This document provides information on growing grapes in home gardens in Oklahoma. It discusses variety selection based on factors like ripening time, disease resistance, and intended use. Site selection considerations include full sun exposure, good drainage, and avoiding frost pockets. Proper soil preparation and planting techniques are outlined. The document also covers trellis setup, pruning, training, fertilizing, pest management, and harvesting for bunch and muscadine grapes. Varieties recommended for Oklahoma are listed, along with their characteristics.
1) The document describes two species of trees, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria (now known as Paraserianthes falcataria).
2) It provides details on their growth habits, native ranges, site requirements, regeneration techniques, pests and diseases, and economic uses.
3) Both species are fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing trees used for fuelwood, fodder, timber, and pulp/paper production. They can establish on poor soils but grow best with adequate moisture and nutrients.
This document provides information on seed and plant types, including open pollinated seeds, heritage/heirloom seeds, and hybrid seeds. It then discusses how to save seeds, including details on annual, biennial, and perennial plant types. Specific instructions are given for easily saving seeds from self-pollinating annuals like lettuce, tomatoes, beans, and peppers. Tables also summarize information on saving seeds from other plant species. General tips on harvesting, drying, and storing seeds are also included.
This document provides a comprehensive guide to watermelon farming in Kenya. It discusses varieties commonly grown in Kenya such as Sukari F1, Kito F1, and Asali F1. It covers best practices for soil preparation, fertilizer and irrigation management, planting and spacing, and dealing with pests and diseases. Yields of 10-25 tons per acre are common with improved practices like plastic mulch, drip irrigation, and new hybrid varieties. Proper soil preparation, fertilization, and irrigation are essential for optimal watermelon growth and high yields.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
Home Fruit Planting Guide - Oklahoma State UniversityFujita64g
Â
This document provides a home fruit planting guide with recommendations on planning, site selection, planting, and caring for fruits. Key points include:
- Develop a planting plan in advance, select fruit varieties and quantities, and control weeds before planting.
- Plant in well-drained, sunny areas and provide supplemental water, especially for new plantings.
- Consider pollination needs, as many fruits require cross-pollination from another variety for best production.
- Provide care like cultivation, mulching, irrigation and pruning to help establishments and maintain the home fruit garden.
Low Tunnel Strawberry Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for the Texas High Plains ~ Texas A & M ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides information about peach trees and growing peaches. It discusses that peach trees are deciduous flowering trees that produce drupes, or stone fruits, from mid-July to mid-August. Peaches grow best in full sun and moist, well-drained, neutral to acidic soil. The document also notes that peaches require winter chilling hours below 45 degrees Fahrenheit and have an annual growth cycle of endodormancy and ectodormancy. It recommends several peach varieties well-suited for Virginia's climate.
The document provides information about peach trees and growing peaches. It discusses that peach trees are deciduous flowering trees that produce drupes, which are stone fruits with a fleshy outer layer and hard inner stone. Peaches have a chilling requirement to break dormancy and require full sun and well-drained soil to produce fruit from mid-July to mid-August. The document lists some varieties of peaches that are best suited for Virginia's winters and notes that peach trees begin producing some fruit in their third year and full production by the sixth or seventh year.
1) The document describes two species of trees, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria (now known as Paraserianthes falcataria).
2) It provides details on their growth habits, native ranges, site requirements, regeneration techniques, pests and diseases, and economic uses.
3) Both species are fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing trees used for fuelwood, fodder, timber, and pulp/paper production. They can establish on poor soils but grow best with adequate moisture and nutrients.
This document provides information on seed and plant types, including open pollinated seeds, heritage/heirloom seeds, and hybrid seeds. It then discusses how to save seeds, including details on annual, biennial, and perennial plant types. Specific instructions are given for easily saving seeds from self-pollinating annuals like lettuce, tomatoes, beans, and peppers. Tables also summarize information on saving seeds from other plant species. General tips on harvesting, drying, and storing seeds are also included.
This document provides a comprehensive guide to watermelon farming in Kenya. It discusses varieties commonly grown in Kenya such as Sukari F1, Kito F1, and Asali F1. It covers best practices for soil preparation, fertilizer and irrigation management, planting and spacing, and dealing with pests and diseases. Yields of 10-25 tons per acre are common with improved practices like plastic mulch, drip irrigation, and new hybrid varieties. Proper soil preparation, fertilization, and irrigation are essential for optimal watermelon growth and high yields.
