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United Nations Conference on Trade And Development 
TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013 
TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013 
MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY 
MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY 
IN A CHANGING CLIMATE 
IN A CHANGING CLIMATE 
EMBARGO 
The contents of this Report must not be 
quoted or summarized in the print, 
broadcast or electronic media before 
18 September 2013, 17:00 hours GMT
KEY MESSAGES 
tThe 2008 food crisis was an important catalyst for realizing the need for a fundamental transformation and questioning 
some of the assumptions that had driven food, agricultural and trade policy in recent decades.)PXFWFS
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tThe fundamental transformation of agriculture may well turn out to be one of the biggest challenges, including for 
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tThe world needs a paradigm shift in agricultural development: from a “green revolution” to an “ecological 
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tThe required transformation is much more profound than simply tweaking the existing industrial agricultural system. 
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tElements and key achievements of the required transformation of agriculture, elaborated upon by the authors of this 
Review, include: 
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tIn pursuing a fundamental transformation of agriculture, one should take into account systemic considerations 
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Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable
Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable

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Wake up before it is too late, make agriculture truly sustainable

  • 1. United Nations Conference on Trade And Development TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013 TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013 MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY IN A CHANGING CLIMATE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE EMBARGO The contents of this Report must not be quoted or summarized in the print, broadcast or electronic media before 18 September 2013, 17:00 hours GMT
  • 2. KEY MESSAGES tThe 2008 food crisis was an important catalyst for realizing the need for a fundamental transformation and questioning some of the assumptions that had driven food, agricultural and trade policy in recent decades.)PXFWFS BDUVBMSFTVMUT BDIJFWFETJODFTVHHFTUUIBUBQBSBEJHNTIJGUIBTTUBSUFE CVUJTMBSHFMZJODPNQMFUF1SJPSJUZSFNBJOTIFBWJMZGPDVTFEPO JODSFBTJOHJOEVTUSJBMBHSJDVMUVSBMQSPEVDUJPO NPTUMZVOEFSUIFTMPHBOiHSPXJOHNPSFGPPEBUMFTTDPTUUPUIFFOWJSPONFOUw 5IFQFSDFQUJPOUIBUUIFSFJTBTVQQMZTJEFQSPEVDUJWJUZQSPCMFNJTIPXFWFSRVFTUJPOBCMF)VOHFSBOENBMOVUSJUJPOBSFNBJOMZ SFMBUFEUPMBDLPGQVSDIBTJOHQPXFSBOEPSJOBCJMJUZPGSVSBMQPPSUPCFTFMGTVGýDJFOU.FFUJOHUIFGPPETFDVSJUZDIBMMFOHFT