Agriculture played a central role in the life of ancient Israel: Each of the three major pilgrimage festivals - Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot – are linked to agriculture, and an entire section (“Seeds”) of the Mishnah, the 3rd-century compilation of oral traditions, is devoted to agricultural laws. Agriculture regained a place of prominence in Jewish life with the emergence of Zionism, which emphasized settling the land and self-sufficiency. Young Zionists, inspired by ideologues like A.D. Gordon, aspired to reconnect to nature and strike roots in the soil as members of rural communal settlements (kibbutzim and moshavim). These new farmers faced difficult conditions: a scarcity of water and arable land. This spurred a continual effort to develop innovative methods and technology for agriculture – agrotechnology (agrotech). In fact, agricultural research already began in the late 19th century at the Mikveh Israel agricultural school, founded in 1870. The Agricultural Experiment Station was established in Tel Aviv in 1921 and later developed into the Agricultural Research Organization (also known as the Volcani Institute), which is today Israel's major institution of agrotech research and development. In this short guide, we will outline some of the major achievements in Israeli agrotech that have allowed Israel to become self-sufficient in food supplies and export some $1.5 billion of agricultural produce each year (mainly premium quality fruits, vegetables and flowers to Western Europe.) In particular, we will note Israel’s developments in water technology and crop enhancement, as well as its efforts to share its agrotech know-how with developing countries.

1. 1
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Israeli Innovations in Agrotech
Resource Kit

2. 2
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3. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Water Technology 3
Smart Irrigation Solutions 3
Desalination 4
Improving Farm Produce 5
Innovative and Enhanced Varieties 5
Crop Protection 6
Greenhouses, Animals and More 6
Biofuel and Biomass 7
International Cooperation 9
MASHAV, Israel’s Center for International Cooperation 9
BARD, U.S.-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund 9
Cover photo: A seedling at an Israeli greenhouse.
Updated November 2011

4. 4
Water technology at NaanDanJain
Introduction
Agriculture played a central role in the life of ancient Israel: Each of the three major pilgrimage festivals -
Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot – are linked to agriculture, and an entire section (“Seeds”) of the Mishnah,
the 3
rd
-century compilation of oral traditions, is devoted to agricultural laws. Agriculture regained a place
of prominence in Jewish life with the emergence of Zionism, which emphasized settling the land and self-
sufficiency. Young Zionists, inspired by ideologues like A.D. Gordon, aspired to reconnect to nature and
strike roots in the soil as members of rural communal settlements (kibbutzim and moshavim).
These new farmers faced difficult conditions: a scarcity of water and arable land. This spurred a continual
effort to develop innovative methods and technology for agriculture – agrotechnology (agrotech). In fact,
agricultural research already began in the late 19
th
century at the Mikveh Israel agricultural school,
founded in 1870. The Agricultural Experiment Station was established in Tel Aviv in 1921 and later
developed into the Agricultural Research Organization (also known as the Volcani Institute), which is
today Israel's major institution of agrotech research and development.
In this short guide, we will outline some of the major achievements in Israeli agrotech that have allowed
Israel to become self-sufficient in food supplies and export some $1.5 billion of agricultural produce each
year (mainly premium quality fruits, vegetables and flowers to Western Europe.) In particular, we will note
Israel’s developments in water technology and crop enhancement, as well as its efforts to share its
agrotech know-how with developing countries.
Water Technology