This document provides information on the cultivation of peach and plum. It discusses the scientific classification, morphology, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For peaches, it describes the flower structure, ideal characteristics, approaches for improvement including the use of molecular markers and development of disease resistant rootstocks. It also discusses germplasm collections of peach in India and other countries. For plums, it covers the different species, flower structure, ideal traits and objectives for breeding programs in subtropical regions. The document concludes with information on plum germplasm collections worldwide.
Home Fruit Planting Guide - Oklahoma State UniversityFujita64g
Â
This document provides a home fruit planting guide with recommendations on planning, site selection, planting, and caring for fruits. Key points include:
- Develop a planting plan in advance, select fruit varieties and quantities, and control weeds before planting.
- Plant in well-drained, sunny areas and provide supplemental water, especially for new plantings.
- Consider pollination needs, as many fruits require cross-pollination from another variety for best production.
- Provide care like cultivation, mulching, irrigation and pruning to help establishments and maintain the home fruit garden.
Low Tunnel Strawberry Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for the Texas High Plains ~ Texas A & M ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides information about peach trees and growing peaches. It discusses that peach trees are deciduous flowering trees that produce drupes, or stone fruits, from mid-July to mid-August. Peaches grow best in full sun and moist, well-drained, neutral to acidic soil. The document also notes that peaches require winter chilling hours below 45 degrees Fahrenheit and have an annual growth cycle of endodormancy and ectodormancy. It recommends several peach varieties well-suited for Virginia's climate.
The document provides information about peach trees and growing peaches. It discusses that peach trees are deciduous flowering trees that produce drupes, which are stone fruits with a fleshy outer layer and hard inner stone. Peaches have a chilling requirement to break dormancy and require full sun and well-drained soil to produce fruit from mid-July to mid-August. The document lists some varieties of peaches that are best suited for Virginia's winters and notes that peach trees begin producing some fruit in their third year and full production by the sixth or seventh year.
Harvesting and Saving Garden Seeds ~ Montana State UniversitySeeds
Â
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines different types of cultivars such as hybrids, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated varieties. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved as the resulting plants will not be true to type, while open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated seeds can be saved if proper isolation techniques are followed to prevent cross-contamination between varieties. The document provides detailed instructions for harvesting, processing and storing seeds from different plant types and includes tables with information on common cross-pollinating plants and average seed viability times.
Row Covers & Protection of Seedlings & Transplants; Gardening Guidebook for Crow Wing County, Minnesota ~ Master Gardeners of Crow Wing County, University of Minnesota ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Â
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
1) Avocado originated in Central America and Mexico and was first recognized by the Aztecs. It has many nutritional benefits but its cultivation in India faces challenges.
2) Avocado has a polymorphic origin across Mexico and Central America and contains healthy fats and vitamins. Its cultivation requires specific climate and soil conditions.
3) While avocado has potential health and economic benefits, its production in India faces difficulties related to a lack of appropriate production technology and consumer preference for other fruits. Addressing these challenges could help increase avocado cultivation.
This document summarizes information about the Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), a native grape species in southeastern United States. It discusses the natural range and cultivation of Muscadine grapes. It also provides details on several recommended cultivars for fresh market or processing, describing their characteristics like berry size, color, flavor, yield, and harvest season. Popular recommended fresh market cultivars mentioned include Fry, Supreme, Black Beauty, and Summit.
The document discusses the peach tree and growing peaches. It provides information on the plant term "drupe" and describes peaches as a deciduous flowering tree that requires full sun. Peaches fruit from mid-July to mid-August and prefer moist, well-drained, neutral to acidic soil. Peaches are self-pollinating but require winter chilling to break dormancy before budding in the spring. Varieties suitable for Virginia include Redhaven, Cresthaven, Encore, Harken, and Harcrest due to the state's winter temperatures.
