This document describes an experiment that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from 22 Mexican medicinal plant species. Extracts were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Several plants showed high antibacterial activity, especially against S. aureus. Two coumarins and three xanthones were isolated from the highly active Calophyllum brasiliense and Mammea americana plants.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
Identification of Ralstonia Solanacearum in Kyrgyzstan’s Potato Fields and th...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this study, we have used well-known, efficient methods and bioassay for systematic screening of R. solanacearum for identification of its phenotype and biochemical profile, as well as for pathogenicity and virulence. As a result, an aggressive race — Biovar 3 — was most isolated from the potato fields of the Issyk-Kul region, especially in fields where the Picasso variety was grown. The isolated indigenous strains of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of the bacterial wilt of potatoes, as indicated by the reduced percentage wilt incidence. Root zone and soil application of Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3 at a dose of 108 cell/ml significantly reduced disease incidence and increased the growth of potato plants. The disease’s progress was reduced by 60% and 56% in plants inoculated with Streptomyces diastatochromogenesstrain sk-6 and Streptomyces bambergiensis strain k1-3, respectively.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
The development of more efficient and sustainable technologies in the production of materials in ‘in vitro’ cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), favor the improvement of seed quality and sanitation of the plant material. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Pectimorf® (mixed oligo-galacturonide), it’s safe and natural availability in Cuba. It is used as a possible complement or substitute for growth regulators traditionally used in the culture medium for the propagation of this crop in vitro. In this study, the results obtained indicate that, at least, under the experimental conditions, the Pectimorf®, altered patterns of development and distribution of stomata in the leaves of cassava plants, where the effect was most evident when the product is added to the culture medium. The new results contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of this substance.
Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Monta...ijtsrd
Objective An in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus Acanthaceae leaves on the eggs and the third larval L3 stage of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Methods Four different concentrations of the extracts by serial dilution from 1,000 mg mL to 125 mg mL were compared with albendazole as the positive control serially diluted from the recommended dose of 15 mg mL to 1.875mg mL and distilled water serving as the negative control respectively, in the bioassay. The extract activity was dose dependent. Results At 250 mg mL, there was 100 inhibition of egg hatch comparable to albendazole at 7.5 mg mL. There was zero percent inhibition of eggs in the distilled water control culture. The activity of the extracts on the L3 larvae shows that at the concentration of 125 mg mL, the larvicidal effect was 100 , one hour post treatment compared to albendazole at 15 mg mL 97.51 . However, the negative control showed an increase in Larvicidal activity from 22.5 to 40 in one hour and fifteen hours respectively. Conclusion It was therefore, concluded that crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus leaf has significant ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Heligmosomoides bakeri egg and third larval stage. D. O. Oshadu | J. O. Ajanusi | P. N. Chiezey | M. S. Abubakar | M. Adamu | A. W. Adanu | G.A.I. Dogo "Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/veterinary-medicine/43719/ovicidal-and-larvicidal-effects-of-crude-ethanolic-extracts-of-acanthus-montanus-acanthaceae-on-heligmosomoides-bakeri-nematoda-heligmosomatidae/d-o-oshadu
Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
The development of more efficient and sustainable technologies in the production of materials in ‘in vitro’ cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), favor the improvement of seed quality and sanitation of the plant material. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Pectimorf® (mixed oligo-galacturonide), it’s safe and natural availability in Cuba. It is used as a possible complement or substitute for growth regulators traditionally used in the culture medium for the propagation of this crop in vitro. In this study, the results obtained indicate that, at least, under the experimental conditions, the Pectimorf®, altered patterns of development and distribution of stomata in the leaves of cassava plants, where the effect was most evident when the product is added to the culture medium. The new results contribute to the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of this substance.
Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Monta...ijtsrd
Objective An in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus Acanthaceae leaves on the eggs and the third larval L3 stage of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Methods Four different concentrations of the extracts by serial dilution from 1,000 mg mL to 125 mg mL were compared with albendazole as the positive control serially diluted from the recommended dose of 15 mg mL to 1.875mg mL and distilled water serving as the negative control respectively, in the bioassay. The extract activity was dose dependent. Results At 250 mg mL, there was 100 inhibition of egg hatch comparable to albendazole at 7.5 mg mL. There was zero percent inhibition of eggs in the distilled water control culture. The activity of the extracts on the L3 larvae shows that at the concentration of 125 mg mL, the larvicidal effect was 100 , one hour post treatment compared to albendazole at 15 mg mL 97.51 . However, the negative control showed an increase in Larvicidal activity from 22.5 to 40 in one hour and fifteen hours respectively. Conclusion It was therefore, concluded that crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus leaf has significant ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Heligmosomoides bakeri egg and third larval stage. D. O. Oshadu | J. O. Ajanusi | P. N. Chiezey | M. S. Abubakar | M. Adamu | A. W. Adanu | G.A.I. Dogo "Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/veterinary-medicine/43719/ovicidal-and-larvicidal-effects-of-crude-ethanolic-extracts-of-acanthus-montanus-acanthaceae-on-heligmosomoides-bakeri-nematoda-heligmosomatidae/d-o-oshadu
Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
A number of 41 morphologically different endophytic actinomycete isolates were recovered from
surface-sterilized medicinal plants; Artemisia herba-alba, Echinops spinosus, Mentha longifolia and
Ballota undulate. A simplified method for selective recovery of actinomycetes from internal plant tissues
is described. Successful recovery was achieved on the media: starch-casein agar, 1/10 diluted starch
casein agar, tap water-yeast extract agar and MG-plant extract agar. Preliminary description of the
isolates, according to microscopic examination and amino acid composition of the cell wall
hydrolystates, indicated prevalence of genus Streptomyces. The highest number of endophytic
actinomycetes was recovered from Mentha longifolia and represented 34% of the isolates. Organic
extracts of the growth metabolites from the cultures were tested for cytotoxicity against Artemia salina as
well as for antimicrobial activities against 4 reference bacterial strains, 6 clinical bacterial cultures and
two clinical fungal cultures. Variable activities were obtained with different actinomycete isolates; the
highest activity could be detected against Gardnerella vaginitis and Shigella boydii strain ATCC 9207;
being represented in 29% of the isolates in both cases. For the first time, the isolation of endophytic
actinomycetes from Saint Katherine wild plants is reported and their potential use as novel source of
bioactive compounds is discussed.
Ethnopharmacological survey of Layyah District Punjab, Pakistaniosrjce
Ethnobotanical survey was conducted district Layyah, during 2010. The survey was conducted along
with Chowk Azam road in some of villages including chaks i.e chak no
145.A/T.D.A,146.A/T.D.A,151/T.D.A,128/T.D.A and chak no 120/T.D.A tehsil and district Layyah. From each
village 20 People were selected randomly by lottery method for consultation. For more ethnobotanic
information some traditional healers were interviewed. Present study focused on local inhabitants who use
traditional resources for self-medication with particular reference to ethnopharmacological application of plant
species for diseases and natural cosmetics. The study was carried out by interviewing respondents in remote
sites (lack of health facilities, poverty and extensive use of medicinal plants). In total 100 informants were
interviewed on their management of diseases. The respondents were old age women (10%), men (60%) and
traditional healers (30%) themselves and had knowledge on the medicinal uses of the plants for the said
purpose. To collect data systematically on disease management questionnaires and discussions were applied. A
total of 100 plants have been reported to use traditionally to cure different ailments in district Layyah, Punjab
during survey. About 13 plant species were reported for their use to cure pains in different body ailments.
Among these Eugenia aromatica, Terminalia chebula, Mentha microphylla, Accassia Arabica, Eucalyptus
camaldulences, Foeniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Accasia nilotica, Brassica
compestris, Aloe vera, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale constituted the major medications. About 3
plantspecies had been revealed as cure in fever. Melia azedarach Ocimum sanctum, Peucedanum graveolens.
Miscellaneous uses of plants consisted of for treatment of wounds, flue and catarrh, hypertension, piles, general
debility, cough, fever, Diabetes, Haemorrhoid problems and Spermatorrhoea like problems etc. Some of the
reported species are wild and rare, this demands an urgent attention to conserve such vital resources so as to
optimize their use in the primary health care system.
