This document provides an overview of the influence of Buddhism on Korean history and political thought from its introduction in 372 CE to modern times. It discusses how Buddhism was adopted by the Silla dynasty and used to centralize power and unify the peninsula. Buddhism flourished under the Koryo dynasty through state patronage and the ideology of "Hoguk Pulgyo," but later faced suppression under the Choson dynasty as Neo-Confucianism rose. Buddhism struggled again under Japanese colonial rule but remains an influential cultural and political force today.
In addition to the five main religions, Chinese people have some other traditional folk beliefs. More than 200 million people believe the existence of the ancestors’ souls and worship them, while about 700 million have taken part in the activities to worship their ancestors or related activities. About 150 million people believe in Fengshui theory and 140 million people believe in God of Wealth. Chinese Astrology is very popular and many people think the sign can decide one’s characters and future. Thus, it is obvious that the traditional folk belief has a wide foundation among the local people. Now, more and more Chinese people are fond of constellation in western culture. In the beginning of a new year, some people will watch some fortune telling programs to see whether they can succeed in the next year and learn how to avoid back luck.
In addition to the five main religions, Chinese people have some other traditional folk beliefs. More than 200 million people believe the existence of the ancestors’ souls and worship them, while about 700 million have taken part in the activities to worship their ancestors or related activities. About 150 million people believe in Fengshui theory and 140 million people believe in God of Wealth. Chinese Astrology is very popular and many people think the sign can decide one’s characters and future. Thus, it is obvious that the traditional folk belief has a wide foundation among the local people. Now, more and more Chinese people are fond of constellation in western culture. In the beginning of a new year, some people will watch some fortune telling programs to see whether they can succeed in the next year and learn how to avoid back luck.
Buddhismm the Fulfilment of Hinduism - The World's Parliament of Religions, C...Ravi Ramakrishnan
Swami Vivekananda represented India and Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893). This was the first World's Parliament of Religions and it was held from 11 to 27 September 1893. Delegates from all over the world joined this Parliament. In 2012 a three-day world conference was organized to commemorate 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda
The World's Parliament of Religions, Chicago 11th September, 1893 by Vivekananda
THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST NATIONALISM: SRI LANKA, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, AN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.academia.edu/30206661/THERAVADA_BUDDHISM_AND_BUDDHIST_NATIONALISM_SRI_LANKA_MYANMAR_CAMBODIA_AND_THAILAND?auto=download
Published as “Theravada Buddhism and Buddhist Nationalism: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand,”
The Review of Faith and International Affairs
THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST NATIONALISM:SRI LANKA, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, AND THAILAND
By Charles KeyesProfessor Professor
Buddhismm the Fulfilment of Hinduism - The World's Parliament of Religions, C...Ravi Ramakrishnan
Swami Vivekananda represented India and Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893). This was the first World's Parliament of Religions and it was held from 11 to 27 September 1893. Delegates from all over the world joined this Parliament. In 2012 a three-day world conference was organized to commemorate 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda
The World's Parliament of Religions, Chicago 11th September, 1893 by Vivekananda
THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST NATIONALISM: SRI LANKA, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, AN...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.academia.edu/30206661/THERAVADA_BUDDHISM_AND_BUDDHIST_NATIONALISM_SRI_LANKA_MYANMAR_CAMBODIA_AND_THAILAND?auto=download
Published as “Theravada Buddhism and Buddhist Nationalism: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Thailand,”
The Review of Faith and International Affairs
THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST NATIONALISM:SRI LANKA, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, AND THAILAND
By Charles KeyesProfessor Professor
Religious & Philosophical Systems in JapanNameDate.docxsodhi3
Religious & Philosophical Systems in Japan
Name
Date
College
Instructor
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who lived about 25 centuries ago in what is now Nepal and northern India. He came to be called "the Buddha," which means "awakened one," after he experienced a profound realization of the nature of life, death and existence. In English, the Buddha was said to be enlightened which means "awakened."
