ETRA, an Italian public company, manages solid waste collection and treatment in northeastern Italy. They operate two types of anaerobic digestion systems to process source separated organics: a dry continuous flow system and a wet two-stage system. Through door-to-door collection of food waste and education campaigns promoting compostable bags, ETRA achieves high rates of organics diversion with low contamination. Their case study shows how monitoring waste quality and involving local communities can optimize organics collection and processing systems.
This document summarizes a study that tested a two-stage aerobic wastewater treatment system to treat wastewater from a potato chips factory. The system consisted of a conventional activated sludge basin followed by a membrane bioreactor. Over a 100 day period, the system achieved high pollutant removal rates of over 97% for COD and BOD, over 94% for total nitrogen, and over 72% for total phosphorus. The analysis found that the membrane bioreactor was able to further reduce the biodegradable organic matter in the wastewater effluent compared to the activated sludge basin alone.
This document discusses alternatives to polystyrene food service ware that are compostable and biobased. It notes the environmental issues with polystyrene including that it is non-renewable, generally non-biodegradable, and has low recycling rates. Compostable biobased alternatives are highlighted as renewable options that can break down in composting systems. The document outlines the benefits of composting food waste and provides examples of programs that have successfully utilized compostable food service products on a large scale.
HUMAN-FOREST INTERACTION IN ABORLAN
GUBA SYSTEM, PALAWAN ISLAND,
PHILIPPINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Lita B. Sopsop and Inocencio E. Buot, Jr.
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes research on restoration trials in a highly degraded quarry site in southern Europe. It discusses using a functional approach to understand land degradation and improve restoration. One trial involved thinning Aleppo pine plantations, which increased the density of species that promote nutrient cycling, soil improvement, and ecosystem resilience. A second trial tested hydroseeding mixtures on slopes. Outcomes depended on site conditions, with the native mixture performing better. The research demonstrated that functional traits are important for species selection and that management can promote recovery of ecosystem functionality in degraded drylands.
Greenbass, regulation of sequenced aeration for activated sludgeDegrémont
GreenbassTM is a system for regulating aeration in activated sludge processes for wastewater treatment plants. It aims to [1] reduce energy consumption by precisely controlling aeration based on real-time measurements rather than theoretical models, [2] decrease operating costs, and [3] maintain treatment quality. GreenbassTM continuously adjusts air flows using sensors that measure ammonium and nitrate concentrations. It incorporates an algorithm to calculate optimal air needs. This allows eliminating excess aeration and reducing energy use by 10-15% compared to traditional clock-based or dissolved oxygen-based controls. A case study in Tournus, France validated GreenbassTM in achieving expected treatment levels while realizing 15% energy savings.
Meteor IFAS - Remove carbon and nitrogen wastewater using a very compact solu...Degrémont
The document discusses the MeteorTM-IFAS system for biologically treating wastewater. [1] MeteorTM-IFAS uses a combination of suspended growth activated sludge and attached biofilm growth on movable carriers to remove carbon and nitrogen from wastewater. [2] It operates using two types of biomass - flocculated biomass and attached biomass - within the same reactor. [3] A case study highlights how MeteorTM-IFAS was used to rehabilitate a wastewater treatment plant in Groton, Connecticut to help it meet more stringent discharge limits.
Natural capital refers to the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things. They provide valuable ecosystem services like food production, water purification, recreation and cultural services. Assigning economic value to natural capital helps incorporate environmental costs and benefits into decision making. For example, a study in Costa Rica found native forest habitats near coffee farms supported more pollinating bees, increasing coffee yields by 15-50% and farmer income by $60,000. This example shows how valuing natural capital can inform land use and conservation policies to promote sustainability.
This document summarizes a study that tested a two-stage aerobic wastewater treatment system to treat wastewater from a potato chips factory. The system consisted of a conventional activated sludge basin followed by a membrane bioreactor. Over a 100 day period, the system achieved high pollutant removal rates of over 97% for COD and BOD, over 94% for total nitrogen, and over 72% for total phosphorus. The analysis found that the membrane bioreactor was able to further reduce the biodegradable organic matter in the wastewater effluent compared to the activated sludge basin alone.
This document discusses alternatives to polystyrene food service ware that are compostable and biobased. It notes the environmental issues with polystyrene including that it is non-renewable, generally non-biodegradable, and has low recycling rates. Compostable biobased alternatives are highlighted as renewable options that can break down in composting systems. The document outlines the benefits of composting food waste and provides examples of programs that have successfully utilized compostable food service products on a large scale.
HUMAN-FOREST INTERACTION IN ABORLAN
GUBA SYSTEM, PALAWAN ISLAND,
PHILIPPINES: IMPLICATIONS FOR
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Lita B. Sopsop and Inocencio E. Buot, Jr.
Alice Maria NUNES "Restoration trials and management in a highly degraded sit...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes research on restoration trials in a highly degraded quarry site in southern Europe. It discusses using a functional approach to understand land degradation and improve restoration. One trial involved thinning Aleppo pine plantations, which increased the density of species that promote nutrient cycling, soil improvement, and ecosystem resilience. A second trial tested hydroseeding mixtures on slopes. Outcomes depended on site conditions, with the native mixture performing better. The research demonstrated that functional traits are important for species selection and that management can promote recovery of ecosystem functionality in degraded drylands.