Hydroponic production of the medicinal plants Arnica (Arnica montana L) and T...AI Publications
For the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases, the use of medicinal plants is an attractive alternative compared to traditional pharmaceutical drugs, the supply of this type of plants occurs in most cases by collection in the wild. Hence, the information available on hydroponic production for these plant inputs is scarce and little is known about their development under optimal and ideal conditions, different from their wild condition. The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth of Arnica (Arnica montana L) and Toronjil (Agastache mexicana) produced hydroponically under greenhouse conditions, for which two crops were managed, one with treatment and the other without it as a control, the first with hydroponics (inorganic substrate with nutrient solution) and the second, with organic substrate without adding nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetition cycles per treatment. It was statistically proven that hydroponic production positively affected plant growth. In both cases, Arnica and Lemon Balm increased their growth and mass compared to the control by 36.5% and 38.4% respectively, the variables of dry and fresh weight followed a similar trend, being favored by the hydroponic culture with respect to the control; On the other hand, the yield of dry extract from a 20.0% tincture for both species were very similar in percentage terms, being slightly higher for plants produced hydroponically.
Promising Sudanese Medicinal Plants with Antibacterial Activity - a Review Ar...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: This study is considered as the most comprehensive review of Sudanese medicinal plants with promising antibacterial activities, since it covered more than 60 published studies on that topic. A total of 142 plant species belonging to 64 families, which showed antibacterial activities when extracted using different solvents (polar and non-polar) and tested against some gram negative or gram positive bacteria in vitro (cup-plate method and disc diffusion method) have been presented. In conclusion, the list of medicinal plants presented in this review clearly indicates that most of them could be promising sources of new antibacterial drugs and encourages researchers for further microbiological and pharmacological studies.
As a result of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, infectious.docxdavezstarr61655
As a result of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, infectious diseases remain one of the major causes
of death. The rate at which microbial organisms continue to be resistant is significantly high globally
(Schmitz et al., 1999). Consequently, the elevated level of resistance of pathogens and the
ineffectiveness of the antibiotics has created a need to find other options (Ravikumar et al., 2010a).
Manufacturing of new drugs, which are effective and without any other consequences is very
necessary in order to deal with these issues. Overall, in order to come up with stronger antibiotics for
killing the bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other harmful microorganisms, marine plants, such as
mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, and marine sponges have been subjected to deep research
(Ravikumar et al., 2009&2011).
A medical plant has medical elements or substances that can be used for medical purposes: either it
can be utilized as medicine, or it can be used to make a drug (Sofowora, 1982). Medicinal plants, over
time, have played a significant role in curing human diseases and almost three quarters of the world’s
population use plants to carry out health surveys (Farnsworth, 1994; Joy et al., 1998 and Harvey,
2000). Typically, natural products, as well as the newest drugs, are majorly made from plants and
microbes (Hayashi et al., 1997; Armaka et al., 1999; Lin et al., 1999a &b; Basso et al., 2005 and
Harvey, 2000). The bioassay-guided isolation is key in drug synthesis from the naturalproducts and is
derived from the traditional uses of local plants (ethnobotanical and ethanopharmacological
applications) (Atta-ur-Rahman and Choudhary, 1999).
Seagrasses are marine plants which are found in large numbers in the tidal and sub tidal parts most
sear apart from those in the Polar Regions. People who live in the coastal regions are well known for
using the leafy part of seagrasses as food (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). Seagrasses have been widely
used as medicine to various ailments, including skin problems, fiver, muscle pains, and stomach aches,
among other ailments in folk medicine (de la Torre-Castro and Rönnbäck, 2004). Seagrasses were also
famous in India for managing heart conditions, nutritious purposes, fertilizers, as well as animal feeds
(Newmaster et al., 2011). A number of seagrasses have been highly associated with antibacterial
activities. For instance, Halophila stipulacea, Cymodocea serrulata and Halodule pinifolia (Kannan et
al., 2010).
The genotoxicity assays based on molecular techniques which have been exploited. Random amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) .
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Similar to 2005 antibacterial activity of crude extracts from mexican medicinal (20)
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. 294 K. Yasunaka et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 293–299
plants are used primarily to treat digestive (473 species),
respiratory (247 species) and skin (277 species) diseases
(Aguilar et al., 1994).
In the present paper, we describe the results of the study
on antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 22 Mexican
medicinal plants against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. These plants are used
in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases
presumably caused by bacteria.We also examined the effects
of pure compounds (two coumarins, three xanthones, and a
triterpene) isolated from the active plants.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant materials
Plant materials were collected during the period between
2000 and 2003 in Cuetzal´an del Progreso in the State of
Puebla, and in several localities of the State ofVeracruz. Calo-phyllum
brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae) was collected in
Santa Marta and Los Tuxtlas of the State of Veracruz. Plant
materials were also purchased at “Sonora Medicinal Plant
Market” in Mexico City, or from surplus herbarium spec-imens.