In the remaining years of his life, the Buddha traveled and taught. However, he didn't teach people what he had realized when he became enlightened. Instead, he taught people how to realize enlightenment for them. He taught that awakening comes through one's own direct experience, not through beliefs and dogmas.
Introduction of Buddhism in Japan
"The introduction of Buddhism to the Japanese archipelago from China and Korea in the sixth century causes momentous changes amounting to a fundamentally different way of life for the Japanese. Along with the foreign faith, Japan establishes and maintains for 400 years close connections with the Chinese and Korean courts and adopts a more sophisticated culture" (Asia for Educators. 2009). DO NOT CHANGE THIS QUOTED PART & DO NOT ADD MORE QUOTES – THANKS!!!!!
The history of Buddhism in Japan starts when Buddhism was introduced about 1450 years ago during the Nara period. We can say that it has a very long history. It all began, according to Chinese records when a monk delegation from China left for Fusang which might be Japan. The official introduction, according to the Japanese records actually happens in 552 CE (some say 538) when monks from Korea, this time, came to Japan and introduced the principal precepts of Buddhism and brought some treasures with them.
The first years were not actually easy as Buddhism became one more tool in the struggle for power over the imperial dynasty by the Soga clan over the rival brother’s clans. The story goes that Emperor Kinmei, not sure what to do with these gifts, consulted with his advisors. The advisers were divided in two camps: Soga no Iname said that Japan should adopt Buddhism as it was the religion all the powerful and civilized countries had and Japan, striving to be powerful should imitate them.
The other clan consisted of two brothers rejecting Buddhism ways by saying that if they adopted it, the local cities would undoubtedly be angered. The Sogas seized to opportunity to promote Buddhism and other “Western ideas” (from China and Korea) like Confucianism and other governmental and cultural models from China. For them it was a way to civilize Japan and give power to the emperor. The rival clans opposed the Buddhism as a foreign invasion and when an epidemic started after the importation of a statue, they claimed the local Kami were not in agreement with the new religion. They threw the idol in the river and burned the temple to the ground. (That statue was retrieved and now is in Zenkoji, Nagano.)
A 5 ...
12
HIST 115 Annotated Bibliography:
Buddhist Influence on Ancient China
Kyami Clarke
HIST 115 6380 World History I (2218)
Professor Norman Rothman
September 4, 2021
HIST 115 Annotated Bibliography: Buddhist Influence on Ancient China
Guang, Xing. “Buddhist Impact on Chinese Culture.” Asian Philosophy 23, no. 4 (2013): 305–22. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2013.831606
According to Xing Guang, Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism are the three major philosophical systems in Chinese traditional culture. The first two are aspects of Chinese culture, while Buddhism is an Indian religion. Despite disagreements between the three systems of thought, integration has become the norm in the evolution of Chinese cultural thought. As a result, Chinese culture has changed and developed with Confucianism at its core and Daoism and Buddhism supporting it by merging the three religions into one. Buddhism introduced new concepts and thought to China, encouraging, among other things, the development of Chinese philosophy, ethics, dialect, poetry, arts, faiths, and common belief. However, Buddhism is not a culturally confined religion. It incorporates and adapts local culture and philosophy. Arthur Wright has already compiled a historical overview of Buddhism's history in China and its four eras of cultural engagement with Chinese culture.
Buddhism, like other religions, has a liberal mindset and embraces whatever is good. Because of this mentality, The Buddha advised his lay followers to contribute to the local gods, an essential component of the culture. This method of thought has had a profound effect on Buddhists and has vast consequences for spreading Buddhism to other cultures. As a result, Whenever Buddhism has been transmitted, it has incorporated local cultures. Rather than causing conflict with them. As a result, when it arrived in China, it became Chinese Buddhism with Chinese cultural characteristics and color, as Buddhism assimilated numerous Chinese cultural aspects.
