4. NASA names 2012 most absurd movie ever
Published On Tue Jan 4 2011
• Even John Cusack couldn't save 2012 from being named the silliest science fiction movie of all time
by NASA and the Science and Entertainment Exchange., Sarah Millar, Toronto Star.
• NASA officials have named 2012 — the apocalyptic disaster flick released in 2009 —the silliest and
most scientifically flawed film. The honours were bestowed on the John Cusack movie at a
conference in California recently, according to a report in The Australian newspaper. And while
2012 took the top spot, there were many other contenders on the list. The Day After Tomorrow,
The Sixth Day, Armageddeon, The Core and The Volcano were also singled out for their scientific
shortcomings. 2012, NASA says, is the worst of the bunch. The film tells the story of the end of the
world, as forecasted by the Mayan calendar which ends Dec. 21, 2012. “The filmmakers took
advantage of public worries about the so‐called end of the world as apparently predicted by the
Mayans of Central America, whose calendar ends on December 21, 2012,” NASA senior researcher
Donald Yeomans told The Australian. “The agency is getting so many questions from people
terrified that the world is going to end in 2012 that we have had to put up a special website to
challenge the myths. We have never had to do this before.” One of the biggest issues with the film
was its use of neutrino particles, which 2012 depicts as being carried to the Earth on solar flares,
causing earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis. NASA says that while neutrino particles do exist and
have interacted with radio waves, they cannot interact with physical substances. The Day after
Tomorrow was panned for its depiction of an accelerated global warming. Armageddon, which
received NASA support — something the agency now regrets — also made the list. The Core (which
had asked for Yeomans to consult on the film, but was declined after he saw the script) was
criticized for its depiction of the Earth’s core. The Core was at the top of the list until 2012’s release.
It wasn’t all bad news, though. The U.S. government agency did give praise to films that managed to
get the science right — namely Blade Runner, Gattaca and Jurassic Park.
http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/article/915702‐‐nasa‐names‐2012‐most‐absurd‐movie‐ever
8. This is not fog…..
You can see “PM2.5”
遠方嶙峋的中央山脈的山腰(1000)公尺至大台中都會，一片迷濛，遁入雲霧中。
這裡，一年平均兩天當中，就有一天如此。這看似詩意的景象，背後卻有個你不
知道的秘密──造成朦朧效果的，不是大自然的幻化，而是不折不扣的工業污染物
「... PM2.5
Taichung City (2002-10-9 , PM2.5 = 22 g/m3)
9. Visibility in Taichung City
30
Visibility (km)
15
0
1960 1967 1974 1980 1987 1994 2001 2008
year
11. PM2.5>35 ug/m3, we can’t see the
mountain
1) 2003.6.13, Tsaotun 2) 2005.9.20, Tsaotun
(O3 PSI=32, PM10 PSI=30, (O3 PSI=101, PM10 PSI =
PM2.5 =16 μg/m3) 69,
PM2.5 =47 μg/m3)
KPP will decrease visibility more than 200 m photo by王國翹
12. Pope, C. Arden III, Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D.,
Ito, k., Thurston, G. D., 2002. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality,
and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of
the American Medical Association, 287 (9), 1132-1141.
Each 10-μg/m3 elevation in
fine particulate air pollution
was associated with
approximately a 4%, 6%, 8%,
and 1% increased risk of all-
cause, cardiopulmonary, lung
cancer mortality, and others
respectively.
23. PM2.5 與壽命有很大之關係。
Pope, III, C. Arden Ph.D., Majid Ezzati, Ph.D., and Douglas W. Dockery, Sc.D. 2009. Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life
Expectancy in the United States. Volume 360:376-386 January 22, 2009
24. PM2.5改善與壽命增長之關係
A decrease of 10 μg per cubic meter in the concentration of fine
particulate matter was associated with an estimated increase in mean
(±SE) life expectancy of 0.61±0.20 year (P = 0.004).
PM2.5濃度
每降10
ug/m3，增
加了全美平
均壽命的
0.61 歲。
34. TW ESM (ECHAM/SIT/DIECAST)
Model Description (Current Status)
• ECHAM5.4.00 is AGCM, running at various resolutions. A high-resolution
global earth system model (ESM) (~ 63 km resolution) is used in here.