Taxonomic identification was performed and con-firmed
by three of us (A. Aguilar, E. L´opez-Villafranco,
and L. Lozada-P´erez) based on voucher specimens that had
been deposited in the IMSSM herbarium of the Mexican In-stitute
for Social Security, and IZTA and MEXU herbaria
of the National University of Mexico. The ethnobotanical
literature of the States of Puebla and Veracruz in particu-lar
(L´opez-Villafranco, 1988; Mart´ınez-Alfaro et al., 1995;
Cano-Asseleith, 1997; Mendoza-M´arquez, 2000) and other
references on Mexican medicinal plants (Aguilar et al., 1994;
Soto-Nu˜nez and Sousa, 1995; Reyes-Chilpa et al., 2003) were
also consulted. Investigated plant materials and their appli-cations
in Mexican traditional medicine are listed in Table 1.
2.2. Preparation of plant extracts
Plant extracts were prepared according to the procedures
of Abe et al. (2002). Each dried plant part was extracted with
organic solvents (mainly with methanol). Fresh plant parts
and other solvents used in this study are shown in Table 2.
The solvent of each extractwas dried in vacuo and the residue
was then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to produce
a final concentration of 100 mg/ml.
2.3. Preparation of coumarins, xanthones and a
triterpene
Coumarin mammea A/BA (1) and triterpene friedelin (6)
were extracted from the leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense,
collected in Santa Marta of the State of Veracruz (Reyes-
Table 1
Plants examined and their ethnomedical applicationsa
Family Scientific name Local name Ethnomedical applicationb
Annonaceae Annona cherimola Mill. Chirimoya Diarrhea, fever, anthelmintic, cough, emetic
Annona muricata L. Guan´abana Diarrhea, dysentery, leprae
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia taliscana Hook. et Arn. Guaco Cutaneous disease
Asteraceae Piqueria trinervia Cav. Hierba de San Nicol´as Dysentery, fever
Bixaceae Bixa orellana L. Achiote Dysentery, measles, mouth pimples
Burseraceae Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. Palo mulato Diarrhea, fever, gingivitis, cough, measles
Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium graveolens Willd. Epazote de zorrillo Diarrhea, amebiasis, stomach ache, cough
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Epazote morado Diarrhea, stomach ache, cramps
Clusiaceae Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. Bari Diarrhea, intestinal worms
Clusia salvinii Donn. Sm. Oreja de coyote Gonorrhea, kidney ache
Mammea americana L. Zapote Domingo Fever, cutaneous disease
Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura L. P´uan, Capul´ın rojo Measles, mouth pimples, stomach ache
Euphorbiaceae Croton draco Schltdl. Sangre de grado Dysentery, pimples, sores
Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. Cocuite Antipyretic, measles
Haematoxylum brasiletto H. Karst. Palo de Brasil Fever
Zornia thymifolia Kunth Hierba de la V´ıbora Fever
Malvaceae Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. Azocopacle, manzanita Dysentery, stomach ache, sores, cough
Piperaceae Piper amalago L. Cordoncillo Fever
Piper auritum Kunth Acuyo Fever, skin infections
Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. Lengua de ciervo Fever, kidney diseases, ulcer
Rubiaceae Hamelia patens Jacq. Balletilla Pimples, malaria, sores
Verbenaceae Aloysia triphylla Royle T´e cedr´on Diarrhea, stomach ache
a See Table 2 for voucher herbarium specimens.
b L´opez-Villafranco (1988), Aguilar et al. (1994); Mart´ınez-Alfaro et al. (1995), Soto-Nu˜nez and Sousa (1995), Cano-Asseleith (1997), Mendoza-M´arquez,
(2000), and Reyes-Chilpa et al. (2003).