Greenbass, regulation of sequenced aeration for activated sludgeDegrémont
GreenbassTM is a system for regulating aeration in activated sludge processes for wastewater treatment plants. It aims to [1] reduce energy consumption by precisely controlling aeration based on real-time measurements rather than theoretical models, [2] decrease operating costs, and [3] maintain treatment quality. GreenbassTM continuously adjusts air flows using sensors that measure ammonium and nitrate concentrations. It incorporates an algorithm to calculate optimal air needs. This allows eliminating excess aeration and reducing energy use by 10-15% compared to traditional clock-based or dissolved oxygen-based controls. A case study in Tournus, France validated GreenbassTM in achieving expected treatment levels while realizing 15% energy savings.
Meteor IFAS - Remove carbon and nitrogen wastewater using a very compact solu...Degrémont
The document discusses the MeteorTM-IFAS system for biologically treating wastewater. [1] MeteorTM-IFAS uses a combination of suspended growth activated sludge and attached biofilm growth on movable carriers to remove carbon and nitrogen from wastewater. [2] It operates using two types of biomass - flocculated biomass and attached biomass - within the same reactor. [3] A case study highlights how MeteorTM-IFAS was used to rehabilitate a wastewater treatment plant in Groton, Connecticut to help it meet more stringent discharge limits.
Natural capital refers to the world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things. They provide valuable ecosystem services like food production, water purification, recreation and cultural services. Assigning economic value to natural capital helps incorporate environmental costs and benefits into decision making. For example, a study in Costa Rica found native forest habitats near coffee farms supported more pollinating bees, increasing coffee yields by 15-50% and farmer income by $60,000. This example shows how valuing natural capital can inform land use and conservation policies to promote sustainability.
Emerald Biogas Food For Thought Presentation - 24th January 2014velvetcommunications
Emerald Biogas based in Newton Aycliffe, are the North East of England's first commercial food waste anaerobic digestion facility. Working with the private and public sector we are committed to recycling and reusing the region’s food waste to generate electricity, heat and biofertiliser. With proven expertise in the recycling and renewables industry you can be assured that your waste is being treated in a safe, secure and environmentally friendly way.
High Solids Anaerobic Digestion - International Biomass 2013eisenmannusa
This document discusses high solids anaerobic digestion as a solution for processing high solids content organic waste. It notes that many organic waste streams naturally occur at 30% solids or higher, but conventional digestion requires dilution. High solids digestion offers benefits like minimized dilution, smaller footprint, and increased feedstock flexibility. The document provides an overview of high solids digestion systems and components, and highlights several reference plants using the technology to process municipal solid waste and agricultural waste.
This document describes how to set up a portable homemade biogas system for a small household. It includes diagrams and descriptions of the main components: a biogas digester where waste decomposes to produce methane gas, a gas holder tank to store the gas, and a burner to use the gas. Safety precautions are emphasized, and the document provides details on constructing the digester, holder, and burner out of inexpensive materials like plastic drums and pipes. A video demonstration of the working biogas system is referenced for additional information.
Presentation by The Climate Trust's Program Manager, Peter Weisberg, at the Sustainable Food Trade Association. Presentation includes: the basics of biogas, project case studies; and the climate benefit of biogas.
This document provides an overview of biomass energy and biogas production. It discusses the basics of biogas production, how biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion, and the classification of biogas plant types. It also summarizes different components of biogas plants like the dome and drum types, considerations for siting a plant, and how to start up and maintain biogas production. The document concludes with descriptions of how biogas can be utilized as an energy source.
Presentation by Iemke Bisschops of Lettinga Associates Foundation (LeAF) held at the biogas information seminar in Wageningen the Netherlands, 4 October 2009, organized by the Wageningen Environmental Platform & the Community Composting Network
This presentation proposes designing an anaerobic digester to convert food waste from Clemson University dining facilities into biogas. It identifies that Clemson produces around 675 tons of food waste per year, but only 270 tons are currently composted. The goals are to design a digester that produces more energy than it uses and converts 50% of food waste into biogas. Various aspects of the design process are discussed, including analyzing feedstock composition, determining reactor sizing, modeling biogas production, and considering design options. A budget of $1,050 is allocated for the project.
Ppt. developing a conceptual frameworkNursing Path
The document discusses the process of developing a conceptual framework. It explains that a conceptual framework identifies key concepts and relationships between concepts that are relevant to understanding a research problem. The purposes of a conceptual framework include keeping research focused, linking literature to research goals, clarifying concepts and relationships, and providing a structure for research design and analysis. A conceptual framework is developed by identifying concepts, defining them, determining relationships between concepts through propositions, and operationalizing abstract concepts.
The document discusses united recycling efforts by the beverage industry in Mexico. It provides background on waste generation and plastic recycling in Mexico. A key initiative discussed is ECOCE, a non-profit organization founded in 2002 with the objectives of gathering waste PET containers from member companies and promoting recycling to generate jobs and reduce improper disposal. ECOCE operates similarly to the mandatory Green Dot system in Germany by having member companies fund recycling programs.