Winter Vegetable Gardening Tips for San Diego County, California, Gardening Guidebook for California ~ San Diego County Mater Gardener
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Growing Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage, and Other Cole Crops in Wisconsin; Gardening Guidebook for Wisconsin www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - University of Wisconsin, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Blackberry Production and New VarietiesMark Klingman
Â
- Blackberry production has greatly increased in North America over the last 10 years, with shipments from California, Guatemala, and Mexico growing significantly from 2000-2010.
- In the eastern US, blackberries are primarily marketed through direct sales at farmers markets, pick-your-own operations, and some wholesale markets. The largest shipping operations originate from southern Georgia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas.
- New varieties like Ouachita, Natchez, Apache, Navaho, and Prime-Ark 45 have driven much of the expansion, offering attributes like thornlessness, large berries, and good flavor. Prime-Ark 45 was recently released and shows potential for shipping due to good storage characteristics
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
Minor Small Fruit Crops for New Mexico Gardens - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
Â
This document provides information on minor small fruit crops that can be grown in New Mexico gardens, including tayberries, currants, gooseberries, elderberries, bush cherries, and sea buckthorn. It describes the growth habit and cultural requirements of each crop, highlighting varieties that have done well in trials in New Mexico. Most of these crops thrive in partial shade and require well-draining, nutrient-rich soil amended with compost. Proper pruning is important for maintaining productive plants over several years. The fruits can be eaten fresh or used to make jams, jellies, pies, and other products.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Â
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
This document provides information about the breeding of the Annona fruit crop. It begins with an introduction to Annona, noting that it is a tropical tree or shrub that produces an aggregate fruit. It then covers the floral biology of Annona, describing the flowers as hermaphroditic and protogynous. The morphology section outlines the flower parts. The breeding objectives are listed as developing varieties with high quality fruit that matures early, is prolific bearing, resistant to pests like mealybug, and has large sweet fruit with resistance to diseases.
Cane Fruit Gardening Guides for Students + Teachers + Organic School Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Principles and Practices of Organic Spinach Seed Production in the Pacifi...Seeds
Â
This document provides information on organic spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest region. It discusses the climatic and soil requirements for growing spinach seed crops, as well as details on planting, spacing, cultivation practices, and genetic maintenance through selection. Key pests and diseases that affect spinach seed crops are also outlined.
The document provides definitions for over 100 terms related to second language acquisition. It includes definitions for concepts like morpheme, morphology, motivation, multilingual competence, naturalistic learning, parameters, phonology, pragmatics, syntax, transfer, and universal grammar. The definitions are provided in list format without examples or further explanations. The source is identified as a glossary from pages 192-195 of a textbook on second language acquisition.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
Â
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
Harvesting and Saving Garden Seeds ~ Montana State UniversitySeeds
Â
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines different types of cultivars such as hybrids, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated varieties. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved as the resulting plants will not be true to type, while open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated seeds can be saved if proper isolation techniques are followed to prevent cross-contamination between varieties. The document provides detailed instructions for harvesting, processing and storing seeds from different plant types and includes tables with information on common cross-pollinating plants and average seed viability times.
Row Covers & Protection of Seedlings & Transplants; Gardening Guidebook for Crow Wing County, Minnesota ~ Master Gardeners of Crow Wing County, University of Minnesota ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Â
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
1) Avocado originated in Central America and Mexico and was first recognized by the Aztecs. It has many nutritional benefits but its cultivation in India faces challenges.
2) Avocado has a polymorphic origin across Mexico and Central America and contains healthy fats and vitamins. Its cultivation requires specific climate and soil conditions.
3) While avocado has potential health and economic benefits, its production in India faces difficulties related to a lack of appropriate production technology and consumer preference for other fruits. Addressing these challenges could help increase avocado cultivation.
This document summarizes information about the Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), a native grape species in southeastern United States. It discusses the natural range and cultivation of Muscadine grapes. It also provides details on several recommended cultivars for fresh market or processing, describing their characteristics like berry size, color, flavor, yield, and harvest season. Popular recommended fresh market cultivars mentioned include Fry, Supreme, Black Beauty, and Summit.
The document discusses the peach tree and growing peaches. It provides information on the plant term "drupe" and describes peaches as a deciduous flowering tree that requires full sun. Peaches fruit from mid-July to mid-August and prefer moist, well-drained, neutral to acidic soil. Peaches are self-pollinating but require winter chilling to break dormancy before budding in the spring. Varieties suitable for Virginia include Redhaven, Cresthaven, Encore, Harken, and Harcrest due to the state's winter temperatures.
