The document summarizes a report by researchers at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) analyzing the outcomes of the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro. It notes that Brazil proposed a compromise text to avoid failure, but it reflected the lowest common denominator. Key institutional reforms for sustainable development proposed at Rio+20, like upgrading UNEP, were weakened due to resistance from some countries. The conference established a process to develop new Sustainable Development Goals by 2015 but provided few concrete commitments.
Geopolitical Map of REDD+ Negotiation: An Analytical ReportFitrian Ardiansyah
This report on "Geopolitical Map of REDD+ Negotiation: An Analytical Report" is prepared by Pelangi Indonesia as commissioned by the UN-REDD Programme in Indonesia. The writing team consists of Fitrian Ardiansyah, Melati, Boyke Lakaseru, Reza Anggara and Yasmi Adriansyah. This report presents an analysis to stimulate discussion on the geopolitical situation of REDD+ negotiation at the global level. The views expressed are entirely of Pelangi Indonesia and the writing team’s own and not that of the UN-REDD Indonesia Programme or the Government of the Republic of Indonesia.
The document discusses the evolution of international agreements on climate change from the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to the Paris Agreement in 2015. It outlines key developments and decisions at conferences of parties, including establishing the Bali Roadmap in 2007, the Copenhagen Accord in 2009 which did not reach a binding agreement, and the Doha Amendment in 2012 which established a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol. Finally, it summarizes India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution which it communicated in 2015, including targets to reduce emissions intensity and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
US-China Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020sEnergy for One World
The United States and China recognize the seriousness of the climate crisis based on scientific reports. They commit to tackling it through accelerated climate actions and cooperation under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C. Specifically, both countries intend to:
1) Cooperate on policies and technologies to reduce emissions such as electric vehicles and carbon capture.
2) Develop plans to significantly reduce methane emissions through measurement, policies, and research cooperation.
3) Collaborate on transitioning to renewable and efficient electricity including through supporting intermittent renewables and transmission.
The document summarizes the key points in negotiations leading up to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. It discusses how the negotiations have changed significantly from the Kyoto Protocol approach of binding emissions targets for countries. Now, countries submit voluntary emission reduction contributions. It outlines some of the major issues still under debate, including whether developing countries will receive differentiated treatment and how countries' contributions will be measured and reviewed. The document also analyzes the positions and expected contributions of major country blocs and emitters, such as the EU, US, China, and BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India, China). For COP21 to succeed, agreements must be reached on the form of countries' contributions
SAICM conference speech current_mh final feb 5Felix Dodds
The document discusses the challenges of managing chemicals and waste in the context of achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It provides a brief history of international agreements related to chemicals and waste, and describes how the Sustainable Development Goals address these issues. It emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and financing in achieving the goals for chemicals and waste by 2030.
responding to the challenge of climate change 101224RMIT University
The document summarizes key points about responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of transitioning to low-carbon societies through individual and collective actions.
At un climate talks, china and the us pledge to increase cooperationaditi agarwal
The U.S. And China can even revive a working institution so one can meet regularly to deal with the climate disaster and strengthen the multilateral procedure
The document provides an overview of global and national interactions related to climate change politics. At the global level, it discusses the key players in producing climate change evidence like the IPCC and scientific journals. It also outlines several important international agreements on climate change like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. At the national level, it examines the climate policies and commitments of governments in countries like the US, China, Canada, and Australia at both the federal and state/provincial levels. It provides details on the key climate plans and initiatives of these different governments.
Geopolitical Map of REDD+ Negotiation: An Analytical ReportFitrian Ardiansyah
This report on "Geopolitical Map of REDD+ Negotiation: An Analytical Report" is prepared by Pelangi Indonesia as commissioned by the UN-REDD Programme in Indonesia. The writing team consists of Fitrian Ardiansyah, Melati, Boyke Lakaseru, Reza Anggara and Yasmi Adriansyah. This report presents an analysis to stimulate discussion on the geopolitical situation of REDD+ negotiation at the global level. The views expressed are entirely of Pelangi Indonesia and the writing team’s own and not that of the UN-REDD Indonesia Programme or the Government of the Republic of Indonesia.
The document discusses the evolution of international agreements on climate change from the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to the Paris Agreement in 2015. It outlines key developments and decisions at conferences of parties, including establishing the Bali Roadmap in 2007, the Copenhagen Accord in 2009 which did not reach a binding agreement, and the Doha Amendment in 2012 which established a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol. Finally, it summarizes India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution which it communicated in 2015, including targets to reduce emissions intensity and increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
US-China Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020sEnergy for One World
The United States and China recognize the seriousness of the climate crisis based on scientific reports. They commit to tackling it through accelerated climate actions and cooperation under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees C. Specifically, both countries intend to:
1) Cooperate on policies and technologies to reduce emissions such as electric vehicles and carbon capture.
2) Develop plans to significantly reduce methane emissions through measurement, policies, and research cooperation.
3) Collaborate on transitioning to renewable and efficient electricity including through supporting intermittent renewables and transmission.
The document summarizes the key points in negotiations leading up to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. It discusses how the negotiations have changed significantly from the Kyoto Protocol approach of binding emissions targets for countries. Now, countries submit voluntary emission reduction contributions. It outlines some of the major issues still under debate, including whether developing countries will receive differentiated treatment and how countries' contributions will be measured and reviewed. The document also analyzes the positions and expected contributions of major country blocs and emitters, such as the EU, US, China, and BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India, China). For COP21 to succeed, agreements must be reached on the form of countries' contributions
SAICM conference speech current_mh final feb 5Felix Dodds
The document discusses the challenges of managing chemicals and waste in the context of achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It provides a brief history of international agreements related to chemicals and waste, and describes how the Sustainable Development Goals address these issues. It emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder partnerships and financing in achieving the goals for chemicals and waste by 2030.
responding to the challenge of climate change 101224RMIT University
The document summarizes key points about responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of transitioning to low-carbon societies through individual and collective actions.
At un climate talks, china and the us pledge to increase cooperationaditi agarwal
The U.S. And China can even revive a working institution so one can meet regularly to deal with the climate disaster and strengthen the multilateral procedure
The document provides an overview of global and national interactions related to climate change politics. At the global level, it discusses the key players in producing climate change evidence like the IPCC and scientific journals. It also outlines several important international agreements on climate change like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. At the national level, it examines the climate policies and commitments of governments in countries like the US, China, Canada, and Australia at both the federal and state/provincial levels. It provides details on the key climate plans and initiatives of these different governments.
New agreement and key considerations (Paris climate agreement)IIED
This is a presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the draft Paris climate package and key considerations at country level.
The presentation was made at the UNEP Southeast Asia Network of Climate Change Offices (SEAN-CC) workshop in Bangkok and the UNEP Central Asia Pre-COP workshop in Almaty on 2 and 5 November 2015 respectively.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
This document discusses SDG 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production. It provides the targets for SDG 12, including reducing food waste, managing chemicals and waste, increasing recycling rates, and promoting sustainable practices. It also discusses the timeline for achieving some of the SDG 12 targets between 2017-2025. Some targets may need updating if they fall between the initial measurement periods. Additional indicators may also be needed to fully measure the goals. National and international reporting will be important to track progress on SDG 12.