Hanguang, Zhou. “The Positive Influence of BUDDHISM upon the Development of Science and Technology in Ancient China.” Philosophy Study 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2019): 217–22. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5313/2019.04.005
Zhou Hanguang disagrees with Joseph Needham's assessment that "overall, its influence was highly inhibiting" and believes Buddhism has made a constructive contribution and significantly impacted the development of science and technology in ancient China. Since the arrival of Buddhism in China, only Great Vehicle books and thoughts have spread widely and exerted a profound influence in large areas of the country (except minority nationalities in Southwest China). According to early Little Vehicle theory, Buddhism had a tradition that kept it separate from secular society. When such a tradition emerged and became actively involved in secular society's everyday affairs, it was criticized by ...
12
HIST 115 Annotated Bibliography:
Buddhist Influence on Ancient China
Kyami Clarke
HIST 115 6380 World History I (2218)
Professor Norman Rothman
September 4, 2021
HIST 115 Annotated Bibliography: Buddhist Influence on Ancient China
Guang, Xing. “Buddhist Impact on Chinese Culture.” Asian Philosophy 23, no. 4 (2013): 305–22. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2013.831606
According to Xing Guang, Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism are the three major philosophical systems in Chinese traditional culture. The first two are aspects of Chinese culture, while Buddhism is an Indian religion. Despite disagreements between the three systems of thought, integration has become the norm in the evolution of Chinese cultural thought. As a result, Chinese culture has changed and developed with Confucianism at its core and Daoism and Buddhism supporting it by merging the three religions into one. Buddhism introduced new concepts and thought to China, encouraging, among other things, the development of Chinese philosophy, ethics, dialect, poetry, arts, faiths, and common belief. However, Buddhism is not a culturally confined religion. It incorporates and adapts local culture and philosophy. Arthur Wright has already compiled a historical overview of Buddhism's history in China and its four eras of cultural engagement with Chinese culture.
Buddhism, like other religions, has a liberal mindset and embraces whatever is good. Because of this mentality, The Buddha advised his lay followers to contribute to the local gods, an essential component of the culture. This method of thought has had a profound effect on Buddhists and has vast consequences for spreading Buddhism to other cultures. As a result, Whenever Buddhism has been transmitted, it has incorporated local cultures. Rather than causing conflict with them. As a result, when it arrived in China, it became Chinese Buddhism with Chinese cultural characteristics and color, as Buddhism assimilated numerous Chinese cultural aspects.
Hanguang, Zhou. “The Positive Influence of BUDDHISM upon the Development of Science and Technology in Ancient China.” Philosophy Study 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2019): 217–22. Accessed September 4, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5313/2019.04.005
Zhou Hanguang disagrees with Joseph Needham's assessment that "overall, its influence was highly inhibiting" and believes Buddhism has made a constructive contribution and significantly impacted the development of science and technology in ancient China. Since the arrival of Buddhism in China, only Great Vehicle books and thoughts have spread widely and exerted a profound influence in large areas of the country (except minority nationalities in Southwest China). According to early Little Vehicle theory, Buddhism had a tradition that kept it separate from secular society. When such a tradition emerged and became actively involved in secular society's everyday affairs, it was criticized by ...
Characteristics Of Confucianism
Confucianism Essay
Confucius Essay
Christianity And Confucianism : Confucianism
Relationship Between Buddhism And Confucianism
Confucianism Compare And Contrast Essay
Confucianism Essay example
Confucianism And Human Rights
Essay on Confucianism vs. Buddhism
Essay On Confucianism
Confucianism : Religion Or Philosophy? Essay
Essay on Confucianism and Daoism
Confucianism: Fundamental Structure Of Virtue
Is Confucianism A Religion?