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Silvana Torri
This study characterized the organic compounds in biosolids from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Different solvents were evaluated for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and a hexane:acetone mixture provided the highest extractability. The organic compounds identified included fatty acids, n-alkanes, and steroids. Persistent organic pollutants were below detection limits. The recalcitrant organic fraction reported previously is mainly due to stable sterols in the biosolids.
This document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It begins by noting that most of India's cities lack proper sewage treatment, polluting water sources. Algae-based treatment offers advantages over conventional methods like lower costs, energy requirements, and sludge production. It can also produce useful algal biomass. The objective is to evaluate two algae species, Chlorella and Scenedesmus, for removing nutrients from municipal wastewater. If effective, algae cultivation could replace or enhance conventional treatment while providing biomass for products like biodiesel.
This document summarizes a study that used a continuous stirred bed reactor (SBR) to treat textile wastewater through bacterial decolourisation. A mixture of three bacterial strains - Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus sp., and filamentous bacteria - were introduced to the SBR. The study used a mixture experimental design to optimize the formulation of bacterial strains and assess colour and COD removal. The results found that the highest predictable decolourisation and COD removal rates were 86.72% and 75.06% respectively. Regression analysis showed excellent correlation between the bacterial mixtures and responses of decolourisation and COD removal.
Biogas as a means of solid waste managementDayo Adewumi
Biogas technology provides a sustainable means of managing solid waste by converting biodegradable waste into biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a process carried out by bacteria that breaks down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas and reduces pathogens. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source and the slurry byproduct has fertilizer value. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process, available feedstocks including agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, and the environmental benefits such as reduced emissions, sludge, and land use compared to other waste treatment methods.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. The composting process and two case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali are summarized. Key aspects of anaerobic digestion like the process, technologies, uses of products, and calculating reactor size are covered. Other biological waste treatment methods like vermicomposting, biodegradable waste, and aerobic/anaerobic fermentation are also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. Case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali, Indonesia are presented. The basics of anaerobic digestion including technologies, operation, and uses of products are explained. Vermicomposting and calculations for sizing anaerobic reactors are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes are differentiated.
2009 - Efficiency of nitrogen removal and protist communities the potential f...WALEBUBLÉ
Article published in the International Workshop on Integrated vision of urban and agro-industrial wastewater treatment, monitoring and reclamation: key role played by the Waste Water Treatment Plant. 2-3 Julio, 2009. ISRIM / LIFE (CEE n. 1973/92 EU Financial Instrument for the Environment) , Terni, Italy.
Urban sanitation: entrepreneurships among the urban poor for waste recycling in Patancheru, AP [Andhra Pradesh], India
Authors: Schmitt, V. A.;Amerasinghe,Priyanie [IWMI]; Forster, D.; Vadloori, Bharadwajan [IWMI]; Niggli, U.
Poster presented at the 3rd International Conference on Research for Development (ICRD 2012) Research for
Global Transformation, Bern, Switzerland, 20 - 22 August 2012.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), carbon source, and nitrogen source on bacterial communities grown using the effluent from a recirculation aquaculture system as a substrate. The study found that HRT influenced the bacterial community composition, with a 2 hour HRT favoring Acinetobacter spp. and a 7 hour HRT favoring Rhizobium and Shinella spp. The carbon source also impacted the community, with molasses favoring Aquaspirillum serpens. Providing both ammonia and nitrate as nitrogen sources led to bacteria related to Sphaerotilus, Flavobacterium, and Jonesia genera. The results
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), carbon source, and nitrogen source on bacterial communities grown using the effluent from a recirculation aquaculture system as a substrate. The study found that HRT influenced the bacterial community composition, with a 2 hour HRT favoring Acinetobacter spp. and a 7 hour HRT favoring Rhizobium and Shinella spp. The carbon source also impacted the community, with molasses favoring Aquaspirillum serpens. Providing both ammonia and nitrate as nitrogen sources led to bacteria related to Sphaerotilus, Flavobacterium, and Jonesia genera. The results
Turbidity is one of the major culprits which help microbes present in water and waste water to survive. Also
drastically impact the water treatment efficiency mainly the process of disinfection. Coagulants such as Alum, PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), FeCl3 etc, are majorly used for the turbidity removal in water. Among this Alum is the most widely used coagulant in water treatment, because of its proven performance and cost effectiveness. Although alum has a proven track record,
usage of same in drinking water system increases the concentration of Aluminium ion which does not falls under the WHO (World Health Organization) norms of drinking water standards. Hence this study would be an alternate approach for turbidity
reduction in water by using natural coagulants. Different studies in ancient Tamil Literature show Strychnos potatorum Linn or
Nirmali seed act as a best coagulating agent, which in turn helps in removal of turbidity in water. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract in removal of turbidity from the selected water samples. An existing
water softener system of capacity 2 m3
/hr from a Residential Apartment named M/s.Ozone Pavillion was selected with an existing scheme of Alum dosing system, Pressure sand filter, Activated Carbon filter and Softener. In this scheme the Alum dosing was replaced with Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract dosing and the softener filter was bypassed. Two different water samples
were selected (Bore Well Water and Surface Water) and jar test was performed with the Strychnos potatorum Linn extract to arrive the best suited dose for the turbidity reduction. Here the jar test performed with different concentration of Strychnos potatorum Linn extract starting from 20 mg/l to 60 mg/l and selected the concentration of 60 mg/l as the best suited dose for
turbidity reduction. The selected concentration was used for a pilot plant study in the existing water treatment plant designed by M/s. Green Enviro Polestar. The study showed the turbidity removal efficiency of 40% to 60% and highly emphasizes the usage of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract as a natural coagulant in water treatment systems.