JTUIVTQSJNBSJMZBCPVUFNQPXFSNFOUPGUIFQPPSBOEUIFJSGPPETPWFSFJHOUZ'VSUIFSNPSF UIFDVSSFOUEFNBOEUSFOETGPS CJPGVFMT DPODFOUSBUFBOJNBMGFFE FYDFTTJWFMZNFBUCBTFEEJFUTBOEQPTUIBSWFTUGPPEXBTUFBSFSFHBSEFEBTHJWFO SBUIFS UIBODIBMMFOHJOHUIFJSSBUJPOBM tThe fundamental transformation of agriculture may well turn out to be one of the biggest challenges, including for international security, of the 21st century. .VDI TMPXFS BHSJDVMUVSBM QSPEVDUJWJUZ HSPXUI JO UIF GVUVSF B RVJDLMZ SJTJOH QPQVMBUJPOJOUIFNPTUSFTPVSDFDPOTUSBJOFEBOEDMJNBUFDIBOHFFYQPTFESFHJPOT JOQBSUJDVMBSJOTVC4BIBSBOGSJDBBOE 4PVUITJB BOEBCVSHFPOJOHFOWJSPONFOUBMDSJTFTPGBHSJDVMUVSFBSFUIFTFFETGPSNPVOUJOHQSFTTVSFTPOGPPETFDVSJUZ BOEUIFSFMBUFEBDDFTTUPMBOEBOEXBUFS5IJTJTCPVOEUPJODSFBTFUIFGSFRVFODZBOETFWFSJUZPGSJPUT DBVTFECZGPPEQSJDF IJLFT XJUIDPODPNJUBOUQPMJUJDBMJOTUBCJMJUZ BOEJOUFSOBUJPOBMUFOTJPO MJOLFEUPSFTPVSDFDPOþJDUTBOENJHSBUPSZNPWFNFOUT PGTUBWJOHQPQVMBUJPOT tThe world needs a paradigm shift in agricultural development: from a “green revolution” to an “ecological intensification” approach. 5IJT JNQMJFT B SBQJE BOE TJHOJýDBOU TIJGU GSPN DPOWFOUJPOBM NPOPDVMUVSFCBTFE BOE IJHI FYUFSOBMJOQVUEFQFOEFOUJOEVTUSJBMQSPEVDUJPOUPXBSETNPTBJDTPGTVTUBJOBCMF SFHFOFSBUJWFQSPEVDUJPOTZTUFNTUIBUBMTP DPOTJEFSBCMZJNQSPWFUIFQSPEVDUJWJUZPGTNBMMTDBMFGBSNFST8FOFFEUPTFFBNPWFGSPNBMJOFBSUPBIPMJTUJDBQQSPBDIJO BHSJDVMUVSBMNBOBHFNFOU XIJDISFDPHOJ[FTUIBUBGBSNFSJTOPUPOMZBQSPEVDFSPGBHSJDVMUVSBMHPPET CVUBMTPBNBOBHFS PGBOBHSPFDPMPHJDBMTZTUFNUIBUQSPWJEFTRVJUFBOVNCFSPGQVCMJDHPPETBOETFSWJDFT FHXBUFS TPJM MBOETDBQF FOFSHZ CJPEJWFSTJUZ BOESFDSFBUJPO tThe required transformation is much more profound than simply tweaking the existing industrial agricultural system. 3BUIFS XIBUJTDBMMFEGPSJTBCFUUFSVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFNVMUJGVODUJPOBMJUZPGBHSJDVMUVSF JUTQJWPUBMJNQPSUBODFGPSQSPQPPS SVSBMEFWFMPQNFOUBOEUIFTJHOJýDBOUSPMFJUDBOQMBZJOEFBMJOHXJUISFTPVSDFTDBSDJUJFTBOEJONJUJHBUJOHBOEBEBQUJOHUP DMJNBUFDIBOHF)PXFWFS UIFTIFFSTDBMFBUXIJDINPEJýFEQSPEVDUJPONFUIPETXPVMEIBWFUPCFBEPQUFE UIFTJHOJýDBOU HPWFSOBODFJTTVFT UIFQPXFSBTZNNFUSJFTQSPCMFNTJOGPPEJOQVUBOEPVUQVUNBSLFUTBTXFMMBTUIFDVSSFOUUSBEFSVMFTGPS BHSJDVMUVSFQPTFDPOTJEFSBCMFDIBMMFOHFT tElements and key achievements of the required transformation of agriculture, elaborated upon by the authors of this Review, include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tIn pursuing a fundamental transformation of agriculture, one should take into account systemic considerations JOQBSUJDVMBS J UIFOFFEGPSBIPMJTUJDVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGUIFDIBMMFOHFTJOWPMWFEEVFUPJOUFSMJOLBHFTCFUXFFOTPNFUJNFT DPNQFUJOHPCKFDUJWFT JJ UIFNFSJUTBOEEFNFSJUTPGTJOHMFDMJNBUFGSJFOEMZQSBDUJDFTWFSTVTUIPTFPGTZTUFNJDDIBOHFT TVDI BTBHSPFDPMPHZ BHSPGPSFTUSZ PSHBOJDBHSJDVMUVSF BOE JJJ UIFOFFEGPSBUXPUSBDLBQQSPBDIUIBUESBTUJDBMMZSFEVDFTUIF FOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUPGDPOWFOUJPOBMBHSJDVMUVSF POUIFPOFIBOE BOECSPBEFOTUIFTDPQFGPSBHSPFDPMPHJDBMQSPEVDUJPO NFUIPET POUIFPUIFS
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