International cooperation and development: a conceptual overviewIra Tobing
Any credible claim to implement an agenda for global development – such as currently discussed in the post-2015 process – will require integrating the broader framework of
international cooperation into this effort. A wide, but vague consensus that global framework conditions matter for development has already existed in past development debates. However, good resolutions such as MDG 8 for a global partnership have shown insufficient progress in practice. This paper reviews key aspects of the relationship between international cooperation and development at a conceptual level. Drawing on a distinction between domestic and global public goods as enablers and goals of development, the paper first illustrates the role of international cooperation and its interdependence with domestic action. The framework identifies contact points in the relationship between global and domestic action and goals with the categories of provision, support, access and preservation. The second part of the paper reviews key concepts of patterns of international cooperation that represent the elements of the global governance framework to which a broadening development agenda needs to link up more strongly. Overall, the conceptual review underlines that the question of how international cooperation works has moved to the centre of development studies. Yet, an even bigger challenge than achieving cooperation in the first place might be to steer the complex architecture and processes of international cooperation towards contributing to a global agenda for development.
This document discusses the developments in international climate change negotiations from 1979 to 2009. It outlines the key outcomes and paradigms during different time periods. It also discusses the issues being negotiated at the 2009 Copenhagen conference, including long-term emissions reduction targets, targets for developed countries, commitments from developing countries, financial mechanisms, and reducing deforestation. The document argues that the pledges from developed countries to reduce emissions are conditional and allow many loopholes. There are also concerns about how commitments from developing countries will be implemented and whether actions will actually be taken.
What are the prospects for a climate agreementSteve Baines
The document discusses the prospects for a climate agreement in 2015 and its likely legal form. It provides an overview of the history of climate negotiations, the Paris negotiation process, major negotiating blocks, the role of INDCs, key issues being negotiated like mitigation targets, finance, and transparency, and insights into the legal framework. It conjectures that the agreement will be a hybrid containing both binding and non-binding elements, with transparency and review processes potentially being more binding than national commitments. The agreement will aim to ratchet up ambition over time through regular reviews, but current contributions are still insufficient to meet climate objectives.
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe giving an introduction to the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programme’s Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
The document discusses the role of international carbon markets in helping countries achieve their net-zero emissions targets. It finds that most countries do not specify how they intend to use carbon markets. Those that do are adopting different approaches. The suitability of different types of carbon credit activities is also examined, finding some like emission removal technologies are well-suited while others like avoided deforestation have limitations. Risks of overreliance on carbon markets are also discussed, as are perspectives of seller and buyer countries.
2.1b nap sdg i frame overview june 2018 set 2NAP Events
The document presents an Integrative Framework for aligning National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It describes how the objectives of NAPs and the global goal on adaptation in the Paris Agreement relate to sustainable development. The framework identifies SDG targets related to climate change adaptation and classifies them as high-level objectives, specific outcomes, or guiding principles. It then outlines steps to develop a country-specific list of development goals and targets from the SDGs and other frameworks to assess systems vulnerable to climate hazards and implement adaptation actions that achieve both development and adaptation goals.
This document provides a summary of key outcomes and issues from COP20, the 2014 UN climate change conference in Lima, Peru. The main points are:
- COP20 adopted the "Lima Call for Climate Action" to guide negotiations toward a 2015 agreement in Paris. It established a process for countries to submit climate action plans and enhance pre-2020 ambition.
- Momentum was growing heading into COP20 due to new climate commitments from the EU, US, and China. However, submitted country commitments are still not sufficient to close the emissions gap identified by the UN.
- There was discussion of enhancing the long-term vision to achieve net zero emissions globally by 2050, but no agreement was reached
The document summarizes the G20 and Rio+20 summits that took place in 2012. The G20 summit was held in Mexico in June 2012 and brought together leaders from 20 major economies to discuss issues affecting the global economy such as financial reforms and food security. The Rio+20 summit was a UN conference in Brazil that focused on sustainable development, with goals of securing political commitment and addressing new challenges to economic growth, social improvement, and environmental protection. Over 190 nations participated in discussions around topics like the green economy and sustainable production/consumption. The outcomes included agreement to develop sustainable development goals and explore alternatives to GDP.
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
This document discusses many open questions regarding establishing a post-2012 framework for international cooperation on climate change. It questions what the future of the Kyoto Protocol will be, whether new emission reduction goals and timelines are needed, how to fairly allocate responsibilities between developed and developing countries, how to mobilize sufficient financing for mitigation and adaptation, and what form any new agreements should take.
The document summarizes the SSMUN simulation of the Durban Climate Change Conference. The conference is the 17th annual UN conference to negotiate measures to limit global warming. Key issues to be addressed include continuing or replacing the Kyoto Protocol, long-term emission reduction goals, and balancing obligations between developed and developing countries. Participants will represent countries and organizations to develop positions and compromise on outcomes to guide the world's response to climate change challenges.
Oxford-NRDC workshop. Memo. What has been said in the UNFCCCPriyanka DeSouza
This document summarizes statements from UNFCCC parties and observers regarding subnational and non-state actions, multi-stakeholder alliances, and other international cooperative initiatives in the UNFCCC process. It finds that discussion of these topics is growing, with parties and observers largely positive toward such actions but providing few details. It also notes that parties emphasize subnational actions must not substitute for or contribute to national commitments, and must not impose new obligations on developing countries. The document reviews statements from various parties and observers and includes two appendices, one listing relevant quotes and one containing the ADP co-chairs' draft text on subnational actions.
Wicked problems like climate change are complex issues with contradictory information and differing views that make them difficult to resolve. Climate change negotiations have been slow and uneven, but the upcoming COP21 conference in Paris aims to reach a robust global agreement. While opinions still differ on key issues, climate diplomacy has evolved over time to incorporate pragmatic approaches like voluntary commitments instead of binding limits, engagement with major emitters, pursuing climate action through multiple channels, and separating divisive issues to allow progress in other areas. These flexible approaches seek to avoid stalemates and facilitate ongoing efforts to address climate change, one of the most challenging wicked problems.
BASD Contribution to the Rio+20 Compilation Documentuncsd2012
This document provides an overview of the Business Action for Sustainable Development's (BASD) perspective on the two main themes of the upcoming Rio+20 Conference: 1) green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, and 2) institutional framework for sustainable development. The BASD argues that the private sector has a key role to play in helping achieve sustainable development goals. They outline 10 key points that should be addressed in the Rio+20 outcome related to catalyzing private sector action toward a green economy. They also provide 4 points related to improving the international institutional framework for sustainable development.
Rio+20 Issues brief - Trade and Green Economyuncsd2012
This document discusses the trade implications of transitioning to a green economy, including potential policy measures countries may take that could impact trade flows. It analyzes various regulatory, fiscal, and capacity building measures that countries are considering and assesses their compatibility with existing WTO rules. The document suggests approaches to address concerns about these measures, such as international harmonization of standards, reforming subsidies rules to support renewable energy, and providing trade facilitation and financing to developing countries for green sectors.