Emerald Biogas Food For Thought Presentation - 24th January 2014velvetcommunications
Emerald Biogas based in Newton Aycliffe, are the North East of England's first commercial food waste anaerobic digestion facility. Working with the private and public sector we are committed to recycling and reusing the region’s food waste to generate electricity, heat and biofertiliser. With proven expertise in the recycling and renewables industry you can be assured that your waste is being treated in a safe, secure and environmentally friendly way.
High Solids Anaerobic Digestion - International Biomass 2013eisenmannusa
This document discusses high solids anaerobic digestion as a solution for processing high solids content organic waste. It notes that many organic waste streams naturally occur at 30% solids or higher, but conventional digestion requires dilution. High solids digestion offers benefits like minimized dilution, smaller footprint, and increased feedstock flexibility. The document provides an overview of high solids digestion systems and components, and highlights several reference plants using the technology to process municipal solid waste and agricultural waste.
This document describes how to set up a portable homemade biogas system for a small household. It includes diagrams and descriptions of the main components: a biogas digester where waste decomposes to produce methane gas, a gas holder tank to store the gas, and a burner to use the gas. Safety precautions are emphasized, and the document provides details on constructing the digester, holder, and burner out of inexpensive materials like plastic drums and pipes. A video demonstration of the working biogas system is referenced for additional information.
Presentation by The Climate Trust's Program Manager, Peter Weisberg, at the Sustainable Food Trade Association. Presentation includes: the basics of biogas, project case studies; and the climate benefit of biogas.
This document provides an overview of biomass energy and biogas production. It discusses the basics of biogas production, how biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion, and the classification of biogas plant types. It also summarizes different components of biogas plants like the dome and drum types, considerations for siting a plant, and how to start up and maintain biogas production. The document concludes with descriptions of how biogas can be utilized as an energy source.
Presentation by Iemke Bisschops of Lettinga Associates Foundation (LeAF) held at the biogas information seminar in Wageningen the Netherlands, 4 October 2009, organized by the Wageningen Environmental Platform & the Community Composting Network
This presentation proposes designing an anaerobic digester to convert food waste from Clemson University dining facilities into biogas. It identifies that Clemson produces around 675 tons of food waste per year, but only 270 tons are currently composted. The goals are to design a digester that produces more energy than it uses and converts 50% of food waste into biogas. Various aspects of the design process are discussed, including analyzing feedstock composition, determining reactor sizing, modeling biogas production, and considering design options. A budget of $1,050 is allocated for the project.
Ppt. developing a conceptual frameworkNursing Path
The document discusses the process of developing a conceptual framework. It explains that a conceptual framework identifies key concepts and relationships between concepts that are relevant to understanding a research problem. The purposes of a conceptual framework include keeping research focused, linking literature to research goals, clarifying concepts and relationships, and providing a structure for research design and analysis. A conceptual framework is developed by identifying concepts, defining them, determining relationships between concepts through propositions, and operationalizing abstract concepts.
The document discusses united recycling efforts by the beverage industry in Mexico. It provides background on waste generation and plastic recycling in Mexico. A key initiative discussed is ECOCE, a non-profit organization founded in 2002 with the objectives of gathering waste PET containers from member companies and promoting recycling to generate jobs and reduce improper disposal. ECOCE operates similarly to the mandatory Green Dot system in Germany by having member companies fund recycling programs.
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Silvana Torri
This study characterized the organic compounds in biosolids from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Different solvents were evaluated for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and a hexane:acetone mixture provided the highest extractability. The organic compounds identified included fatty acids, n-alkanes, and steroids. Persistent organic pollutants were below detection limits. The recalcitrant organic fraction reported previously is mainly due to stable sterols in the biosolids.
This document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It begins by noting that most of India's cities lack proper sewage treatment, polluting water sources. Algae-based treatment offers advantages over conventional methods like lower costs, energy requirements, and sludge production. It can also produce useful algal biomass. The objective is to evaluate two algae species, Chlorella and Scenedesmus, for removing nutrients from municipal wastewater. If effective, algae cultivation could replace or enhance conventional treatment while providing biomass for products like biodiesel.
This document summarizes a study that used a continuous stirred bed reactor (SBR) to treat textile wastewater through bacterial decolourisation. A mixture of three bacterial strains - Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus sp., and filamentous bacteria - were introduced to the SBR. The study used a mixture experimental design to optimize the formulation of bacterial strains and assess colour and COD removal. The results found that the highest predictable decolourisation and COD removal rates were 86.72% and 75.06% respectively. Regression analysis showed excellent correlation between the bacterial mixtures and responses of decolourisation and COD removal.