Winter Vegetable Gardening Tips for San Diego County, California, Gardening Guidebook for California ~ San Diego County Mater Gardener
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Growing Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage, and Other Cole Crops in Wisconsin; Gardening Guidebook for Wisconsin www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - University of Wisconsin, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Blackberry Production and New VarietiesMark Klingman
Â
- Blackberry production has greatly increased in North America over the last 10 years, with shipments from California, Guatemala, and Mexico growing significantly from 2000-2010.
- In the eastern US, blackberries are primarily marketed through direct sales at farmers markets, pick-your-own operations, and some wholesale markets. The largest shipping operations originate from southern Georgia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas.
- New varieties like Ouachita, Natchez, Apache, Navaho, and Prime-Ark 45 have driven much of the expansion, offering attributes like thornlessness, large berries, and good flavor. Prime-Ark 45 was recently released and shows potential for shipping due to good storage characteristics
1) Peach breeding aims to develop varieties with better fruit quality, long shelf life, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to high temperatures. Approaches include introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding.
2) Important breeding objectives are reducing chilling requirements, developing dwarf varieties suitable for high-density planting, and increasing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
3) Future work includes utilizing genetic resources from related species and incorporating molecular marker technologies to efficiently transfer important traits into new varieties.
Minor Small Fruit Crops for New Mexico Gardens - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
Â
This document provides information on minor small fruit crops that can be grown in New Mexico gardens, including tayberries, currants, gooseberries, elderberries, bush cherries, and sea buckthorn. It describes the growth habit and cultural requirements of each crop, highlighting varieties that have done well in trials in New Mexico. Most of these crops thrive in partial shade and require well-draining, nutrient-rich soil amended with compost. Proper pruning is important for maintaining productive plants over several years. The fruits can be eaten fresh or used to make jams, jellies, pies, and other products.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Â
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
This document provides information about the breeding of the Annona fruit crop. It begins with an introduction to Annona, noting that it is a tropical tree or shrub that produces an aggregate fruit. It then covers the floral biology of Annona, describing the flowers as hermaphroditic and protogynous. The morphology section outlines the flower parts. The breeding objectives are listed as developing varieties with high quality fruit that matures early, is prolific bearing, resistant to pests like mealybug, and has large sweet fruit with resistance to diseases.
Cane Fruit Gardening Guides for Students + Teachers + Organic School Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Principles and Practices of Organic Spinach Seed Production in the Pacifi...Seeds
Â
This document provides information on organic spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest region. It discusses the climatic and soil requirements for growing spinach seed crops, as well as details on planting, spacing, cultivation practices, and genetic maintenance through selection. Key pests and diseases that affect spinach seed crops are also outlined.
The document provides definitions for over 100 terms related to second language acquisition. It includes definitions for concepts like morpheme, morphology, motivation, multilingual competence, naturalistic learning, parameters, phonology, pragmatics, syntax, transfer, and universal grammar. The definitions are provided in list format without examples or further explanations. The source is identified as a glossary from pages 192-195 of a textbook on second language acquisition.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
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This document contains 20 photos from news events around the world between January and November 2016. The photos show international events like the US presidential election, the conflict in Ukraine, the migrant crisis in Europe, the Rio Olympics, and more. They also depict human interest stories and natural phenomena from various countries.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
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If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
1) The document discusses the opportunity for technology to improve organizational efficiency and transition economies into a "smart and clean world."
2) It argues that aggregate efficiency has stalled at around 22% for 30 years due to limitations of the Second Industrial Revolution, but that digitizing transport, energy, and communication through technologies like blockchain can help manage resources and increase efficiency.
3) Technologies like precision agriculture, cloud computing, robotics, and autonomous vehicles may allow for "dematerialization" and do more with fewer physical resources through effects like reduced waste and need for transportation/logistics infrastructure.
This document summarizes information about the California wild grape (Vitis californica), including its native range along the coast of California, growth characteristics as a woody, deciduous vine, and uses. It blooms insignificant flowers in spring that produce small, edible purple grapes in fall, providing an important food source for birds. It can be used as a climber, ground cover, or to cover fences and requires full sun, tolerates various soil types, and only moderate summer water once established.