#WCIP2014 IASG - thematic paper traditional knowledge rev1Dr Lendy Spires
Indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge plays an important role in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. There is growing recognition of the links between traditional knowledge, sustainable use of biological resources, and addressing issues like climate change and biodiversity loss. However, more work is still needed to strengthen the protection of traditional knowledge and ensure the effective participation of indigenous peoples in relevant policy processes. International frameworks and scientific assessments have made progress in incorporating traditional knowledge, but continued efforts are needed to support transmission of knowledge between generations and its contributions to global challenges.
This document reviews existing financial capability, inclusion, and consumer protection surveys around the world. It aims to identify key measurement approaches that policymakers and researchers can reference when designing their own surveys. The review focuses on 20 surveys that measure concepts related to financial literacy, inclusion, and consumer protection on the demand side (households and individuals). It provides an overview of policy objectives, concepts, questions, and methodological considerations to help inform the development of new surveys.
The UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples visited New Caledonia in February 2011 and Paris in June 2011 to examine the human rights situation of the Kanak people. The report provides observations and recommendations based on meetings with Kanak communities, French and New Caledonian officials, and independent research. It finds that while the Noumea Accord recognizes Kanak identity and culture, obstacles remain to full enjoyment of Kanak rights due to the legacy of colonialism, including persistent socioeconomic disparities and issues around lands, resources, language, and political participation. The report calls for strengthening the legal framework and continued efforts to advance Kanak rights in the decolonization process.
This document summarizes a conference held by the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples regarding the situation of the Sami people, who live in the Sápmi region spanning Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Representatives of Sami parliaments and governments discussed cross-border issues affecting the Sami. Key topics included Sami self-determination, land and resource rights, youth issues, and implementing UN recommendations. The Special Rapporteur noted that while governments expressed commitment to Sami rights, overcoming historical discrimination will require serious efforts. A proposed Sami convention could help strengthen protections if negotiations restart with full Sami and government participation.
New agreement and key considerations (Paris climate agreement)IIED
This is a presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the draft Paris climate package and key considerations at country level.
The presentation was made at the UNEP Southeast Asia Network of Climate Change Offices (SEAN-CC) workshop in Bangkok and the UNEP Central Asia Pre-COP workshop in Almaty on 2 and 5 November 2015 respectively.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
This document discusses SDG 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production. It provides the targets for SDG 12, including reducing food waste, managing chemicals and waste, increasing recycling rates, and promoting sustainable practices. It also discusses the timeline for achieving some of the SDG 12 targets between 2017-2025. Some targets may need updating if they fall between the initial measurement periods. Additional indicators may also be needed to fully measure the goals. National and international reporting will be important to track progress on SDG 12.
International cooperation and development: a conceptual overviewIra Tobing
Any credible claim to implement an agenda for global development – such as currently discussed in the post-2015 process – will require integrating the broader framework of
international cooperation into this effort. A wide, but vague consensus that global framework conditions matter for development has already existed in past development debates. However, good resolutions such as MDG 8 for a global partnership have shown insufficient progress in practice. This paper reviews key aspects of the relationship between international cooperation and development at a conceptual level. Drawing on a distinction between domestic and global public goods as enablers and goals of development, the paper first illustrates the role of international cooperation and its interdependence with domestic action. The framework identifies contact points in the relationship between global and domestic action and goals with the categories of provision, support, access and preservation. The second part of the paper reviews key concepts of patterns of international cooperation that represent the elements of the global governance framework to which a broadening development agenda needs to link up more strongly. Overall, the conceptual review underlines that the question of how international cooperation works has moved to the centre of development studies. Yet, an even bigger challenge than achieving cooperation in the first place might be to steer the complex architecture and processes of international cooperation towards contributing to a global agenda for development.
This document discusses the developments in international climate change negotiations from 1979 to 2009. It outlines the key outcomes and paradigms during different time periods. It also discusses the issues being negotiated at the 2009 Copenhagen conference, including long-term emissions reduction targets, targets for developed countries, commitments from developing countries, financial mechanisms, and reducing deforestation. The document argues that the pledges from developed countries to reduce emissions are conditional and allow many loopholes. There are also concerns about how commitments from developing countries will be implemented and whether actions will actually be taken.
What are the prospects for a climate agreementSteve Baines
The document discusses the prospects for a climate agreement in 2015 and its likely legal form. It provides an overview of the history of climate negotiations, the Paris negotiation process, major negotiating blocks, the role of INDCs, key issues being negotiated like mitigation targets, finance, and transparency, and insights into the legal framework. It conjectures that the agreement will be a hybrid containing both binding and non-binding elements, with transparency and review processes potentially being more binding than national commitments. The agreement will aim to ratchet up ambition over time through regular reviews, but current contributions are still insufficient to meet climate objectives.
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe giving an introduction to the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programme’s Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
The document discusses the role of international carbon markets in helping countries achieve their net-zero emissions targets. It finds that most countries do not specify how they intend to use carbon markets. Those that do are adopting different approaches. The suitability of different types of carbon credit activities is also examined, finding some like emission removal technologies are well-suited while others like avoided deforestation have limitations. Risks of overreliance on carbon markets are also discussed, as are perspectives of seller and buyer countries.
2.1b nap sdg i frame overview june 2018 set 2NAP Events
The document presents an Integrative Framework for aligning National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It describes how the objectives of NAPs and the global goal on adaptation in the Paris Agreement relate to sustainable development. The framework identifies SDG targets related to climate change adaptation and classifies them as high-level objectives, specific outcomes, or guiding principles. It then outlines steps to develop a country-specific list of development goals and targets from the SDGs and other frameworks to assess systems vulnerable to climate hazards and implement adaptation actions that achieve both development and adaptation goals.
This document provides a summary of key outcomes and issues from COP20, the 2014 UN climate change conference in Lima, Peru. The main points are:
- COP20 adopted the "Lima Call for Climate Action" to guide negotiations toward a 2015 agreement in Paris. It established a process for countries to submit climate action plans and enhance pre-2020 ambition.
- Momentum was growing heading into COP20 due to new climate commitments from the EU, US, and China. However, submitted country commitments are still not sufficient to close the emissions gap identified by the UN.
- There was discussion of enhancing the long-term vision to achieve net zero emissions globally by 2050, but no agreement was reached
The document summarizes the G20 and Rio+20 summits that took place in 2012. The G20 summit was held in Mexico in June 2012 and brought together leaders from 20 major economies to discuss issues affecting the global economy such as financial reforms and food security. The Rio+20 summit was a UN conference in Brazil that focused on sustainable development, with goals of securing political commitment and addressing new challenges to economic growth, social improvement, and environmental protection. Over 190 nations participated in discussions around topics like the green economy and sustainable production/consumption. The outcomes included agreement to develop sustainable development goals and explore alternatives to GDP.
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
This document discusses many open questions regarding establishing a post-2012 framework for international cooperation on climate change. It questions what the future of the Kyoto Protocol will be, whether new emission reduction goals and timelines are needed, how to fairly allocate responsibilities between developed and developing countries, how to mobilize sufficient financing for mitigation and adaptation, and what form any new agreements should take.