Biogas as a means of solid waste managementDayo Adewumi
Biogas technology provides a sustainable means of managing solid waste by converting biodegradable waste into biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is a process carried out by bacteria that breaks down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas and reduces pathogens. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source and the slurry byproduct has fertilizer value. This paper discusses the fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process, available feedstocks including agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, and the environmental benefits such as reduced emissions, sludge, and land use compared to other waste treatment methods.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. The composting process and two case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali are summarized. Key aspects of anaerobic digestion like the process, technologies, uses of products, and calculating reactor size are covered. Other biological waste treatment methods like vermicomposting, biodegradable waste, and aerobic/anaerobic fermentation are also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. Case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali, Indonesia are presented. The basics of anaerobic digestion including technologies, operation, and uses of products are explained. Vermicomposting and calculations for sizing anaerobic reactors are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes are differentiated.
2009 - Efficiency of nitrogen removal and protist communities the potential f...WALEBUBLÉ
Article published in the International Workshop on Integrated vision of urban and agro-industrial wastewater treatment, monitoring and reclamation: key role played by the Waste Water Treatment Plant. 2-3 Julio, 2009. ISRIM / LIFE (CEE n. 1973/92 EU Financial Instrument for the Environment) , Terni, Italy.
Urban sanitation: entrepreneurships among the urban poor for waste recycling in Patancheru, AP [Andhra Pradesh], India
Authors: Schmitt, V. A.;Amerasinghe,Priyanie [IWMI]; Forster, D.; Vadloori, Bharadwajan [IWMI]; Niggli, U.
Poster presented at the 3rd International Conference on Research for Development (ICRD 2012) Research for
Global Transformation, Bern, Switzerland, 20 - 22 August 2012.
Pollotion is a risk that has, unfortunately, become an issue in most parts of the world; especially the developing world. The slides presented here are the summary of a study carried out to determine the effect of the use of Water hyacinth as Alternative and cheap treatment option for domestic sewage.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), carbon source, and nitrogen source on bacterial communities grown using the effluent from a recirculation aquaculture system as a substrate. The study found that HRT influenced the bacterial community composition, with a 2 hour HRT favoring Acinetobacter spp. and a 7 hour HRT favoring Rhizobium and Shinella spp. The carbon source also impacted the community, with molasses favoring Aquaspirillum serpens. Providing both ammonia and nitrate as nitrogen sources led to bacteria related to Sphaerotilus, Flavobacterium, and Jonesia genera. The results
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), carbon source, and nitrogen source on bacterial communities grown using the effluent from a recirculation aquaculture system as a substrate. The study found that HRT influenced the bacterial community composition, with a 2 hour HRT favoring Acinetobacter spp. and a 7 hour HRT favoring Rhizobium and Shinella spp. The carbon source also impacted the community, with molasses favoring Aquaspirillum serpens. Providing both ammonia and nitrate as nitrogen sources led to bacteria related to Sphaerotilus, Flavobacterium, and Jonesia genera. The results
Turbidity is one of the major culprits which help microbes present in water and waste water to survive. Also
drastically impact the water treatment efficiency mainly the process of disinfection. Coagulants such as Alum, PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), FeCl3 etc, are majorly used for the turbidity removal in water. Among this Alum is the most widely used coagulant in water treatment, because of its proven performance and cost effectiveness. Although alum has a proven track record,
usage of same in drinking water system increases the concentration of Aluminium ion which does not falls under the WHO (World Health Organization) norms of drinking water standards. Hence this study would be an alternate approach for turbidity
reduction in water by using natural coagulants. Different studies in ancient Tamil Literature show Strychnos potatorum Linn or
Nirmali seed act as a best coagulating agent, which in turn helps in removal of turbidity in water. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract in removal of turbidity from the selected water samples. An existing
water softener system of capacity 2 m3
/hr from a Residential Apartment named M/s.Ozone Pavillion was selected with an existing scheme of Alum dosing system, Pressure sand filter, Activated Carbon filter and Softener. In this scheme the Alum dosing was replaced with Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract dosing and the softener filter was bypassed. Two different water samples
were selected (Bore Well Water and Surface Water) and jar test was performed with the Strychnos potatorum Linn extract to arrive the best suited dose for the turbidity reduction. Here the jar test performed with different concentration of Strychnos potatorum Linn extract starting from 20 mg/l to 60 mg/l and selected the concentration of 60 mg/l as the best suited dose for
turbidity reduction. The selected concentration was used for a pilot plant study in the existing water treatment plant designed by M/s. Green Enviro Polestar. The study showed the turbidity removal efficiency of 40% to 60% and highly emphasizes the usage of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract as a natural coagulant in water treatment systems.
This document is a thesis project examining innovative biological phosphate and anaerobic digestion technology for waste treatment, energy generation, and phosphorus recovery. It includes an abstract, introduction covering topics like sewage, current bioremediation methods, anaerobic digestion processes, low temperature anaerobic digestion, bioreactor configurations, and the global phosphorus crisis. It also outlines the materials and methods, expected results sections, and planned discussion. The introduction provides background on anaerobic digestion and examines its application to low-temperature wastewater treatment.
Efficacy of hibiscus cannabinus l. (kenaf) crude seed powderAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on using hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) crude seed powder and methanol extract for water purification. The study tested the powders and extracts on water samples with high (160NTU) and low (49NTU) turbidity. For high turbidity water, the powder was more effective at removing turbidity (96% removal) than the extract (85.6% removal). However, for low turbidity water, the extract performed better (89.4% removal) than the powder (84.4% removal). The pH of the water remained unaffected after treatment. Compared to alum, the natural coagulants removed turbidity similarly but did not lower the pH
This document describes a sustainable biorefinery concept that converts animal wastes into value-added products through three main steps:
1) Anaerobic digestion is used to treat animal wastes and produce biogas for energy generation. This results in liquid and solid digestates.