5. 5
Israeli Agro-tech company Netafim’s FDS™
(Family Drip System) specially adapted to
small-holder farm needs in South Africa
Israel may be a land of milk and honey, but it is not blessed with an abundance of fresh water resources.
In fact, the Sea of Galilee is the country’s only natural lake and the rivers in Israel are quite modest in
scale. Much of the southern half of Israel is desert and receives a meager amount of rainfall.
The need for water resources was already a subject of discussion in 1898 when the visionary of the
Zionist movement, Theodor Herzl, met with the German emperor in the Holy Land. And in 1937, more
than a decade prior to statehood, the Mekorot national water company was created. In the following
decades, as part of Israel’s efforts to address its water needs, Israeli companies have become world
leaders in irrigation technology, water management and treatment, and desalination. Israeli water tech
exports totaled about $1.5 billion in 2010.
Israel is the world’s leader in wastewater recovery, with a water recycling rate of about 75 percent. (Spain
is the next largest water recycler with a rate of only 12 percent.) The recovered wastewater is used
primarily for agriculture. This effort to reuse water has helped to spawn a large number of Israeli
companies specializing in water filtration and purification, including Aqwise, Amiad Filtration Systems,
Arkal Filtration Systems, Emecy and Nitron.
Smart Irrigation Solutions
Founded at Kibbutz Hatzerim in 1965, Netafim launched
the drip irrigation revolution and is now a global company
operating in over 100 countries, with annual sales of over
$500 million. An earlier version of drip irrigation was
actually used in the Middle East centuries ago: Farmers
planted unglazed pots adjacent to trees and periodically
filled the pots with water, which gradually dripped through
the pots to irrigate the trees.
Advances in plastics and micro-tubing enabled Netafim to
produce a modern drip irrigation system that offers 70-80
percent water efficiency (versus 40 percent efficiency with
open irrigation). Another Israeli firm, Plastro Irrigation
Systems, soon became Netafim’s major competitor in this
field, and was acquired by John Deere in 2007.
Israeli R&D also contributed to subsequent
improvements in irrigation technology, including sub-
surface irrigation (delivering water directly to the plant’s
roots, thus further reducing evaporation), fertigation
(distributing fertilizers through drip irrigation systems),
methods to prevent salt accumulation at the plant’s roots, and a new generation of drippers for
hydroponics. NaanDanJain Irrigation, for example, offers a smart irrigation management system that
measures the crop root environment, calculates the crop’s needs and automatically activates irrigation
and fertilization in real time. Other Israeli firms offering advanced irrigation solutions include: Galcon,
Sadot Irrigation Systems and Queengil.
Israeli-developed products now account for about 50 percent of the global market for drip irrigation.

6. 6
NaanDanJain irrigation systems
Desalination
Some 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but 97.5 percent of this is saltwater. The
idea of removing the salt from seawater is not new – the proponents of desalination include Aristotle,
Francis Bacon and Thomas Jefferson. In fact, there is even a biblical precedent for desalination: The
book of Exodus tells how Moses was able to turn the “bitter” water at Marah into potable water.
The founding father of the State of
Israel, David Ben-Gurion, also
recognized the potential of
desalination and encouraged R&D
investment in this field. By the mid-
1950s, desalination was already
being used to provide drinking
water in Eilat. In the 1960s, Israel
began exporting various
desalination technologies,
including the Vacuum Freezing
Vapor Compression (VFVC)
process devised by Prof.
Alexander Zarchin’s R&D group.
This group of scientists became
the nucleus of the government-
owned Israel Desalination
Engineering (Zarchin Process)
company, which is now privately
held as IDE Technologies.
IDE (Israel Desalination Enterprises) Technologies has certainly proved its salt in the field of
desalination: The company has deployed some 400 plants in 40 countries, with a total output of 2 million
cubic meters of potable water per day. In Israel, IDE launched the world’s largest SWRO (sea water
reverse osmosis) plant in Ashkelon in 2005 and inaugurated an even bigger SWRO facility in Hadera in
2010. (The two plants have an annual capacity of 118 million cubic meters and 127 million cubic meters,
respectively.) The company has also won a tender to build a 150 million cubic meter SWRO plant in
Soreq. IDE’s overseas activity includes a project to build China’s largest desalination facility.
Desalitech aims to take SWRO desalination to the next level with its patented hydrostatic Closed Circuit
Desalination (CCD) technology. The company says its modular and scalable system can cut water
production costs by over 25 percent through energy savings and lower outlays for equipment and
maintenance. Desalitech completed a successful pilot project in 2010 and is conducting joint research
with General Electric, funded by the U.S.-Israel BIRD Foundation.
ROTEC (Reverse Osmosis Technologies) is a water treatment company developing novel technologies
for improving desalination of brackish groundwater. The company’s patented Flow Reversal (FR)
technology is used to prevent scaling and bio-fouling (unwanted build-up of algae, microorganisms, etc.)
in membrane desalination systems. Based on research originally conducted at Ben-Gurion University, the
technology was chosen for two pilot desalination plants in Israel and Jordan under a NATO grant.
By the year 2013, desalination is slated to provide for about 70 percent of Israel’s domestic water
consumption.