3. K. Yasunaka et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 293–299 295
Table 2
Plants examined and their antibacterial activities
Family Scientific name Herbarium and
register number
Parta (solvent)b MICc (g/ml)
Escherichia
coli C600
Staphylococcus
aureus 209P
Annonaceae Annona cherimola IZTA 879 Seeds (M) 1024 512
Annona muricata IMSSM 14760 Seeds, S (M) 1024 1024
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia taliscana IMSSM 14718 R (M) 1024 1024
Asteraceae Piqueria trinervia IZTA 880 G (M) 1024 1024
Bixaceae Bixa orellana IMSSM 14759 Seeds (M) 1024 128
Burseraceae Bursera simaruba IZTA 868 L, T (M) fresh 1024 8
Bursera simaruba IZTA 868 S (M) fresh 1024 64
Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium graveolens IMSSM 14751 G (M) 512 256
Chenopodium ambrosioides IZTA 881 G (M) 1024 1024
Clusiaceae Calophyllum brasiliensed IMSSM 14439 L (H)e 512 32
Calophyllum brasiliensed IMSSM 14439 L (A)e 1024 2
Calophyllum brasiliensed IMSSM 14439 L (last M)e 1024 32
Calophyllum brasiliensef IMSSM 14425 L (M) 1024 16
Calophyllum brasiliensed IMSSM 14754 H (M+A) 128 8
Clusia salvinii IMSSM 14434 L (M+C) 1024 128
Mammea americana IMSSM 14420 P (H) 1024 8
Mammea americana IMSSM 14420 P (AcOEt insol) 1024 256
Mammea americana IMSSM 14420 P (AcOEt) 512 16
Mammea americana IMSSM 14420 P (A) 512 4
Mammea americana IMSSM 14420 Seeds (M) 256 2
Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura IZTA 870 F (M) fresh 1024 256
Muntingia calabura IZTA 870 L (M) fresh 512 128
Euphorbiaceae Croton draco IZTA 871 L (M) fresh 1024 64
Fabaceae Gliricidia sepium IZTA 25146 L (M) 1024 64
Haematoxylum brasiletto IMSSM 14726 S (M) 128 16
Zornia thymifolia IMSSM 14725 L (M) 1024 128
Malvaceae Malvaviscus arboreus IMSSM 14726 L (M) fresh 1024 256
Piperaceae Piper amalago FECME 85564 L (M) fresh 512 1024
Piper auritum IZTA 872 L (M) 1024 1024
Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum IMSSM 14727 Whole (M) 1024 512
Rubiaceae Hamelia patens IZTA 28222 L, T (M) 1024 256
Verbenaceae Aloysia triphylla IMSSM 14754 L (M) fresh 1024 64
a F, fruits; G, ground parts; H, heartwoods; L, leaves; P, fruit peels; R, roots; S, stems; T, twigs; fresh, fresh plant parts.
b A, acetone; C, dichloromethane; AcOEt, ethyl acetate; H, hexane; M, methanol; insol, insoluble fraction.
c Minimum inhibitory concentration.
d Corrected in Santa Marta, State of Veracruz.
e Extracted with firstly hexane, secondly acetone, lastly methanol.
f Corrected in Los Tuxtlas, State of Veracruz.
Chilpa et al., 2004). Coumarin mammea A/AA (2) was ex-tracted
with hexane at room temperature from the fruit peels
(421 g) of Mammea americana L. (Clusiaceae). The extract
spontaneously yielded yellow crystals, which were recrystal-lized
from hexane/CH2Cl2 (6 g). Xanthones jacareubin (3),
1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl) xanthone (4) and
6-deoxyjacareubin (5) were extracted from the heartwood of
Calophyllum brasiliense (Reyes-Chilpa et al., 1997). In the
isolation process, each of these extracts was subjected to var-ious
chromatographies to yield pure product. The structural
determination of pure compounds was carried out using 1H
and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and ultraviolet
spectroscopies, and mass spectrometry. For bioassay, each
pure compound was dissolved in DMSO to produce a final
concentration of 20 mg/ml.
2.4. Bacteria and media
Antibacterial evaluations were performed against Es-cherichia
coli K12 strain C600, methicillin-sensitive Staphy-lococcus
aureus (MSSA) strain FDA 209P and two
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains:
no. 3208 and no. 80401. These two MRSA strains were
clinically isolated in Fukuoka City, Japan, and clearly de-termined
to be MRSA (Yasunaka and Kono, 1999). Strain
no. 3208 did not produce any -lactamase but no. 80401
4. 296 K. Yasunaka et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 293–299
did produce -lactamase. All the bacterial strains were kept
at −80 ◦C until used. Brain heart infusion agar (BHI agar)
and Mueller–Hinton broth (MH broth) were purchased from
the Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Tokyo, Japan. Oxacillin
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Tokyo, Japan. -
Lactamase production was detected according to the manu-facturer’s
instructions using cefinase disks (the Nippon Bec-ton
Dickinson Co., Tokyo).