The document summarizes the SSMUN simulation of the Durban Climate Change Conference. The conference is the 17th annual UN conference to negotiate measures to limit global warming. Key issues to be addressed include continuing or replacing the Kyoto Protocol, long-term emission reduction goals, and balancing obligations between developed and developing countries. Participants will represent countries and organizations to develop positions and compromise on outcomes to guide the world's response to climate change challenges.
Oxford-NRDC workshop. Memo. What has been said in the UNFCCCPriyanka DeSouza
This document summarizes statements from UNFCCC parties and observers regarding subnational and non-state actions, multi-stakeholder alliances, and other international cooperative initiatives in the UNFCCC process. It finds that discussion of these topics is growing, with parties and observers largely positive toward such actions but providing few details. It also notes that parties emphasize subnational actions must not substitute for or contribute to national commitments, and must not impose new obligations on developing countries. The document reviews statements from various parties and observers and includes two appendices, one listing relevant quotes and one containing the ADP co-chairs' draft text on subnational actions.
Wicked problems like climate change are complex issues with contradictory information and differing views that make them difficult to resolve. Climate change negotiations have been slow and uneven, but the upcoming COP21 conference in Paris aims to reach a robust global agreement. While opinions still differ on key issues, climate diplomacy has evolved over time to incorporate pragmatic approaches like voluntary commitments instead of binding limits, engagement with major emitters, pursuing climate action through multiple channels, and separating divisive issues to allow progress in other areas. These flexible approaches seek to avoid stalemates and facilitate ongoing efforts to address climate change, one of the most challenging wicked problems.
BASD Contribution to the Rio+20 Compilation Documentuncsd2012
This document provides an overview of the Business Action for Sustainable Development's (BASD) perspective on the two main themes of the upcoming Rio+20 Conference: 1) green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, and 2) institutional framework for sustainable development. The BASD argues that the private sector has a key role to play in helping achieve sustainable development goals. They outline 10 key points that should be addressed in the Rio+20 outcome related to catalyzing private sector action toward a green economy. They also provide 4 points related to improving the international institutional framework for sustainable development.
Rio+20 Issues brief - Trade and Green Economyuncsd2012
This document discusses the trade implications of transitioning to a green economy, including potential policy measures countries may take that could impact trade flows. It analyzes various regulatory, fiscal, and capacity building measures that countries are considering and assesses their compatibility with existing WTO rules. The document suggests approaches to address concerns about these measures, such as international harmonization of standards, reforming subsidies rules to support renewable energy, and providing trade facilitation and financing to developing countries for green sectors.
#WCIP2014 IASG - thematic paper traditional knowledge rev1Dr Lendy Spires
Indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge plays an important role in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. There is growing recognition of the links between traditional knowledge, sustainable use of biological resources, and addressing issues like climate change and biodiversity loss. However, more work is still needed to strengthen the protection of traditional knowledge and ensure the effective participation of indigenous peoples in relevant policy processes. International frameworks and scientific assessments have made progress in incorporating traditional knowledge, but continued efforts are needed to support transmission of knowledge between generations and its contributions to global challenges.
This document reviews existing financial capability, inclusion, and consumer protection surveys around the world. It aims to identify key measurement approaches that policymakers and researchers can reference when designing their own surveys. The review focuses on 20 surveys that measure concepts related to financial literacy, inclusion, and consumer protection on the demand side (households and individuals). It provides an overview of policy objectives, concepts, questions, and methodological considerations to help inform the development of new surveys.
The UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples visited New Caledonia in February 2011 and Paris in June 2011 to examine the human rights situation of the Kanak people. The report provides observations and recommendations based on meetings with Kanak communities, French and New Caledonian officials, and independent research. It finds that while the Noumea Accord recognizes Kanak identity and culture, obstacles remain to full enjoyment of Kanak rights due to the legacy of colonialism, including persistent socioeconomic disparities and issues around lands, resources, language, and political participation. The report calls for strengthening the legal framework and continued efforts to advance Kanak rights in the decolonization process.
This document summarizes a conference held by the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples regarding the situation of the Sami people, who live in the Sápmi region spanning Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Representatives of Sami parliaments and governments discussed cross-border issues affecting the Sami. Key topics included Sami self-determination, land and resource rights, youth issues, and implementing UN recommendations. The Special Rapporteur noted that while governments expressed commitment to Sami rights, overcoming historical discrimination will require serious efforts. A proposed Sami convention could help strengthen protections if negotiations restart with full Sami and government participation.
The Economic Development in Africa report analyses selected aspects of Africa´s development problems and major policy issues confronting African countries.
The document introduces CRISIL Inclusix, an index developed by CRISIL to measure financial inclusion in India at the district level. It was created with support from the Ministry of Finance and Reserve Bank of India. The index combines three parameters - branch penetration, deposit penetration, and credit penetration - to provide an overall score between 0-100. The first report presents scores for 632 districts over 2009-2011. The index aims to help policymakers and banks track progress on financial inclusion and identify areas that need improvement. Key findings include that deposit penetration currently drives inclusion in India, and that focus is needed on improving branch presence and credit availability especially in lower-scoring districts.
This document provides a landscaping report on financial inclusion in Russia. It discusses the demand for and usage of formal financial services in Russia, noting that remote, rural, older and lower-income populations face greater financial exclusion. It also examines the supply landscape, including banks, microfinance institutions, payment service providers and financial infrastructure/initiatives. Key challenges include expanding access to underserved areas, improving financial literacy and consumer protections, and determining the long-term impacts of recent legislation on financial inclusion. The report aims to analyze opportunities and recommendations to further advance financial inclusion in Russia.
Smallholder family farmers produce most of the world's food but remain poor. Investing in smallholder family farmers has large potential returns and is critical for reducing poverty and achieving food security and sustainable development. IFAD has invested over $15 billion empowering over 410 million rural people. Continued investment is needed in key areas like infrastructure, research, and risk mitigation to help family farmers improve productivity and incomes while strengthening food systems, communities, and the environment.
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI): Voluntary Codes of ...Dr Lendy Spires
The document discusses the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a voluntary code of conduct that aims to promote transparency in how revenues from extractive industries like oil, gas and mining are collected and used in developing countries. It examines Nigeria's implementation of the EITI to assess if it meaningfully increases transparency and accountability or just deflects criticism. The EITI seeks to encourage resource-rich developing nations to use extractive revenues to reduce poverty rather than enrich corrupt officials, but codes of conduct have limitations and don't replace the need for legislation and regulation.
The document is a progress chart assessing progress towards targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) across various world regions. It shows the status of indicators related to reducing poverty, improving health and education, and increasing access to resources like water and sanitation. For each development goal, the chart provides a color-coded assessment of each region's progress toward meeting targets by 2015, with green indicating a target has been or will be met and red meaning progress is insufficient. The chart is intended to monitor global progress in achieving the time-bound development targets agreed upon by UN member states in 2000.
This document discusses microfinance institutions' (MFIs) role in financing small enterprises. It defines small enterprises as having 5-20 employees, family-owned and operated, with mostly family labor. The financial needs of small enterprises are diverse but often include short-term loans, savings, and long-term debt as they grow. MFIs are increasingly serving small businesses as it offers growth opportunities and allows them to continue serving some growing microclients. However, small enterprises represent a heterogeneous group that requires more sophisticated customer service and risk assessment approaches.