2) The liquid digestate is treated with electrocoagulation to reclaim water.
3) The solid digestate undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis and fungal fermentation using the electrocoagulation water, producing fungal biomass containing the high-value chemical chitin.
The biorefinery concept fully utilizes animal wastes to simultaneously treat wastes and produce a valuable product, while being energy
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic digestion technology and its potential application in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. It begins with basics on the anaerobic process, including its four stages and products. It then discusses considerations for feedstock and process configuration. The document outlines environmental, economic and practical benefits, as well as potential problems. It proposes strategies for introducing the technology and provides sample digester designs. In conclusion, it recommends further exploring anaerobic digestion as a solution to Afghanistan's energy crisis and land degradation issues.
Similar to 2010 09 BioCycle Article on residential food waste in compostable bags going to anaerobic digestion (20)
2010 09 BioCycle Article on residential food waste in compostable bags going to anaerobic digestion
1. C O N F E R E N C E P R E V I E W
Monday, October 18
Session: Organics Collection, Energy Production In Europe
Presentation: Tools To Collect Organics,
Diversion To Digestion And Composting
Christian Garaffa, Novamont SpA
EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
TOOLS TO COLLECT ORGANICS,
DIVERSION TO DIGESTION
S
INCE the mid-1990s, food waste high water vapor transmission rates. This
has been collected from house- enables the transpiration of wet food
Solid waste holds separately from yard trim-
mings in Italy. The door-to-door
waste, providing a weight and volume re-
duction resulting in less waste to be col-
management collection method allows for high
capture and low contamination
lected and treated. The water loss also re-
duces initial fermentation, meaning less
company in rates. In recent years, some of
these programs have implemented anaero-
generation of unpleasant odors, a more hy-
gienic bin, and overall reduced “yuck” fac-
northeastern bic digestion (AD) as an initial processing
stage, producing biogas from the organics
tor (see “Intensive Source Separated Or-
ganics,” April 2010).
Italy operates and then composting the digestate.
This article focuses on the case study of
However, according to Walter Giacetti,
environmental manager at ETRA, SSO di-
two types of ETRA S.p.A., an Italian public company
that manages the integrated water and mu-
anaerobic nicipal solid waste collection and treatment
service in an area of approximately 800
digestion systems square miles in the northeastern region of
Veneto. As of 2009, ETRA serves 63 munic-
to process source ipalities with a population of 520,000 and
collects 100,000 metric tons (110,000 tons)
separated of organic waste annually.
Within the boundaries of this territory,
organics. organic waste is in a closed loop system,
treated in a composting facility and two dif-
ferent AD facilities operated by ETRA — a
dry continuous flow system in Bassano del
Christian Garaffa Grappa (Vicenza) and a wet two-stage sys-
tem in Camposampiero (Padova). ETRA is
constantly pursuing maximum recovery
with minimal contaminants through the
continuous monitoring of the collected feed- The anaerobic digestion facility in Bassano
stocks, extensive information campaigns del Grappa treats separately collected
and promotion of the use of compostable residential food waste using a dry
bags for collecting organic waste. continuous flow process with three
cylindrical digesters (center of photo).
COLLECTION TOOLS, “CLEAN ORGANICS”
The Italian system of intensive source version programs on their own do not de-
separated organics (ISSO) involves fre- liver the expected purity and diversion
quent food waste collection, allowing for rates. “The roll out of any residential pro-
high capture of organics, and less frequent gram must be supported by extensive infor-
residual waste collection, helping to opti- mation campaigns and tools which encour-
mize the whole system. An important tool age participation,” he says. “We own and
for ISSO is a 2-gallon vented kitchen pail operate the facilities where this material is
used with compostable bags. Specific treated so not only do we want to reduce the
grades of Mater-Bi ® compostable resin environmental impacts, we have a vested
have a native starch content that allows for interest in optimizing all parts of the sys-
BIOCYCLE SEPTEMBER 2010
2. tem in order to minimize processing and one of the first 38 municipalities involved
[contamination] disposal costs.” in the initial phase of the “Clean Organ-
ETRA constantly monitors the quali- ics” campaign, has about 44,000 inhabi-
ty of collected materials to maintain op- tants and collects over 4,000 tons/year of
timum performance and allow for a organics. Its case is emblematic of how it
timely response to prob- was possible to reduce an
lems should they arise. Figure 1. “Cleanup Organics” average rate of about 8
Monitoring includes campaign flyer percent contamination
waste analyses, looking through information and
in particular at the total promotion of com-
level of contaminants in postable bags. The data
the collected materials. in Figure 2 show how in
Throughout the years, 2009, after the communi-
ETRA has been manag- cation campaign, imple-
ing an increasing num- mentation of a proper
ber of municipal pro- monitoring system and
grams. While some involvement of local busi-
municipalities didn’t al- nesses in promoting use
ways require com- of certified compostable
postable bags, others bags, contamination
have had this require- dropped to less than 2.5
ment since the creation percent, resulting in
of the first organics col- avoided disposal of at
lection programs in least 200 metric tons of
1996. However, waste waste. The economic sav-
analyses showed that ings for the city of Bas-
about 15 percent of fam- sano were about €30,000
ilies were still using con- (about $38,500).