7. 7
Seedlings at Hishtil, an Israeli global nursery corporation that
specializes in the production and sales of vegetables, herbs,
seedlings and young plants
Improving Farm Produce
Israel invests heavily in agrotech R&D: Some $150 million is invested annually via the Agricultural
Research Organization, with a similar sum allocated via other government entities. This work has led to
innovative produce (cherry tomatoes, for example), improved quality and yield (pomegranates, cotton,
flowers and more) and longer shelf-life. Here we will provide a short “taste” of some of these
achievements.
Innovative and Enhanced Varieties
The BonTom Tomato Breeding Group, based at Hebrew University’s Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot,
has been conducting research since 1950 and is today recognized as one of the largest and leading
tomato breeding groups worldwide. In the early 1990s, BonTom’s researchers revolutionized the tomato
market by introducing the first extended shelf-life tomato varieties, and later upgraded the status of cherry
tomatoes, introduced cluster tomatoes, and developed varieties characterized by enhanced flavor, better
color, improved firmness and built-in resistances to soil-borne and airborne diseases and viruses.
BonTom is able to develop new varieties that are better suited to a wide range of environments by
utilizing genes for particular adaptation to specific conditions. However, BonTom made a policy decision
not to employ GMO (genetically modified organism) methods in its breeding activities. Tomato varieties
developed by BonTom are produced by American, European, South American and Israeli seed
companies, and are exported to many countries worldwide. In total, more than $50 million worth of
BonTom seeds are sold each year throughout the world.
Hazera Genetics is an Israeli
company that traces its history to
1939, when a group of young
farmers gathered to address
regional seed shortages caused by
World War II. Hazera later
established a number of
experimental farms in different
parts of the country. The
company’s major breakthrough
came in the early 1990s with the
development of the Daniela tomato
variety in collaboration with
BonTom. Other innovative
products include mini-watermelons
and hybrid cotton seed. Today
Hazera is a world leader in the
breeding, production and
marketing of vegetable and field
crop hybrid seeds, with operations
in about 60 countries.
About one-third of the company’s
employees are engaged in research, with as much as 12 percent of annual turnover directed to R&D.
Ongoing projects include the development of robust varieties that will resist disease and enable growers
to economize on agrochemicals.
Zeraim Gedera, founded in 1952, produces hybrid varieties of tomato, cherry, pepper, cucumber,
watermelon, melon, and squash seeds; exports account for about 80 percent of the company’s sales. It
specializes in tomato, pepper and squash varieties that provide maximum yield and high-quality, including

8. 8
Hishtil specializes in agrotech solutions. Its expertise is
in energy-saving, plant and environmental protection,
as well as climate, water and fertilizer control systems.
a wide range of genetic adaptability to different growing conditions and with resistances that allow farmers
to use a minimum of pesticides. The company was acquired by Syngenta AG in 2007.
Rosetta Green uses unique genes called microRNAs to develop improved plant traits for the agriculture
and biofuel industries in major crops such as corn, wheat, rice, soybean, cotton, canola and algae. The
company explains that it combines “computational biology, molecular biology, plant tissue culture, plant
transformation and high throughput trait screening to identify the most promising microRNAs that could
potentially be used to improve key plant traits in major crops.”
Based in Rehovot, Rosetta Green is a spin-off of the agro-biotechnology division of Rosetta Genomics
and completed an IPO on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in February 2011. Soon after the IPO, the
company announced success in a preliminary trial of drought-resistant potatoes. The potatoes were
enhanced with a micro-RNA gene that can potentially improve the potatoes' resistance to drought and
severe environmental conditions.
Evogene, also based in Rehovot and publicly traded on the Tel Aviv bourse, develops improved plants
for the agriculture and biofuel industries through the use of plant genomics. Founding in 2002 by breeders
seeking to combine agricultural know-how with advanced computational plant genomic analysis, Evogene
holds pending IP rights to over 1,500 novel genes discoved via its unique ATHLETE (Agro Trait Harvest
Leads Technology) platform.
Crop Protection
Makhteshim Agan, one of Israel’s largest
conglomerates, focuses primarily on
manufacturing and distributing off-patent crop
protection products, which account for nearly
90 percent of the group’s revenues. The
group's extensive product lines include
herbicides, insecticides and fungicides that
enhance the quality and quantity of yields by
protecting them against harmful weeds,
insects and fungi.
Makhteshim Agan group ranks No. 1 in the
world in off-patent crop protection products
and seventh overall in the global crop
protection market, with a global market share
of over 5 percent. The group includes over
3,000 employees working to manufacture,
market, and distribute its off-patent crop
protection products in over 100 countries.
AgroGreen, based in Ashdod, specializes in developing, producing and marketing biological pesticides
designed to make crop farming more sustainable, reduce harmful pesticide residues and contribute to a
safer environment. As the company explains, “Phytopathogenic nematodes [roundworms] cost farmers
billions of dollars in damage. Farmers also spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually on chemical
pesticides to limit this damage… AgroGreen alters this cycle by successfully treating the root causes of
such infestations while protecting the commercial value of the final produce.”
In commercial use and in extensive field trials conducted over several years in Israel, Italy, Turkey,
Greece and the U.S., AgroGreen’s biological pesticides have been shown to match or exceed chemical
pesticides in performance, while offering clear safety and environmental advantages, the company says.