This document provides a summary of organic bramble fruit (blackberry and raspberry) production. It discusses site selection and preparation, cultural considerations for different bramble species, weed and fertility management using organic practices, and disease and insect management. Greenhouse raspberry production, economics and marketing of organic bramble fruits are also covered. The document is intended to address the specific nuances of organic bramble fruit production compared to conventional practices.
The Principles and Practices of Organic Bean Seed Production in the Pacific N...Seeds
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This document provides information on organic bean seed production in the Pacific Northwest. It discusses the basic biology and lifecycle of common beans, as well as requirements for growing bean seed such as climate, soil, fertility, planting, cultivation, flowering and pollination. It also covers isolation requirements, genetic maintenance and improvement, harvesting, and common diseases that affect bean seed crops. The overall goal is to support the ethical development and stewardship of bean seed through organic practices.
The Principles and Practices of Organic Radish Seed Production in the Pacific...Seeds
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This document provides information on organic radish seed production in the Pacific Northwest. It discusses the basic biology and lifecycle of radishes and requirements for growing, selecting, isolating, harvesting, and cleaning radish seed crops. Key points covered include planting methods, spacing, selection criteria like seedling vigor and root shape/color, and maintaining a minimum population size of 120-200 plants to preserve genetic diversity. Diseases, insects, and post-harvest processing are also outlined.
Saving Seeds ~ WSU
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Seeds are saved for several reasons, including saving money, preserving favored varieties that companies may discontinue, and maintaining heirloom varieties passed through generations. By saving seeds, gardeners help maintain plant diversity in foods and landscapes. Seeds should be harvested from healthy, desirable plants when fully mature but before dispersing. They need to be cleaned, dried, and stored properly to maximize viability. Some seeds like those from annuals can be stored for a few years while others like many woody plants are best sown in fall or may have very brief storage times.
The document provides guidance for growing various vegetable seeds, including general rules that apply to most seeds as well as specific tips for beans, beets, broccoli, carrots, and cucumbers. It recommends planting depths and spacing, keeping soil moist until germination, and watching for pests. Specific details are given for each vegetable on ideal soil temperature, planting times, succession planting, harvesting, diseases and pests to watch for.
Report by ni wayan vina sukma dewi xi ipa8 25sman 2 mataram
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Guavas are evergreen shrubs or small trees that can grow up to 33 feet tall. They have opposite oval or oblong leaves and small white flowers. The fruits can be round, ovoid or pear-shaped and vary in color from white to red. Guavas grow best in frost-free, sunny locations with rich, well-drained soil and regular watering. They produce better with fertilizer and pruning. Common pests include diseases, whiteflies, and fruit flies. Ripe guavas have a distinctive aroma and color and can be eaten fresh off the tree or stored for a few weeks. There are several popular cultivars that differ in fruit size, color, and flavor.
This document provides information on passion fruit, including its origin, description, cultivation requirements, propagation methods, pests and diseases, harvesting, and popular cultivars. It describes passion fruit as a climbing vine native to South America that produces oval or round fruits containing pulp and seeds. The document outlines ideal growing conditions for passion fruit such as full sun, well-draining soil, regular watering and fertilizing, and protection from frost. It also discusses pruning, propagation from seed or cuttings, and common pests and diseases afflicting passion fruit vines.
This document provides information on various fruiting plants that can thrive in the climate of Southcentral Alaska, specifically in Anchorage. It discusses 10 different plants observed on the Leavens property in Anchorage, including apple trees, cherry trees, crabapple trees, gooseberry bushes, cranberry bushes, serviceberry bushes, currant bushes, and raspberry bushes. For each plant, it describes characteristics like size, fruit appearance and flavor, cold hardiness, and uses. The document demonstrates that with the right plant selections suited to its climate zone, Anchorage provides a viable growing environment for various fruiting plants.
The document summarizes a seedless grape variety trial conducted between 2005 and 2010 on a farm in North Carolina. Fourteen varieties of seedless table grapes were planted and evaluated based on yield and harvest date. The top yielding varieties were Mars, Marquis, and Venus. Initial costs to establish the vineyard totaled over $25,000.