ventional polyethylene shopping bags Areas B, C, D (Figure 2) have curbside
for collecting their kitchen scraps, prob- collection and showed the best results,
ably because they were less expensive while the historic downtown area (A) re-
and more readily available. The data sults are less striking because of the use
were further confirmed by waste analy- of centralized road containers (the his-
ses at ETRA treatment facilities, which toric downtown accounts for about 10
showed a worse quality compared to the percent of all kitchen organics collect-
previous year. ed). Road containers commonly achieve
To address the declining quali- lower capture rates and tend to have
ty, an extensive campaign — higher contamination rates because of
“Umido Pulito” or “Clean Organ- the lack of a direct link between house-
ics” — was organized between holder and collection bin. Nevertheless,
April and May 2008. The cam- in some specific situations due to space
paign (Figure 1) was aimed at and logistical constraints, this option
improving the quality of food can be preferred to curbside bins.
waste collected by empowering
citizens and therefore facilitat- BASSANO DEL GRAPPA DIGESTER
ing the process of treatment and Opened in mid-2003, ETRA’s AD facil-
recycling. ity in Bassano del Grappa treats sepa-
Originally ”Clean Organics” rately collected residential food wastes
was implemented in 38 of the 63 using a Valorga dry continuous flow pro-
municipalities that ETRA serves cess. The resulting digestate is compost-
and covered 71 percent of the ed with yard trimmings and minor
520,000 inhabitants. The cam- amounts of biosolids. The facility con-
paign is still ongoing with more sists of preprocessing; three continuous
municipalities joining. By the flow cylindrical digester reactors with a
end of 2010, all municipalities in ETRA’s total volume of 7,200m3; a composting
service area will have received the cam- plant for the digestate; a maturation
paign and monitoring pad; biogas clean up
program. Figure 2. Waste analyses in (methane and carbon
The campaign was Bassano del Grappa dioxide); three CHP en-
partly funded by ETRA, gines (powered with the
and partly by the munic- 16 15.5 Percent non-compostable biogas); and a dedicated
ipalities themselves, 2007 2008 2009 sewer taking liquid from
which included a pro- 12 11.4 the dewatering process
portion of total costs in 8.9 8.9 to a local treatment fa-
the yearly financial 7.93 7.93 7.93 cility.
8
plan. The campaign also 6.1 The Bassano plant was
5.4
had the support of the 4 originally designed for
Italian Composting 2.3 2.1 treatment of MSW.
1.3
Consortium. 0 However, the later in-
Bassano del Grappa, Area A Area B Area C Area D troduction of the curb-
BIOCYCLE SEPTEMBER 2010
3. degrading at this point and are completely
degraded during the postcomposting stage.
CAMPOSAMPIERO DIGESTION PLANT
The Camposampiero facility opened in
mid-2005, treating separately collected mu-
nicipal organic wastes, animal manure and
biosolids. The integrated biotreatment cen-
ter consists of a reception hall and pretreat-
ment facility; an area for reception and pre-
treatment of liquid waste; an anaerobic
digester; and a treatment plant for wastew-
ater. This plant utilizes a two-phase wet di-
gestion process patented by Linde-KCA-
Dresden GmbH that operates with low solids
content under thermophilic conditions.
Source separated food waste is loaded
The integrated biotreatment side collection of dry recyclables caused a into a bag opener with a front end loader,
facility in Camposampiero, significant change in the composition of the passed through a grinder and magnetic sep-
which processes separately MSW, leading to higher sedimentation arator and then goes into a hopper. The
collected municipal organics, rates that clogged the digesters. This shredded and cleaned waste enters the hy-
animal manure and biosolids, prompted a change to process just source dropulper, which after dilution with water
utilizes a two-phase wet separated food waste in the digesters. or industrial leachate, blends the putresci-
digestion process. Food waste entering the facility is placed ble materials and, by sedimentation, sepa-
in a bag splitter and then passed through a rates out the heavy solids (bones and shells,
disc screen and magnetic separator. The spoons or any residual metal plugs, etc.).
overs from screening are sent for disposal in The liquid is discharged from the pulper
landfill or incineration with energy recov- into a drum screen that allows the separa-
ery. The larger pieces of compostable bags tion of the pulp from plastics and other
are captured in the overs; the smaller ones large fragments, which are washed and
pass through the screen and enter the di- then pressed to remove excess water. The
gester. ETRA is planning to introduce a me- compostable bags are removed via the drum
chanical-biological treatment (MBT) step screen as well. ETRA is also planning to
prior to sending the overs to disposal in or- add an MBT step at this facility to treat the
der to have a further reduction of weight residues because of the high content of wet
and disposal cost. organic materials. The bags would biode-
Organic materials are steam-heated to grade during the MBT stage.
reach the desired temperature (the walls of Screened overs (washed and pressed) and
the digester are insulated but do not have the settling solids separated in the pulper
any heating mechanisms) and loaded di- (and partly also in two traps in the sieve)
rectly into three cylindrical digesters, each are sent to disposal. The pulped organics
with a gross capacity of 2,400 m3. Solids fraction enters the hydrolysis tank where it
content of feedstock entering the digester is remains for just over a day before being fed
29 to 33 percent. The average retention into the anaerobic digester.