9. 9
Israeli greenhouses
Greenhouses, Animals and More
Israel has also harnessed technology to boost agricultural production in many other ways. Here are a few
brief examples:
• Israeli-designed greenhouse systems, including specialized plastic films and heating, ventilation
and structure systems, enable farmers to grow more than three million roses per hectare per
season and an average of 300 tons of tomatoes per hectare per season, four times the yields of
open fields.
• Dairy product and technology exports include computerized milking and feeding systems, cooling
systems which reduce heat stress on cows, embryos for transplant and milk processing
equipment.
• Israel has boosted the milk production of its prize-winning Holstein cows and Assaf sheep. The
latter is the result of crossbreeding of the improved Israeli Awassi and German East Friesian
breeds. Most importantly, the Assaf has three lambings every two years, which is 50 percent
higher than in regular Awassis.

10. 10
Cowshed technology at Meimad, a unique union of two
dairy farms which specialize in dairy product
technologies, including computerized milking, feeding
systems and cooling systems. Meimad works with
Afimilk, a global leader in computerized systems for the
modern dairy farm.
• CollPlant, based in Rehovot, has
employed genetic engineering to
generate human collagen in tobacco
plants. Much of the human body's
skin, ligaments, and bone tissues is
collagen. The protein is also used in
over 1,000 medical techniques,
mostly sourced from pigs or cows.
Pfizer and Edwards are working with
CollPlant to develop its tobacco plant
collagen for orthopedic and cardio
use, respectively.
• Beeologics, with offices and labs in
Rehovot and Miami, aims “to become
the guardian of bee health
worldwide.” Its RNAi-based
Remebee drug helps honey bees
overcome the IAVP virus, which is
believed to be associated with colony
collapses, thus strengthening the
colonies for highly effective crop
pollination. Remembee has
completed successful clinical trials on
millions of bees in North America.
• Researchers at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev are developing intelligent sensing and
manipulation algorithms for robots that can detect the ripest fruits and vegetables in a crop,
allowing farmers to pick a harvest that will yield the highest value. The project is part of the
European Union’s Clever Robots for Crops program, designed to develop prototype systems to
harvest greenhouse peppers, orchard fruits and premium wine grapes.
Biofuel and Biomass
Israeli companies are also active in efforts to produce greener fuels derived from algae and other plants.
In addition, as part of the process of cultivating fast-growing algae, CO2 emissions from existing power
plants are being pumped into the algae farms instead of the atmosphere. The founding director of the
Institute for Renewable Energy Policy in Herzliya, Isaac Berzin, was recognized by Time magazine in
2008 as one of the world's 100 most influential people for his pioneering work in the field.
A number of companies are involved in biomass and biogas projects, generating electricity from
agricultural and municipal waste. Opportunities for Israeli-Arab cooperation are also being pursued in this
field.
TransAlgae
At its R&D center at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, TransAlgae is working to develop and
commercialize genetically engineered algae that can be used to produce both energy and animal feed.
The company, founded in 2008, says that its technology promises to "decouple quality of life from
dependence on foreign oil imports and carbon dioxide emissions."
TransAlgae has completed its first generation of genetically engineered algae, and has established a field
research site at a natural gas power station. Since the algae consume over two times their weight in CO2,
any CO2 released when the algae-derived biofuel is later burned is offset by the CO2 used in the algae

11. 11
Seambiotic's state- of-the-art water system
growth cycle. In this way, the company explains, the modest algae plant can make a significant
contribution in the fight against global warming. TransAlgae is mainly focusing on domesticating marine
algae that grow on seawater, but algae cultivation could also be conducted on non-arable land located
near the sea.
The biofuel extraction process also yields another valuable byproduct – biomass that can be marketed as
a high-protein concentrate for animal feed. TransAlgae suggests that the value of this feed may be
significant enough to offset a large part of the cost of algae production, which would make algae-derived
biofuel cost-competitive much earlier than currently anticipated.
Seambiotic
Founded in 2003 and based in Ashkelon,
Seambiotic originally focused on producing
and selling Omega-3 fatty acid products
from marine microalgae, but soon
broadened its scope to include the
production of biofuel products. The company
says it was the first in the world to extract
gallons of biodiesel and bioethanol from
marine microalgae cultivated using
smokestack flue gas.
Seambiotic conducted a five-year pilot study
at the Israeli Electric Corp.'s coal-fired
power plant in Ashkelon, with CO2
emissions from the smokestacks piped
directly to Seambiotic's open ponds. In a
joint venture with a major Chinese power
producer, the company is now building
large-scale facilities for commercial algae
cultivation in Yantai, China.
The company is also collaborating with
Rosetta Green to develop algal strains with
improved genetic traits for biofuel
production. Also, the company's Seambiotic
USA subsidiary is working with NASA's
Glenn Research Center to optimize growth
processes for microalgae to be used as
feedstock for aviation biofuel.
Algaenesis
Headquartered in Jerusalem, Algaenesis says it has developed technological innovations that represent a
"paradigm shift" in the cultivation of microalgae and dramatically lower the price of production. This
includes identifying optimal light intensities for maximizing algal growth and a patented "light distribution"
system that can collect all available sunlight throughout the day in order to deliver these optimal
intensities. The company is initially targeting the Omega-3 supplement market.