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
This document provides an overview of grape cultivation and winemaking. It discusses the types of grapes grown for wine and table use. It also outlines the yearly vineyard maintenance cycle, from pruning in winter to harvesting in fall. The final stages of winemaking are also summarized, from crushing the grapes to fermentation and bottling.
Growing Winter Vegetables Guide for Clackamas County, Oregon, Gardening Guidebook for Oregon ~ Clackamas County Master Gardeners
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto EcolĂłgico, TecnologĂas Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses several native North American berry plants that can be integrated into home landscapes. It provides details on blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, brambles, elderberries, gooseberries, and currants. Many of these berries thrive in part shade and offer attractive foliage, flowers, and fruits that provide value for wildlife and human foragers. The document recommends selecting regionally native species and provides information on plant sizes, cultural requirements, and growth habits to help gardeners choose appropriate native berry plants.
Baccharis douglasii, or salt marsh baccharis, is a spreading subshrub native to coastal areas from Oregon to Baja California. It grows 4-5 feet tall and 6-8 feet wide, with evergreen foliage and sticky stems. It blooms from July to fall with small flower heads that attract various pollinators. Salt marsh baccharis is suitable for wetland, bog, or rain gardens, providing food and habitat for butterflies and other insects. It requires full sun to part shade and tolerates salty or wet soils with occasional water once established.
1) Apple is primarily cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand in India. China is the world's largest producer of apples.
2) Apples require 100-125 cm of annual rainfall and loamy, well-drained soil between pH 5.5-6.5 for optimum growth. Varieties include Red Delicious and Ambri.
3) Cultural practices involve grafting, planting, pruning, thinning, fertilizing, irrigation, and integrated pest and disease management. Proper post-harvest handling ensures long storage life.
Watermelon is a vine-like plant that produces large, edible berries. It originated in Africa and was cultivated in India and China by the 7th-10th centuries. Watermelons require bees for pollination and thrive in well-draining soil with ample water and sunlight. Proper spacing, weed control, and preventing diseases and pests are important for high yields of the sweet, juicy fruit.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
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An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
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Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
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Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
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Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
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Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
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1. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University
Grapes are popular for home plantings because they can
be used in so many ways. Properly managed grapevines also
add an attractive landscape feature to home plantings during
the growing season.
Grapes can be grown throughout Oklahoma. Bunch
grapes are best suited to western sections of the state
because the relatively low humidity helps prevent disease
problems. Muscadines are not well adapted
to the northern portion of the state, where it
gets relatively cold in the winter.
The number of grapevines to plant de-
pends on your objectives and what type of
grape you are planting. For example, two
muscadinevineswillprovidealmostanyfamily
with all the fresh grapes they need. However,
home winemakers may wish to plant 20 or
more bunch grapevines to supply them with
enough juice. Generally, muscadine grapes
will produce about 35 pounds of fruit per vine,
and bunch grapes will produce about eight
poundspervine.Theamountoffruitproduced
is dependent on variety and management.
Some bunch grapes may yield as little as one
pound per vine, while some muscadines may
yield more than 60 pounds per vine.
Before deciding to grow grapes, consider: 1) plant
selection, 2) site selection, 3) site preparation, 4) planting
and propagation, 5) general care, 6) pruning and training, 7)
harvesting, and 8) pest management.
Plant Selection
While there are many varieties of grapes available (Table
1), the performance of any one variety is greatly influenced by
local growing conditions and climate. When choosing grape
varieties, it is important to select from those that are adapted
to your region. All of the varieties listed in this fact sheet are
recommended for Oklahoma. The Concord variety is not
recommended because the fruit within the clusters does not
all ripen at one time under Oklahoma conditions. Concord
seedless, although listed in Table 1, is relatively untried in
Oklahoma and may ripen unevenly.
Another important factor in choosing grape varieties is
how the fruit will be used. Grapes may be used for fresh eat-
ing, raisins, wine, juice, jams, jelly, pies, and other cooked
products.Whenchoosinggrapes,selectvarietiesthatyoulike.
Some people like “foxy” grapes (with flavor similar to that of
Concord), while others do not. Some people like dry wines,
while others prefer sweet wines. Several varieties are seed-
less or almost seedless. Generally, sweet, seedless grapes
with no distinctive flavors are best for raisins.