2.5. Antibacterial activity assay: evaluation of minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC)
MIC evaluations were performed by the micro-dilution
method. MH broth was used as the dilution and incuba-tion
broth. Bacteria grown on BHI agar plates for 16 h were
suspended in MH broth. The bacterial cell numbers were
adjusted to approximately 3–6×106 cfu (colony forming
unit)/ml. Plant extracts (100 mg/ml of DMSO) or pure com-pounds
(20 mg/ml of DMSO) were subjected to serial two-fold
dilution. Each 80 l of the bacterial suspensions was
added to 20l of each serial two-fold dilution of the test ma-terial
in a 96-well dish plate and thenwas mixed. The bacteria
were incubated at 37 ◦C for 24 h, and growth or no-growth
was assessed by the naked eye, then MIC was determined.
DMSO solutions that did not contain any test material or
only contained oxacillin were used as controls. All assays
were performed three times for each plant extract against
Escherichia coli C600 and Staphylococcus aureus 209P, but
only one time against eachMRSAstrains. The assays for pure
compounds were performed three times against all these four
bacteria. MIC values were shown as a mean value of each
assay. An MIC value at ≤64g/ml was judged to show high
activity, while 128–512 and ≥1024g/ml were considered
to show moderate and no antibacterial activity, respectively.
3. Results
3.1. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts against
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
To evaluate the antibacterial activity against Escherichia
coli C600 and Staphylococcus aureus 209P, the MIC of each
plant extract was assayed and the results shown in Table 2.
Nine extracts out of 32 showed moderate activity, while 23
extracts did not show any antibacterial activity against Es-cherichia
coli C600. On the other hand, many extracts ex-amined
were active against Staphylococcus aureus 209P (15
extracts, high; 11 extracts, moderate). Both acetone extract
from the leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense and methanol
extract from the seeds of Mammea americana showed
the highest antibacterial activity (MIC 2 g/ml) of all 32
extracts.
3.2. Anti-MRSA activity of plant extracts
MIC values of 15 extracts active against MSSA 209P
were further estimated against two MRSA strains (no. 3208
and no. 80401) and are shown in Table 3. All the extracts
examined showed nearly the same MIC values (1/2–2-fold
MIC) against these two MRSA strains. It is obvious that
antibacterial activity of these extracts is not influenced by
the existence of -lactamase in the bacteria, suggesting that
Table 3
Antibacterial activities of plant extracts
Plant MICa (g/ml)
Scientific name Part usedc (solvent)d MSSA 209Pb MRSA (no. 3208) MRSA (no. 80401)
Bixa orellana Seeds (M) 128 128 128
Bursera simaruba L, T (M) fresh 8 8 8
Bursera simaruba S (M) fresh 64 64 64
Calophyllum brasiliensee L (H)f 32 32 32
Calophyllum brasiliensee L (A)f 2 8 8
Calophyllum brasiliensee L (last M)f 32 32 32
Calophyllum brasilienseg L (M) 16 16 16
Calophyllum brasiliensee H (M+A) 8 16 8
Mammea americana P (H) 8 64 64
Mammea americana P (AcOEt) 16 8 16
Mammea americana P (A) 4 2 4
Mammea americana Seeds (M) 2 8 4
Croton draco L (M) fresh 64 128 64
Haematoxylum brasiletto S (M) 16 32 16
Aloysia triphylla L (M) fresh 64 64 64
a Minimum inhibitory concentration.
b MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
c F, fruits; G, ground parts; H, heartwoods; L, leaves; P, fruit peels; R, roots; S, stems; T, twigs; fresh, fresh plant parts.
d A, acetone; C, dichloromethane; AcOEt, ethyl acetate; H, hexane; M, methanol; insol, insoluble fraction.
e Corrected in Santa Marta, State of Veracruz.
f Extracted with firstly hexane, secondly acetone, lastly methanol.
g Corrected in Los Tuxtlas, State of Veracruz.
5. K. Yasunaka et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 293–299 297
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of coumarins, xanthones, and triterpene: (1) mammea A/BA; (2) mammea A/AA; (3) jacareubin; (4) 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(3,3-
dimethylallyl) xanthone; (5) 6-deoxyjacareubin; (6) friedelin.
the antibacterial principles in them do not contain any -
lactam rings. From Tables 2 and 3 it was found that Bursera
simaruba (L.) Sarg. (Burseraceae), Haematoxylum brasiletto
H. Karst. (Fabaceae), Calophyllum brasiliense, and Mam-mea
americana were highly active against both MSSA and
MRSA.