time is 35 days. The liquid waste stream consisting of an-
After dewatering, digestate is mixed with imal manure is subject to screening and grit
structural woody material and biosolids be- removal, then placed in storage tanks and
fore a two-stage composting process. The fed to the digester. Biosolids are thickened
first phase is conducted in a closed ware- and placed in storage tanks or the hydroly-
house, using 18 windrows with forced aera- sis tank, prior to loading into the digester.
tion. These are turned regularly for 18 to 30 The digester has a capacity of 3,300 m3 of
days and then pass via conveyor belt to the which 3,000 are occupied by the liquid frac-
refining process to remove any remaining tion. Mixing is ensured by recirculation of
contaminants. The compost is further ma- biogas (gas lift) together with the input and
tured for up to three months, with a total output flows of the liquids. Temperature is
time to process each batch (AD plus aerobic maintained between 53° and 55°C by exter-
composting) of never less than 90 days and nal heat exchanger tube bundles that use
often more than four to five months. This heat emitted from diesel engines and heat
produces high-quality compost (after recovered from the output gases.
screening to 10 mm) used as fertilizer in Biogas passes through a gravel filter and
agriculture. Air drawn from all parts of the is recycled or stored in the double skin
premises is cleaned by an acid wash and 2,600 m3 gas tank at a pressure of 20 to 25
then routed to a 1,000 m2 biofilter. mbar. The plant was opened in 2006 and
About 50 percent of all the contaminants since 2007, the production of electricity has
removed from Bassano are generated dur- been constant leading to the generation of
ing the refining step of the composted di- high levels of revenue.
gestate. Increased use of compostable bags Average retention time in the digesters is
is a benefit in terms of reducing the plastic about 22 days, after which the digestate is
portion of the residues. The bits of com- dried by centrifugation with the addition of
postable bags that enter the digester start polyelectrolyte. The solid fraction is trans-
BIOCYCLE SEPTEMBER 2010
4. ferred to composting plants for stabilization prior to spread-
ing in agriculture whereas the liquid is treated internally.
HANDLING COLLECTION BAGS
The systems used to handle bags of organic waste collected
from households are extremely important. This involves both
pre and post treatment steps to ensure operations run smooth-
ly and produce a quality compost for agriculture.
Pretreatment consists of a range of operations that prepare
a substrate for the biological process and depend on whether
a dry or wet process is used. For dry processes, pretreatment
does not require additional dilution, whereas for wet process-
es the selection phase typically involves the substrate being
mixed with water while simultaneously separating the light
(plastics) and heavy (inert) fractions.
In both facilities described, preprocessing technologies tend
to separate bags and organics before the biological process.
Bags are torn open mechanically followed by particle size re-
duction (avoiding excessive grinding). Inert materials and
plastics are then separated in order to reduce friction and po-
tential blockages in the biological process. However, a signifi-
cant portion of organics attached to the bags is lost during this
stage. One major benefit of a system using compostable bags
is that depending on the purity of the collected feedstock, they
may enter the facility with less intensive separation, subse-
quently reducing the loss of organic material and reducing the
amount of overs generated during the refining process and
sent to disposal. Moreover, bags entering the facility have al-
ready started degradation, are wet and not so easy to be sep-
arated from the overall food waste mass, which has not been
a detriment to the operation of either digester facility, and has
helped reduce the final residue stream.
The choice of technology for post treatment varies depend-
ing on the market for the final product and the level of con-
tamination present. In a system where compostable bags en-
ter the AD facility, the efficiency of this screening is less
critical because remaining fragments have degraded in the
postdigestion composting phase. Overall, ETRA has found
that its facilities need to keep a balance between the intensi-
ty of the pretreatment screening process and relative purity of
the screened material that is then fed into the digester. In oth-
er words, the more intense the screening, the more energy is
consumed and the greater the amount of residues produced.
And as noted earlier, these residues contain a significant
amount of organics sticking to the noncompostable materials.
This “drag effect” usually causes the weight of the overs to
double, i.e. one metric ton of organics lost and disposed of per
each metric ton of noncompostable materials separated dur-
ing the screening process. Therefore, if the contamination of
the input material is kept below 2 to 3 percent, it is possible
to have a less intensive screening because the digester sys-
tems are able to cope with that contamination level.
To keep impurities in the collected residential organic frac-
tion well below 5 percent in ETRA’s service area, an appro-
priate monitoring system has been implemented along with
an extensive information and awareness campaign. Local re-
tailers also have been engaged in providing certified com-
postable bags at discounted prices. Last but not least, trained
collection crews perform quality control while collecting the
organic waste and provide doorstep guidance and continuous
information to the householders. The “Clean Organics” infor-
mation and awareness campaign has significantly improved
both the quality and quantity of residential organics collected
and reduced the amount of residues generated at ETRA’s
treatment facilities, resulting in an overall better environ-
mental and economic performance.
Christian Garaffa is Marketing Manager for source separation
and recycling at Novamont SpA, producers of compostable poly-
mers (christian.garaffa@novamont.com).
BIOCYCLE SEPTEMBER 2010