• DIECAST is OGCM. It is a 3-D global ocean model with 2 degree/T31-
T213 in the equator, covering the latitude from 60 degree S to 60 degree N,
with 31 levels.
• SIT is a one-column snow/ice/ocean model with 41-level ocean+ 2-level
ice + 2-level snow. It reads surface energy fluxes and wind stress from
AGCM, and reads below surface (> 10 m depth) water temperature,
salinity, current from OGCM. Then, it computes SST. Then, it passes SST
to drive AGCM and OGCM. It has 12 layers in the upper 10 m of ocean.
(Tu and Tsuang, GRL, 2005; Lan et al., TAO, 2010)
34
41. Ocean heat content is increasing!
(Ishii and Kimoto, J. Oceanography, 2009)
41
42. Accumulated precipitation ( in mm and for an area with a radius of 5
degrees) along the track of the HTV for C20 and C21(T213)
HTVs reaching >33ms-1
C20
Total
increase
30% C21
MPI for Meteorology (Bengtsson, 2006)
Hamburg
42
44. Global SST Anomaly (0C) and Anomaly Tendency
- El Nino conditions (NINO 3.4 > 0.5oC) continued
in the tropical Pacific.
- Weak negative PDO-like SST pattern in North
Pacific persisted.
- Positive SSTA in the western and eastern tropical
Indian Ocean continued.
- A tripole SSTA pattern presented in North
Atlantic.
- Positive SSTA in the central-eastern equatorial
Pacific strengthened.
- SSTA decreased along the west coast of North
America.
- Positive SSTA in the central and western tropical
Indian Ocean weakened.
- SSTA tendency in North Atlantic has a tripole
pattern.
- SSTA decreased along the equatorial Atlantic.
Fig. G1. Sea surface temperature anomalies (top) and anomaly tendency (bottom). Data are derived from the NCEP OI SST
analysis, and anomalies are departures from the 1971-2000 base period means.
45. Global SSH/HC Anomaly (cm/oC ) and Anomaly Tendency
- Negative PDO-like pattern presented in SSHA and HCA in the North Pacific.
- Positive SSHA and HCA presented along a narrow equatorial belt, consistent with the weak El Nino conditions.
- SSHA and HCA were largely consistent except in the tropical Indian Ocean where biases in GODAS HC climatology were large
(not shown).
- Tendency of SSHA and HCA was largely consistent except in the Gulf of Mexico where observations were sparse.
Fig. G2. Sea surface height anomalies (SSHA, top left), SSHA tendency (bottom left), top 300m heat content
anomalies (HCA, top right), and HCA tendency (bottom right). SSHA are derived from
http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com, and HCA from GODAS.
46. Does Kuroshio play the role?
SST play a role, while 0-100m ocean temp play the role.
55‐m Ocean Temp 105‐m Ocean Temp
NCEP Global Ocean Data Assimilation System (GODAS)
(http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/GODAS/)
46
54. Major Findings
• 颱風像地震一樣，地震釋放累積 在地殼 的能量。而海洋等待颱風以釋放累積
在海洋之能量。
• 21世紀之颱風次數會較少，但強度會增強。
• Kuroshio-Typhoon interaction and the warming trend of ocean heat content are
important mechanisms, causing the casualty rainfall in S. Taiwan.
• The evaporated water within 10 deg-E./S.E. from Taiwan is the source of the water.
• Warm water carried by Kuroshio provides the additional energy for the evaporation.
• From the genesis (formation) to the growth stage, typhoon acts like a hungry
monster searching for food (energy, or high SST). It tracks the routes with high
SST. After it moves to the fertilization zone (regions with SST > 30 degree C), the
energy in the ocean will be “consumed” by the typhoon so that the typhoon will
grow even stronger with decreasing SST. When there is little food (SST > 30 degree
C) left, the typhoon cannot grow anymore. Then, the dynamics of the typhoon and
its surrounding atmosphere structures plays a key role to determine the typhoon
tracks further. The above features are validated by satellite microwave SST data.
54