12. 12
Galten
Jatropha, rather than algae, is Galten's plant of choice. The low-growing Jatropha tree is native to South
America but is also widely cultivated throughout Central America, Africa and Asia, mainly to protect crops
from grazing animals. The seeds of this inedible plant have an oil content of over 30 percent and Galten
is converting this vegetable oil into biodiesel. According to Galten, Jatropha can produce three times the
amount of oil per acre than crops such as corn or soy beans. In addition, the sturdy plant can grow on
arid land where food crops are not feasible.
Founded in 2006, Galten conducted a pilot program at a 250-acre site in Ghana and is now growing
Jatropha on a much larger plantation in this African country. Nearly 250,000 acres are in the pipeline, the
company says. Galten is working with agricultural experts to improve Jatropha's yield and is also
conducting R&D to explore the use of the plant's stalks and other biomass to produce biofuel.
Genova
Genova, founded in 2004 and part of the Misgav Technology Center, has developed innovative and cost-
effective technologies to generate heat and electric power from waste biomass. While large and costly
facilities are available for generating power from biomass, Genova's patented innovation produces energy
and electricity with a compact, table-sized unit. These units can be placed and used in the vicinity where
waste biomass is created, such as olive oil processing mills and wine manufacturing plants.
The biomass fed into the power-generation unit undergoes a high-temperature conversion into gas, which
is then burned to drive an electricity-generating turbine. No greenhouse gases are released in this
process. Genova has successfully conducted feasibility tests on a unit with a 30-kilowatt capacity, using
olive and grape waste as feedstock, and plans to develop power-generation units with capacity of 0.5 to 5
megawatts. The company is targeting Europe’s olive-producing countries – Italy, Spain and Greece –
whose large olive presses can supply the biomass for electricity production.
International Cooperation
Mashav – Israel's Center for International Cooperation
Despite the emphasis on agriculture in the Zionist ethos, Israel’s agricultural production was insufficient to
support its population during the early years of the state and food rationing was instituted. However, only
a decade after the founding of the state, the agricultural sector had developed to the point where it could
already share its know-how with other developing countries. MASHAV, the Hebrew acronym for the
Center for International Cooperation, was established in 1958 as a division of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Its agricultural program, managed by the Center for International Agricultural Development
Cooperation (CINADCO), is based on the belief that Israel’s agricultural miracle can be replicated in other
countries facing severe food security challenges.
According to MASHAV, “Israel’s own tested solutions for problems such as water, capital and land
shortages can help the countries of the developing world transform their agriculture from traditional
subsistence to sophisticated market-oriented production. It is for this reason that many countries of the
developing world have sought partnership with Israel in addressing their own agricultural challenges.”

13. 13
Visiting ambassadors tour MASHAV to learn about Israeli agrotech and water resources that are
applicable to countries that face water shortages or whose economies depend on agriculture.
Since 1958, MASHAV has trained almost 200,000 course participants from approximately 140 countries
in Israel and abroad, and has developed dozens of demonstration projects worldwide in fields of Israeli
expertise.
BARD – U.S.-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund
During its 30 years of operation, BARD has funded over 1,000 projects with a total investment of more
than $250 million.
1
It is also facilitating collaborative research between agricultural scientists in Israel and
their colleagues in Canada and Australia.
BARD also established the MARD (Multinational Agricultural R&D) program to promote cooperative
agricultural research and development activities between scientists in Israel, Jordan, the Palestinian
Authority and the United States. During its five years of operation, MARD has funded numerous
successful regional workshops, mutual visits, training seminars and similar activities that have enhanced
the spirit of collaboration between Palestinian, Jordanian, Israeli and U.S. scientists.
1
http://www.bard-isus.com/