This document discusses enhancing financial inclusion through Islamic finance. It argues that Islamic principles support economic development and social justice, with property rights focused on inclusion rather than exclusion. Two pillars can enhance financial inclusion: risk-sharing financing models like microfinance and redistribution institutions like zakat. Some countries could alleviate poverty simply with proper zakat collection and management. The document recommends institutionalizing redistributive instruments, developing supportive regulations, ensuring a level playing field for Islamic microfinance and SMEs, strengthening financial infrastructure, and exploring hybrid and engineered financial solutions.
The document summarizes the report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples regarding their fact-finding mission to the Republic of Congo. The report examines the extreme social, economic, political and cultural marginalization faced by indigenous groups such as the Baaka and Mbendjele peoples. It discusses issues such as discrimination, labor exploitation, poverty, lack of access to education, health services, civil registry and political participation. The report also outlines recent initiatives by the government and others to promote indigenous rights, but notes challenges in implementing these initiatives and applying related laws. It concludes by making recommendations to further protect and advance indigenous peoples' rights in Congo.
The document summarizes a student's research paper on strategies for the upcoming COP21 climate conference in Paris. It discusses the failures of the Kyoto Protocol to meaningfully reduce global emissions due to lack of participation from major emitters like the US and China. The student argues COP21 should focus on creating voluntary, specific emission guidelines for all countries to encourage widespread adoption and pressure the US to participate. This may elevate the agreement to a universal law.
The European Commissioner for Environment provided a statement on the outcome of the Rio+20 conference. [1] While the EU had hoped for a more ambitious outcome, the Commissioner acknowledged that the document still remains close to EU objectives and provides a basis for further work. [2] Key aspects of the outcome included recognition of the green economy, measures beyond GDP, stronger social aspects, and the role of civil society and private sector. [3] The EU worked to make the text more operational through proposed goals and targets, and the decision to develop Sustainable Development Goals was an important outcome.
The COP22 climate summit in Marrakech was dominated by the unexpected result of the US election. While countries reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement, there was concern about potential impacts on momentum. Quantitative analysis found the US target withdrawal would only slightly reduce expected global emissions reductions. However, the symbolic message is more important. Outside of negotiations, countries and businesses highlighted ongoing climate action plans and initiatives.
The international community finds itself in a situation where existing climate change regimes like the Kyoto Protocol have failed to make meaningful progress, promoted competitiveness over collaboration, and have not balanced climate mitigation with economic development needs. This has stalled negotiations for a new overarching agreement despite the urgency of climate change.
To address these shortcomings, the document recommends a non-binding voluntary agreement with national emission reduction targets. It also proposes an independent monitoring mission and supervisory board to assist states with mitigation and adaptation efforts and facilitate cooperation between developed and developing countries. Previous successful policies show that environmental protection and economic growth can go hand in hand.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and has been ratified by over 190 countries. The key points are:
- The Protocol sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized nations that collectively aim to reduce emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States initially participated but withdrew from the treaty in 2001, citing economic concerns and the lack of participation of developing nations.
- The Kyoto Protocol represents an international effort to address the issue of global climate change through legally binding emissions reduction targets.
Remarks at the IDFC meeting Paris 31 March 2015Dr Lendy Spires
The UN Assistant Secretary-General outlined the UN Secretary-General's strategy for mobilizing climate finance ahead of the Paris climate negotiations in December 2015. The strategy focuses on delivering five essential elements: 1) Developed countries providing $100B annually by 2020, 2) The Green Climate Fund approving projects and disbursing funds, 3) Support for economic drivers of low-carbon growth, 4) Delivery of private sector finance commitments from the 2014 UN Climate Summit, and 5) A finance package for least developed and small island developing states. The Assistant Secretary-General urged representatives of development finance institutions to show leadership in moving the world to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.
The document provides updates on climate change negotiations and policies. It discusses:
1) The findings of the UN's first global stocktake report under the Paris Agreement, which concluded the world is not on track to meet its goals of limiting warming to 2°C.
2) Details agreed for the new Loss and Damage Fund for developing countries, including that it will be hosted by the World Bank for 4 years.
3) Stakeholder consultations being held by India's Bureau of Energy Efficiency on draft rules for implementing its domestic carbon market.
4) Key policies adopted by China to revamp its national carbon market, including stricter monitoring and a unified trading platform.
Voluntary commitments and partnerships for sustainable development are multi-stakeholder initiatives voluntarily undertaken by Governments, intergovernmental organizations, major groups and others that aim to contribute to the implementation of intergovernmentally agreed sustainable development goals and commitments in the Rio+20 outcome document “The Future We Want”, Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 or the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
The present report aims to synthesize current information on the 1,382 voluntary commitments, partnerships, initiatives and networks for sustainable development that have been registered to date with the Secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (SE4All), United Nations Global Compact, Every Woman Every Child, the Higher Education Sustainability Initiative, the Sustainable Transport Action Network, and other similar initiatives.
The 28th meeting of the Conference of Parties, i.e. COP28, came to a close on December 13, 2023. Spread across two weeks, COP28 saw national leaders, international organizations, businesses, and academics convene to address pressing global climate issues.
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
Delloite report zero impact_monitor_2012Sheela Mistry
This document summarizes the outcomes of the first Zeronauts Symposium held in Rotterdam in June 2012. It introduces the concept of Zero Impact Growth (ZIG) as a paradigm for sustainable economic growth that respects planetary boundaries. It presents the results of the 2012 Zero Impact Growth Monitor (ZIG-M) assessment of 65 leading companies' strategies according to their alignment with ZIG principles. While many companies talk about sustainability, the ZIG-M found implementation gaps between talk and action. It recommends that companies accelerate sustainability efforts, collaborate more, and move beyond GDP indicators to measure true progress towards a 1-planet economy.
The document summarizes outcomes from the Bonn Intercessional climate negotiations held in June 2013. Key points include:
- The negotiations were divided into three tracks focusing on the Durban Platform, implementation, and scientific/technological advice.
- Discussions centered around the post-2020 climate agreement, raising near-term climate ambition, and implementing existing decisions.
- Specific topics discussed included rules and transparency for emission pledges, mobilizing climate finance, accounting methods, and adapting to climate impacts.
- The sessions provided an opportunity for parties to exchange ideas before the next major COP meeting in Poland later this year.
Api responding to the challenge of climate change 101224RMIT University
The document summarizes key points regarding responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of taking decisive action to transition to low-carbon societies in order to avoid disastrous consequences of climate change.
The document summarizes the outcomes and next steps following COP21 in Paris.
The key points are:
1) COP21 resulted in an ambitious and universal agreement to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C. The agreement establishes a framework for increasing national climate commitments over time.
2) The Lima-Paris Action Agenda engaged thousands of non-state actors in cooperative climate initiatives.
3) Key priorities for 2016 include promoting ratification of the agreement, implementing pre-2020 commitments, and continuing to mobilize climate action and finance globally.