3.3. Antibacterial activity of coumarins, xanthones and
a triterpene
To identify the principle compounds of Calophyllum
brasiliense and Mammea americana, we purified coumarins
1 and 2, xanthones 3–5 and triterpene 6 (Fig. 1) as described in
Table 4
Antibacterial activities of purified compounds
Compound Plant MICa (g/ml)
Scientific name Partb Escherichia
coli C600
MSSAc
209P
MRSA
(no. 3208)
MRSA
(no. 80401)
Mammea A/BA (1) Calophyllum brasiliense L 256 1 2 2
Mammea A/AA (2) Mammea americana P 256 8 8 8
Jacareubin (3) Calophyllum brasiliense H 128 4 4 4
1,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)
Calophyllum brasiliense H 128 1 2 4
xanthone (4)
6-Deoxyjacareubin (5) Calophyllum brasiliense H 512 256 512 512
Friedelin (6) Calophyllum brasiliense L 512 512 512 512
Oxacillin 0.5 0.5 1024 512
a Minimum inhibitory concentration.
b F, fruits; G, ground parts; H, heartwoods; L, leaves; P, fruit peels; R, roots; S, stems; T, twigs; fresh, fresh plant parts.
c MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
6. 298 K. Yasunaka et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97 (2005) 293–299
Section 2. MIC values of these pure compounds are shown in
Table 4. Compounds 1–4 are the compounds responsible for
the activity, since they showed higher activity against Staphy-lococcus
aureus than that of the original extract. Xanthone 5
and triterpene 6 showed no activity against Staphylococcus
aureus. Only xanthones 3 and 4 showed moderate activity
against Escherichia coli.
Various studies have previously shown the biological ac-tivities
of some coumarins and xanthones (Finnegan et al.,
1972; Sundaram et al., 1983; Iinuma et al., 1996; Reyes-
Chilpa et al., 1997; Ojala et al., 2000; Itoigawa et al., 2001;
Ito et al., 2002). However, this is the first report of antibacte-rial
activity of these six compounds against Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA). Calophyl-lum
brasiliense and Mammea americana contain other types
of coumarins and xanthones (Crombie et al., 1967; Finnegan
et al., 1972; Finnegan et al., 1973; Ito et al., 2002), therefore,
their antibacterial activity should be studied.
4. Discussion and conclusions
Twenty-two plants studied here are used in Mexican tra-ditional
medicine against illness such as fever, diarrhea,
malaria, dysentery, sores, and venereal diseases presumably
caused mainly by bacteria or microorganisms. Of the 22
medicinal plants assayed, seven species showed high activ-ity
againstStaphylococcus aureus and nine moderate. Only
six plants showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli.
Bursera simaruba, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Calophyllum
brasiliense, and Mammea americana showed high activ-ity
against Staphylococcus aureus. Bursera simaruba is a
widely distributed tree in the tropical area in Mexico and is
well known for its applications as water decoctions or poul-tices
made from the leaves against bacteria related diseases.
Haematoxylum brasiletto, a tree distributed in dry tropical
forests, has red heartwood. This morphological feature red
heartwood could probably be related to several medical ap-plications,
due to an association with blood or heart diseases.
Haematoxylum brasiletto is also known in certain localities
as a febrifuge (Aguilar et al., 1994; Soto-Nu˜nez and Sousa,
1995). Antibacterial compounds (1–4) isolated from the last
two species Calophyllum brasiliense and Mammea ameri-cana
would serve as promising candidates for chemothera-peutic
agents, especially against MRSA, because these com-pounds
showed much higher activity than that of oxacillin.
The results obtained in this work scientifically support
the effectiveness of medicinal plants locally and traditionally
used to treat infection-related diseases in Mexico, because of
their high antibacterial activity.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Laura Cort´es Z´arraga for her
assistance in collecting ethnobotanical data.Wewould like to
thank Dr. H. Akahane of Fukuoka University for his encour-agement
in carrying out this study. This work was supported
in part by a grant (no. 001001) from the Central Research
Institute of Fukuoka University: 2000–2001.
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