Essay on Confucianism
Essay on Confucianism
Confucianism and Taoism Essay
Confucianism Essay example
Confucianism And Its Positive And Negative Sides
Orient-ation”Of East AsiaNations of East AsiaCh.docxalfred4lewis58146
“Orient-ation”
Of East Asia
Nations of East AsiaChina, 90 percent of the land mass; 1.3 billion people make it most populated country in world, Communists took control in 1949.Japan, islands east of China (frequent invader), 127 million residentsNorth Korea, communist but leader-worship, 22.5 million people; shares Korean peninsula with…
Nations of East AsiaSouth Korea, 49 million people; fought war with north in 1950s-early 1960s; now has hostile border with northTaiwan, island just off Chinese coast, 23 million residents, fighting cold war against unification with communist China
History of ChinaShang Dynasty, emerged 1750 BCE, highly organized society developsChou Dynasty (1122-222 BCE), western Chou people take control; formed semi-independent states; ends with Warring States Period; Confucianism and Daoism come out of thisCh’in Dynasty (221-206 BCE), first strong central government in China, start 4,000 mile-long Great Wall of China
History of ChinaHan Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), Confucianism becomes foundation for government and education system; trade with Europe begins; Indian missionaries bring Buddhism to ChinaPost-Han, three competing kingdoms, Buddhism spreads
History of ChinaTang Dynasty (618-907), brought prosperity, made capital, Ch’ang-an (now Sian), great cultural center, Meditation and Pure Land Buddhism schools compete with ConfucianismSung Dynasty (907-1279), Confucian-educated civil servants dominate government; Neo-Confucianism combines Buddhist and Daoist philosophy with Confucianism and receives state endorsement
History of ChinaYuan Dynasty (1279-1368), established by Kublai Khan and Mongol invaders, Marco Polo (1254-1324) visits at this timeMing Dynasty (1368-1644), stability, prosperity and great vases; believe culturally superior and rebuff European traders and Christian missionaries
History of ChinaCh’ing Dynasty (1644-1911), Manchuria rule, occupy Taiwan in 1683. Prosperity and wealth until decline due to rapid population growth in late 18th and 19th centuriesOpium War (1839-1842), between China and Great Britain, caused by Chinese resistance to opium smuggling into China, but Great Britain won
History of ChinaNan-ching treaty gives Hong Kong to Great Britain and opens some ports, massive trade in tea and silk (Hong Kong restored to China in 1997 with some degree of autonomy)China weakened by Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864), war with Japan (1894-1895) and Boxer rebellion in 1900
History of ChinaRepublic established by nationalist revolution led by Western-educated doctor, Sun Yat-sen, deposes last emperor, six year-old boy, in 1912 (“The Last Emperor”)After period of struggle, Chaing Kai-shek succeeds Sun Yat-sen as Nationalist Party head in 1925, unifies China in 1928
History of ChinaDuring World War II, Japan invades China in 1931 and controls most of country by 1938Near end of war in 1945, civil war breaks out between Nationalists and Commmunists (latter led by Mao Zedong). Commun.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Discover various methods for clearing negative entities from your space and spirit, including energy clearing techniques, spiritual rituals, and professional assistance. Gain practical knowledge on how to implement these techniques to restore peace and harmony. For more information visit here: https://www.reikihealingdistance.com/negative-entity-removal/
Hajj and umrah notes short procedure with important duas and translation
2012 Lecture Series - "State and Sangha: Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korean History"
1. Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in
Korean History
2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 2
1
2. Outline
• Introduction
• Buddhism Comes to Korean Peninsula
• Buddhist Influence on the Silla Dynasty
• Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo Dynasty
• Suppression Under Choson
• Japanese Colonial Rule
• Buddhism and Westernization
2
3. Introduction
Religion and governance are intertwined
Buddhism one of most influential religions
State policies have both encouraged and restricted
Buddhism