The document summarizes key findings from a stocktaking exercise of 122 green economy knowledge products produced by UN agencies and partners. It finds that over half of the products focus on best practices and case studies, while nearly half provide policy analysis and assessment tools. The most common policy focuses are finance/investment, environment/natural resources, and fiscal policy, though social inclusiveness is addressed in only a third of products. Energy, water and agriculture are the top three sectors covered. Many products are intended for global use, but focus on Asia, Latin America and Africa. The analysis identifies potential knowledge gaps around private sector engagement, local implementation, social inclusiveness, and inter-agency collaboration.
Reed Smith - Anticipating the outcome of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Confer...Nicholas Rock
The document discusses some of the key challenges that may prevent negotiators from reaching an agreement at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21). Specifically:
1) One major legal challenge is determining the form of the international agreement, whether it will be a protocol, legal instrument, or agreed outcome under international law.
2) The role and status of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries prior to the conference is unclear in terms of how they may be renegotiated or changed post-COP21.
3) Issues around measuring and accounting for the collective impact of countries' efforts to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and how to structure cooperative arrangements between countries.
1) The document discusses the need for improved policy coordination in several areas including the WTO Doha Round negotiations, climate change measures, and international development aid.
2) In the WTO, a lack of leadership from the US and tensions over agricultural subsidies have stalled negotiations, but a proposal for China and the US to make concessions could provide an opportunity.
3) There is a risk of emerging climate protectionism as countries consider border carbon taxes, which developing countries view as unfair, so monitoring tools are needed.
4) The fragmented international development aid system needs restructuring to be more effective and predictable, and agreements are needed with new donors like China on transparent approaches.
This document proposes reforms to the UN COP process to shift the focus from negotiations to delivery of climate goals and commitments. It argues that the current consensus-based structure has led to slow incremental progress, taking years to finalize agreements, while emissions and temperatures continue rising. The summary proposes restructuring COP meetings to focus on reporting, accountability, and working sessions, with smaller annual meetings and more frequent intersessional meetings. It also calls for establishing delivery themes and accountability mechanisms to ensure countries' plans align with scientific targets and benchmarks. The document is signed by climate experts in support of reforming COP to prioritize implementation and a just global transition.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
Presentation by Rebecca Sachs and Joshua Varcie, analysts in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the 13th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
1. Dr. Marianne Beisheim is Senior Researcher, Dr. Birgit Lode is Research Associate and Nils Simon is Doctoral Fellow in SWP Comments 25
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Introduction
Rio+20 Realpolitik and Its Implications for “The Future We Want”
Marianne Beisheim, Birgit Lode, Nils Simon
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, or Rio+20) took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 20–22, 2012. While the outcome document of the conference responded to most of the demands of the developing and emerging nations gathered in the Group of 77 (G-77), the European Union and many non-governmental organizations criticized the reform proposals for not going far enough and being too vague. In a surprising act of pragmatic Realpolitik, host country Brazil had proposed the compromise text shortly before the beginning of the conference, and then managed to push it through almost unaltered—and thus succeeded in reaching an agreement in Rio, despite the difficult pre-negotiations. The outcome document, “The Future We Want,” however, reflects only a lowest common denominator of the community of states on international sustainability policy. Germany and the European Union should now strive to reach beyond these meager results in the upcoming post-Rio processes.
The outcome document for the Rio+20 United Nations (UN) Conference on Sus- tainable Development was adopted by consensus. Yet in the week before the conference started, the third and final official meeting of the preparatory com- mittee had come to an end without a final draft for a declaration—at that point, more than half of the text was still disputed. Then, on the weekend before the opening of the conference, the Brazilian govern- ment was asked to take the lead in the remaining informal pre-negotiations. The sections of the draft text that had been under intense debate were weakened or dropped entirely. After brief discussions, and with just one day before the official start of the conference, Brazil declared the discussion of the text to be closed. Thus, the more than 100 heads of state and gov- ernment participating in the official con- ference were left with no further critical decisions to make about any remaining open questions. The price they paid for this pre-conference agreement was that the compromises contained in the document reflect only the lowest common denomina- tor—and thus fail to adequately address the pressing environmental and development problems.
Many conference participants were sur- prised by Brazil’s negotiation strategy and
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interpreted it as a reaction to the Copen- hagen climate change conference of 2009 or the 19th meeting of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) in 2011. Like these meetings, Rio+20 was in danger of ending without a joint final declaration and therefore being stipulated as a failure.
Among those most dissatisfied with the Brazilian compromise text were the Euro- pean Union (EU) delegates. Like many of the EU Member States, Janez Potočnik, EU Environmental Commissioner and chief negotiator of the EU delegation, had been pursuing more ambitious goals for the conference. Environmental and develop- ment organizations criticized the outcome document even more sharply for being vague and noncommittal in its wording, for not naming explicit instruments for the implementation of global sustainability policies as had been called for, and there- fore for providing no useful foundation for effectively confronting the challenges of global sustainability policy. Nevertheless, the EU States decided to approve the final declaration, stating that it contained enough positive elements, which further- more could and should be continued to negotiate in follow-up processes. Now that the conference has ended, attention has shifted to these processes.
The Future We Want
The official version of the outcome docu- ment runs to 53 pages; its 283 paragraphs comprise six sections. Section I, “Our com- mon vision”, starts by describing the aim of eradicating poverty as the heart of the common vision and indeed of all efforts for sustainable development. This had been a central concern of the developing and emerging countries. In this and the follow- ing section, “Renewing political commit- ment”, past outcomes of the Rio process are reaffirmed, including the 1992 principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. This is a positive aspect, since observers had begun to fear that the 2012 Rio Conference might revert to targets even lower than those established at the 1992 conference (“Rio minus 20”). Both of the subsequent sections of the document deal with the conference’s two major themes: The transition to a “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication” (III), and the “Institu- tional framework for sustainable develop- ment” (IV). Section V, in which a framework for action is formulated for selected the- matic areas, also includes paragraphs relating to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The sixth and final section addresses the means of implementation for the commitments.
Green economy: Priority for growth
The aim in Rio was to come to an inter- national consensus, inter alia, on how sus- tainable development should be imple- mented in everyday economic activity. Specific instruments discussed in the run- up to the Rio Summit include: increased support for clean technologies, the reduc- tion of environmentally harmful taxes and subsidies, the changing of unsustainable consumption and production patterns, and the recognition of the diverse economic benefits of nature conservation. In contrast to the original intention of the conference, the section “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication” is one of the least specific sections of the entire document. The dele- gates were unable to agree either on a truly global commitment to greening the econ- omy or on significant steps or instruments for doing so. The introductory paragraph comprises of extremely open-ended state- ments that green economy is "one of the important tools" available for achieving sustainable development and that it “could provide options for policymaking but should not be a rigid set of rules”. As a result, the final document confines itself to a list of characteristics elaborating on the voluntary transition to a green economy.
This may be explained by the fact that the States represented in the G77 did not
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want other nations to dictate the terms and conditions of their own development. Furthermore, many emerging and devel- oping countries had reservations about the concept itself—they were afraid of both green protectionism and new condition- alities for development cooperation—fears that could not be assuaged up to the end.