Most grapes will produce good crops if only one variety
is planted. Scuppernong and some other mus-
cadine varieties are exceptions. These types
need another variety planted within 25 feet for
pollination.The fruiting season can be extended
by planting varieties that ripen at different times.
Ripening dates may vary by as much as two
weeks, depending on the weather. Grapes will
ripen one to two weeks later in northern Okla-
homa than in southern Oklahoma.
Considerthediseaseandinsectresistance
of the variety. Disease resistance is particularly
important in eastern Oklahoma, because of the
humid conditions which encourage disease
growth.Somegrapes,especiallyFrenchhybrids,
shouldnotbeplantedontheirownrootsbecause
of their susceptibility to grape phylloxera, a
root-injuring insect. These varieties should be
purchased as grafted plants on phylloxera-re-
sistant rootstocks.
Purchase plants from an established nursery and place
orders as early as the nurseries will take them.Tell them when
youwanttheplantsdelivered.Acceptonlyhealthy-lookingvines
which are certified as virus-free. Also check the plants with a
magnifying glass for evidence of disease and insects.
Site Selection
Grapes require full sunlight.They can be grown on a wide
range of soil types, as long as there is adequate drainage and
moisture retention. Raised beds will help overcome slight soil
drainage problems. The best soils are loams or sandy loams
with added organic matter.
Plants stressed by drought often have more disease
problems and lower yield than plants that have received
adequate water. Irrigation water should be available to help
the plants mature their fruit and survive dry periods. However,
vines that grow so vigorously that their fruit production is poor
should receive gradually decreasing amounts of water after
Julia Whitworth
Small Fruits Specialist
HLA-6246
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets
are also available on our website at:
http://osufacts.okstate.edu
Growing Grapes
in the Home Garden
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
2. 6246-2
Table 1. Grape Varieties for Oklahoma.
Variety Ripening Season Color Principal Use Winter Hardiness
Baco Noir middle blue wine fair
Cabernet Sauvignon late black wine good
Canadice early red table good
Catawba late red wine good
Cayuga White middle white wine good
Challenger middle red table fair
Chambourcin late blue wine poor
Chancellor early middle red wine good
Chardonnay middle white wine good
Chenin Blanc late green wine fair
Concord Seedless late middle blue table, juice good
Cynthiana very late blue wine good
De Chaunac middle blue wine good
Einset middle red table fair
Marechal Foch very early blue wine very good
Mars early blue table medium
Niagara late middle white wine, juice good
Riesling middle white wine fair
Reliance early red table good
Sauvignon Blanc middle green wine fair
Saturn middle red table fair
Vanessa middle red table good
Venus very early blue table fair
Villard Noir late middle blue wine fair
Vidal Blanc late white wine good
Vignoles late white wine good
Carlos* middle bronze table, wine fair
Cowart* late blue wine, table fair
Dixie Red* middle red table, wine fair
Scuppernong*(‡) late bronze table, wine fair
*Muscadine grapes.
‡ = has female flowers only. The other varieties listed have both male and female flowers.
3. 6246-3
Figure 1. Parts of the grape plant.
fruit set and during fruit maturation. This will decrease shoot
growth and allow the plant to develop fruit as it should.
Grapes grow best in soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5.
Areas which are often prone to late-spring frost (frost pockets)
should be avoided. The north side of a gently sloping hill is a
good planting site, because the plants are protected against
spring frost injury and from some of the impact of southwest
winds in summer.
Rows should usually run north to south. This allows the
plants gather the most sunlight. North-south rows are also
less susceptible to wind damage than rows that cross the
direction of the prevailing wind. Additional wind protection,
such as windbreaks near the vineyard, may be necessary
to prevent tangling and breaking of canes. Rows should be
run on the contour if the site is very steep. This helps prevent
gullies from forming.
Soil Preparation
The Year Before Planting
Kill spreading perennial grasses, such as johnsongrass
and bermudagrass. Build beds to provide extra drainage, if
needed. The beds should be about four feet wide and six to
10 inches tall, with 10 or 12 feet from the center of one bed to
the center of the next. The beds should extend the full length
of the planned grape row. It is wise to cover the beds with
straw mulch to keep them from eroding.