Buddhism has influenced the state both culturally and
politically
3
7. Buddhist Influence on Silla
Silla Dynasty 57 BCE - 935 CE
Commoners attracted first
Resistance among aristocrats
527 CE
King Pophung and The Miracle
of Ichadon
7
8. Buddhist Influence on Silla
King Pophung’s 4 Motivations
• Personal Faith
• Edification of the People
• Protection of the State
• Absorption of Buddhism
8
9. Buddhist Influence on Silla
King Chinhung
24th Ruler
540 - 576 CE
Later Becomes Monk
Growth of Buddhism Encouraged
Hwarang “Flower Boy” System
9
10. Buddhist Influence on Silla
Hwarang “Flower Boy” System
- Elite Male Youth
- Steeped in Buddhism
- Spiritual/Physical Training
- 5 Secular “Precepts”
- Major role in unification
Ideologically, belief and hope
that the youth were incarnations
of Maitreya
10
11. Buddhist Influence on Silla
Cakravartin Ideal
- Universal Ruler
- Emperor Ashoka as model
- Secular counterpart to Buddha
- Doctrine of Karma
- Power is legitimized
Ruler or king administers
benevolently and ethically, in Silla
context, according to Buddhist
ideology
11
12. Buddhist Influence on Silla
Queen Seondeok
27th Ruler of Silla
632 - 647 CE
Promulgated Buddhism
12
13. Hoguk Pulgyo
Promote Buddhism Protect the State
Temple Construction
Foreign Monks Invited
Religious/Political Appointments
Royalty Adopt Buddhist Names
Unity of Buddhism and State
Continuation of Dual Leadership
13
14. Buddhist Influence on Silla
Inadequacy of Shamanism
Buddhism helped justify and
legitimize power
Buddhist doctrine used to
centralize power, expand
territorially, and unify land
Accommodated indigenous
deities by reinterpretation of
existing legends
Observed outside
development
14
15. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo
918 - 1392 CE
Buddhism ascends to highest
prominence and state patronage
Buddhism used as political tool
Official state ideology and
religion
Tripitaka Koreana, Haein-sa 1251
15
16. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo
T’aejo Wanggon
Ruled 918 - 943 CE
“10 Rules of Exhortation”
Series of edicts that laid
foundation for strong relationship
with Buddhism
First dictate was to protect
Buddhism by building
monasteries, sponsoring festivals,
and dispatching abbots
16
17. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo
Samguk Yusa
13th Century
Historiographic collection
Complied by monk Il Yeon
Inspiration for Koyro Rulers
Buddhist Folktales pointed to
direct correlation between
Buddhism and the welfare of
the state
17
18. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo
“Two Wheels of Dharma”
Hoguk Pulgyo further justified
King is incorporated into a
Buddhist world vision and
given the role of promotor of
the Dharma
One wheel wielded by King,
other by the Buddha
Two wheels operate together
Not separate but
interdependent
18
19. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo
Monk Examination System
Bureaucratic Department
Parallel to Civil Servants
Serve government through
spiritual advice, ceremonies,
prayers for nation
Tax Exemption
Gradual transformation into
elite aristocratic organization
19
22. Suppression under Choson
State implements new policies
Monk License System
Confiscates Buddhist Property
Temple Conversion
Exile from Cities
Buddhism loses social respect
Hoguk Pulgyo diminishes
22
23. Japanese Colonial Rule
1910 - 1945
Buddhism vulnerable from
Choson suppression
Treaty of Amity 1876
Japanese subordinate Buddhism
City Ban is repealed
Increased Secularization
1926 - Married Abbots
23
24. Japanese Colonial Rule
Nationalist Movement
Anti-Religious Movement
Buddhism is Japanese Tool for
exploitation
Further fueled by those
sympathetic to Japanese
24
25. Buddhism and Westernization
Post World War II
Republic of Korea
Sungman Lee
‘Purification Reforms’
1954 - “Japanized Buddhists”
Marginalized non-celibate monks
1961 - Law for the Control of
Buddhist Properties
Police occupy temples
25
26. Buddhism and Westernization
1970s
Buddhism is Backwards
Monks drafted into Army
Accused of violating Precepts
Forced Allegiance to Government
Dissidents and Protestors Grow
26
27. Buddhism and Westernization
1980s - 1990s
Purged of ‘undesirable elements’
Temple Raiding
Brutalized Monks
Vandalization
Temple Burnings
27
28. Buddhism and Westernization
Lee Myung Bak
President Since 2008
Devout Christian (Presbyterian)
12:1
Accused of blind eye
TempleStay Budget Cuts
Jogye Order Severs Communication
‘Pray for Collapse’
28