The more far-reaching ambitions of the EU for a “Green Economy Roadmap” including timetables and indicators are not reflected in the text. In the course of the negotiations, the Roadmap was first renamed into a “mechanism,” which in the final, adopted version of paragraph 66 only contains a nonbinding, unspecific invita- tion to the “UN System” to coordinate a “matching” process upon request, in which states are provided with information on possible partners, toolboxes, best practices, and models or good examples of policies.
Some signs of progress towards a green economy only become apparent at second glance. Paragraph 38 asserts that broader measures of social wellbeing are needed to complement gross domestic product (GDP). This recognition was already articulated in the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission’s report in 2009 as well as in the German Bundestag’s appointment of a Study Com- mission on “Growth, Well-Being, and the Quality of Life” in 2010. The Rio+20 docu- ment now reaffirms on a multilateral level those changes in the perception of what should be key indicators for broader meas- ures of progress, and calls on the UN Statis- tical Commission to launch a programme of work in this area.
Beyond this, other processes that were underway parallel to the conference have brought about new financing commit- ments and partnerships. These include the announcement of a ten-year investment package of US$175 billion by the eight largest multilateral development banks to promote the development of sustain- able public transport. The World Bank, for its part, announced in Rio that it would boost efforts to expand energy access by doubling its currently US$8 billion per year in financing for energy projects and pro- grams as part of its effort to support UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s Sustain- able Energy for All initiative, putting an emphasis on low-carbon technologies. Also in Rio, a series of new programs and part- nerships at intergovernmental and sub- national levels were announced, including numerous south-south cooperation activi- ties.
Strengthening the UN sustainability institutions
The Rio conference was supposed to pro- duce decisions on institutional reforms to better support and encourage the tran- sition to a green economy and sustainable development. The first version of the out- come document (Zero Draft) contained ambitious plans: upgrading the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to a fully fledged UN specialized agency (United Nations Environment Organization, UNEO) and transforming the CSD into a more effective and empowered Sustainable Development Council (SDC). Both reform proposals quickly met with resistance, however. Many countries refused the added costs this would entail and several—most prominently the USA, Canada, and Russia— opposed the creation of what in their view would essentially be “new” UN institutions.
The concluding document of the confer- ence proposes that the UN sustainability institutions be upgraded, but without significantly raising their status. It does not call for UNEP to be accorded the status of a specialized agency, but it does recommend that its Governing Council be open to all UN member states. Instead of its current 58 members, UNEP’s membership should thus be universal. The document also calls for raising UNEP’s financial resources, including an increase of its core budget provided by the UN, which currently make up a mere three percent of the entire UNEP budget. No concrete figures are mentioned, however, which leaves this issue to be re- solved in the battle over the UN budget in
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New York. The document also calls for a more influential UNEP to play a leading role in the formulation of United Nations system-wide strategies on the environment. Whether it will be possible to consolidate UNEP’s headquarters functions in Nairobi while simultaneously strengthening its regional presence remains to be seen. In any case, this passage allows for UNEP to better assist emerging and developing countries in the implementation of their national environmental policies.
The UN General Assembly is supposed to adopt the reform of UNEP at its next meeting, while, beforehand, the reform proposal will be elaborated in more detail. Among other things left open at the Rio conference was the question of whether to create a smaller Executive Board to com- plement the Governing Council, which will have universal membership, as is the case with many UN specialized agencies. More- over, no agreement was reached on a new name for UNEP. For the USA, a name change would have come too close to up- grading UNEP to a specialized agency. The African states, which had expressed their explicit support for a UNEO in the months preceding the Rio conference, decided to content themselves with the agreement as it stands, rather than to openly oppose the compromise reached within the G77 during the official conference.
Instead of transforming the CSD into a higher-status UN Sustainability Council, it was decided that a “universal intergovern- mental high-level political forum” for sus- tainable development would be established. This body shall be convened for the first time in fall 2013 and, subsequently, replace the CSD. Disagreement remains over what the new institution will be called and how it will be structured. In any case, the out- come document states that it shall be pro- vided with a universal membership struc- ture and it mentions some of its possible functions. Its tasks (e.g., political leader- ship, guidance, integration, cooperation, and coordination) are only described in vague terms, however. Furthermore, the peer review process, seen by many as a cen- tral function, has been withdrawn from the text. Here, again, the aversion of many countries to opening themselves up to international oversight becomes apparent. Just before the conclusion of negotiations, the wording of this paragraph, which had originally read that the forum “will” take on this role, was modified to the less strin- gent “could.” Thus, further negotiation will have to take place over the forum’s functions.
In addition, the position of the forum within the UN system remains unclear. In the pre-negotiations, some of the dele- gates argued that the new body should be situated directly under the UN General Assembly, modeled after the UN Human Rights Council, but a majority opted to leave it within the UN Economic and Social Council. This would not be an optimal solu- tion, however, since it is only by reporting directly to the General Assembly that the circuitous route through the already over- burdened Economic and Social Council could be avoided. The outcome document postpones a final decision on this point; the exact institutional form and further organizational aspects are to be dealt with by fall 2013 in intergovernmental negotia- tions under the General Assembly. Thus, there are still opportunities to help shape both the form and the political mandate of this new body.
Efforts to appoint a High Commissioner or Ombudsperson for Future Generations were not successful. However, the outcome document invites the UN Secretary-General to present a report on intergenerational solidarity and the needs of future genera- tions. The topic will therefore remain on the agenda.
The EU wants to achieve more far-reach- ing institutional reforms. It has failed in this endeavor up to now due to resistance from states that insist on their own sover- eignty or refuse to make more resources available. The EU will therefore have to step up efforts to win others over and build alliances.
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The negotiations over the outcome document have shown that developing and emerging countries reject “super- visory agencies” that monitor them and that could potentially impede their devel- opment. The EU should work with these states to develop reform models that can dispel their reservations and respond to their interests. If reformed in this way, UN institutions could finally help to provide countries in need of assistance with access to the financial resources and technological innovations that they have been calling for—and in fact urgently need to effectively move toward sustainable development. At the same time, the EU needs to win over the reluctant industrialized countries. Due to domestic financial crises, many of them do not want to contribute additional funds. They should be convinced that despite the increased costs, the proposed reforms will pay off for them in the medium to long term because they help to finally imple- ment past decisions, thereby avoiding long- term costs for humans and the environ- ment.
Old and new policy areas: A framework for future action
A central objective of the Rio+20 Confer- ence was to secure renewed political com- mitment for sustainable development. Remaining gaps in the implementation of sustainable development and new and emerging challenges should be addressed and tackled. These aspects are discussed in Chapter V of the outcome document with regard to 26 thematic areas and cross- sectoral issues. However, only in a few para- graphs does the text actually go beyond previous agreements. For example, after many years of discussion, the 10-Year Framework of Programmes for Sustainable Consumption and Production has finally been adopted—but with the explicit note that the programs are voluntary. The com- mitment that had been called for by numer- ous environmental organizations to phase out harmful fossil fuel subsidies is also in- cluded, but only in a very weak formula- tion: Countries are “invited” to “consider rationalizing” these subsidies.
