
bugs faster than programmers who do not use such tools
Experts are faster when using the tool ➡ Support for H1 (with caveats)
H2: Effectiveness of automated tools increases with the level of
difficulty of the debugging task
The tool did not help harder tasks ➡ No support for H2
H3: Effectiveness of debugging with automated tools is affected by
the faulty statement’s rank
Changes in rank have no significant effects ➡ No support for H3

80. Findings: RQs
RQ1: How do developers navigate a list of statements ranked by
suspiciousness? In order of suspiciousness or jumping b/w stmts?
Programmers do not visit each statement in the list, they search
RQ2: Does perfect bug understanding exist? How much effort is
involved in inspecting and assessing potentially faulty statements?
Perfect bug understanding is generally not a realistic assumption
RQ3: What are the challenges involved in using automated debugging
tools effectively? Can unexpected, emerging strategies be observed?
1) The statements in the list were sometimes useful as starting points
2) (Tetris) Several participants preferred to search based on intuition
3) (NanoXML) Several participants gave up on the tool after
investigating too many false positives

81. Research Implications
•
Percentages will not cut it (e.g., 1.8% == 83rd position)
➡ Implication 1: Techniques should focus on improving
absolute rank rather than percentage rank
•
Ranking can be successfully combined with search
➡ Implication 2: Future tools may focus on searching through
(or automatically highlighting) certain suspicious statements
•
Developers want explanations, not recommendations
➡ Implication 3: We should move away from pure ranking and
define techniques that provide context and ability to explore
•
We must grow the ecosystem
➡ Implication 4: We should aim to create an ecosystem that
provides the entire tool chain for fault localization, including
managing and orchestrating test cases

82. In Summary
•
We came a long way since the early days of debugging
...
•
There is still a long way to go...

83. Where Shall We Go Next
• Hybrid, semi-automated fault localization techniques
• Debugging of field failures (with limited information)
• Failure understanding and explanation
• (Semi-)automated repair and workarounds
• User studies, user studies, user studies!
(true also for other areas)

84. With much appreciated
input/contributions from
• Andy Ko
• Wei Jin
• Jim Jones
• Wes Masri
• Chris Parnin
• Abhik Roychoudhury
• Wes Weimer
• Tao Xie
• Andreas Zeller
• Xiangyu Zhang