In the subject area “oceans and seas,” for which in particular environmental organi- zations had campaigned intensely, a few important follow-up processes were intro- duced, with specific targets and timetables. By fall 2015 at the latest, a decision regard- ing the development of an “international instrument” under the United Nations Con- vention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) shall be taken to close a significant gap in UNCLOS: the previously unregulated con- servation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national juris- diction. The international community commits itself to address the issue, “on an urgent basis”, before the end of the 69th session of the UN General Assembly in Sep- tember 2015. The community of states has also agreed to undertake measures by 2025 to significantly reduce marine debris and thus prevent damage to the coastal areas and marine environment. A third commit- ment that includes concrete goals and time schedules is contained in Paragraph 168 of the Rio outcome document: UN member states pledge to intensify their efforts and take the necessary measures to maintain or restore all global fish stocks by 2015, at least to levels that can produce the maxi- mum sustainable yield (MSY). This goal was already mentioned in the Johannes- burg Action Plan of 2002—but now has been provided with a concrete time horizon.
Sustainable Development Goals— A set of goals by 2015
The outcome document also addresses the proposal of formulating a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Colombia and Guatemala conceived of this idea along the lines of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and suggested that a set of universal SDGs should be adopted. This proposal gained momentum prior to the conference and a great deal of hope was invested in its potential.
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As a result, the Rio outcome document provides for the creation of an inclusive, transparent, intergovernmental process aimed at developing a set of global goals for sustainable development, covering all three dimensions of sustainable develop- ment including their interlinkages. It also envisages that an exploratory process be launched that is open to all stakeholders to ensure that different national circumstanc- es, capacities, and priorities are taken into account. According to the document, these sustainability goals should be consistent with international law, build upon pre- existing commitments, and contribute to the full implementation of the outcomes of all major environmental, economic, and social summits—specifically respecting the 27 Principles of the Rio Declaration from the first Rio Summit in 1992; based on Agenda 21, also adopted in 1992; and the Plan of Implementation agreed upon in Johannesburg in 2002.
The document provides for an open working group to be constituted no later than the start of the sixty-seventh session of the UN General Assembly in Fall 2012, com- prising thirty representatives, nominated by UN member states through the five UN regional groups. This working group should reflect the wide-ranging involvement of relevant stakeholders and expertise from civil society, the scientific community, and the UN system, and would submit a report to the sixty-eighth session of the UN Gen- eral Assembly in September 2013 with a proposal for a set of SDGs. In paragraph 248 of the outcome document, the General Assembly is called up to grant this proposal due “consideration” and take “appropriate action”.
Ideally, the General Assembly could reach agreement on a set of SDGs in Fall 2014 that would enter into force in 2015. Of course this ambitious timeframe is by no means certain, let alone guaranteed. The Rio outcome document also stipulates that the SDG process needs to proceed in a coherent and coordinated manner in con- junction with the post-2015 development process for the continuation of the Millen- nium Development Goals, and emphasizes that it should not divert focus or effort from the achievement of the MDGs. The specified timetable makes this at least pos- sible. Given the experience with the diffi- cult negotiations in Rio, however, it seems unlikely that a set of universal SDGs will be agreed upon in time to avoid a delay of the post-2015 process. Moreover, many coun- tries have pronounced that they will not accept a process like the one that was used to determine and draft the MDGs—i.e., one conducted under the dominant leadership of the United Nations.
In that context, it is discouraging that in Rio the delegates did not reach a com- mon understanding of what should be the substance the SDGs. The outcome docu- ment merely states that the SDGs should focus on “priority areas” for achieving sus- tainable development, to be derived from those identified in the outcome document. Those, however, amount to twenty-six issue areas and hardly represent a clear cut focus. With regard to concrete targets and indica- tors, paragraph 250 does at least state that they are necessary measures of progress.
On the one hand, the imprecise formula- tions used in the final text are an expres- sion of the lack of consensus within the international community on the central objectives of sustainable development. On the other hand, the process that has now been initiated does open up new scope for the development of a set of global sustain- ability goals. Germany could contribute to this by helping to formulate goals and in- dicators for the water-energy-food security nexus and could use the findings of the 2011 Bonn Conference to this end. This would also bring in Germany’s experiences with its “Energiewende” which are of high interest to many countries. In addition, Germany and the EU should vigorously campaign for an arrangement whereby the newly created high-level political forum for sustainable development coordinates or even carries out a periodic review and evaluation of progress in the realization of
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SDGs and submits regular reports on this to the UN General Assembly.
Means of implementation
It came as no surprise that the negotiations in Rio concerning the means of implemen- tation were particularly delicate. Many donor countries had already made it clear in advance that they would not provide any new funding, which complicated talks from the outset. One bright spot was the announcement of an intergovernmental process under the UN General Assembly that would assess both the financing needs and the available instruments. Building on this, a report containing proposals for an effective financing strategy for sustainable development is to be submitted by 2014 at the latest.
Technology transfer and capacity build- ing were other issues close to the heart of many developing countries and emerging economies. The outcome document recom- mends that existing decisions be imple- mented and that models be developed to facilitate their implementation, but does not include any concrete new commit- ments.
In the final paragraph of the outcome document, the Secretary-General of the UN is invited to set up a registry compiling the voluntary commitments entered into at the UNCSD 2012. The UNCSD website currently lists 745 voluntary commitments, whose cumulative promised investments accord- ing to the UN mobilize more than US$500 billion. As a result, it was said after the conference that the most important out- come of Rio+20 may not be found in the outcome document, but rather in the pioneering activities of individual coun- tries, companies, and other actors and institutions. How serious and reliable these commitments really are remains to be seen. Partnerships for sustainable development were already launched in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg as voluntary instruments to support the implementation of outcomes from the Rio process. They were registered in the CSD Partnerships Database but with- out further follow-up. However, experience with these partnerships suggests that fol- low-up processes are necessary to ensure that the promises entered into are not only registered but also that their implementa- tion will be monitored and evaluated. As there now shall be a new internet-based registry of commitments—hopefully with some kind of periodic review mechanism— the CSD’s database of partnerships should be updated and integrated.
Alliances to forge successful follow-up processes
In the negotiations leading up to the Rio Summit, delegates obviously lacked the confidence in the political will of their counterparts to change course in the direc- tion of sustainable development. Instead of paving the way for bold reforms, the nego- tiators focused their attention on ironing out the finer points of the lowest common denominator. Thus an opportunity was lost to harness the momentum of Rio+20 and to use the decision-making authority of the assembled Heads of State and Government to adopt a forward-looking action plan for sustainable development.
The outcome document leaves many issues open. While this certainly merits some criticism, it also creates room for improvement and opens up opportunities to subsequently expand the far from am- bitious results. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, too, made the case for a positive reception of the summit results and a con- tinuing engagement in the processes that are set to follow, in order to infuse the out- come document with life.
Rio+20 was heralded as a conference that should advance the transition to sustaina- ble development. In retrospect, one might well ask whether the format of a world con- ference is suitable for this purpose at all. In the 1990s, UN conferences successfully transformed the political agenda and the priorities of the international community.