Next,establishanon-spreadinggrass,suchastallfescue
in eastern Oklahoma, or buffalograss in western Oklahoma.
This grass should be planted between the rows, leaving about
four feet of bare ground in the rows where the grapes will be
planted. It is usually best to plant this grass the spring before
you will establish the grapes.
Suckers
(Remove)
Trunk
Fruiting Cane
Bud
(Shoot Develops Here)
Trellis Wire
Renewal Spurs
4. 6246-4
Figure 2. Tip layering of grapevine.
Have the soil tested several months before planting
grapes. A soil sample can be collected and taken to the lo-
cal OSU County Extension Office. See OSU Extension Fact
Sheet PSS-2207 “How to Get a Good Soil Sample” for further
information.
The Year of Planting
If weeds have come up in the beds, till the soil to give
a weed-free planting area. Organic matter such as straw,
manure, peat moss, or compost can be added by plowing or
tilling it into the soil several weeks before plants are set. This
is a good time to install the trellis, even if you do not plan to
train the grapes onto it until the second year.
Two to three weeks prior to planting, mix in the recom-
mended fertilizer and lime. Allow rainfall to settle the beds, or
use sprinklers.
Planting and Propagation
February 1 to March 20 is the recommended time for
planting grapes in Oklahoma gardens. In the southeastern
third of the state, plants may be set in the fall (October to
mid-November). Fall planted grapes should establish a good
root system over the winter, giving them an advantage over
spring-plantedgrapes.Adequatesoilmoisturemustbepresent
during the winter months for good root development. Plants
should not be set during dry windy conditions or if extremely
cold weather is predicted during the following few days. Vines
set in the fall in the northern part of the state may not survive
the winter.
Plant bunch grapes six to eight feet apart, depending
on the vigor of the plants. Ask your nursery representative
for recommendations on plant spacing for the varieties you
choose. Muscadine grapes should be set 20 to 24 feet apart.
Muscadines may also be grown on an X-trellis (Figure 4).
Soakbare-rootplantsinwaterfortwotothreehoursbefore
planting. Plant the grapes at the same depth at which they
grew in the nursery. This is very important because plants set
too deeply may rot, and plants set too shallowly may dry out
and die. Spread the roots out somewhat in the planting hole.
Pack the soil firmly enough to hold the vine in the ground if
it is tugged on lightly, but not so firmly as to crush the plants.
Prune the tops to a single healthy cane.
Do not allow plants to become dry during the planting
operation. As each bundle of plants is opened, place the
plants in a container with enough water to keep the roots
wet. Planting may be easier if the roots are trimmed slightly
with scissors or a sharp knife. Unless rain is likely, water the
newly set plants.
An irrigation system, such as “leaky pipe” or other drip
irrigation,isrecommendedinordertolessendiseaseproblems
associated with wet foliage. These systems also conserve
water that can be lost through evaporation and runoff.
Grapes are usually propagated by tip layering or making
cuttings. Tip layering is the easier method (Figure 2). It begins
in September or October. Place the tip end of the cane into
the soil or into a pot of media about two inches deep. Cover
the tip with soil. Roots will develop during the late fall and
winter. In late February or early March, cut the tip from the
original canes, leaving a three- or four-inch section of the cane
attached to it. If the cane has rooted into a pot, remove the
pot from the root ball and set the plant into its new location. If
the plant has rooted into soil, dig the rooted tips, keeping the
root ball as intact as possible, and plant it in its new location.
Oneestablishedplantmayproduceseveraltip-layeredplants
each year. It is illegal to propagate patented varieties for any
reason without a license to do so.
To make cuttings, use dormant, hard wood. Collect cut-
tings in the winter from the newest wood of vigorous, healthy
plants. Cuttings should be one-third to one-half inch in diam-
eter and 14 to 18 inches long. Store them in the refrigerator
with moist (not sopping) paper in plastic bags until spring. In
March, plant the cuttings deep enough to cover all but one
bud in a nursery bed. Be sure the cuttings are planted with the
buds pointing up, not down. The nursery bed should be well
drained, lightly shaded, enriched with organic matter, free of
weeds, and fertilized lightly.After one year in the nursery bed,
the new vines will be ready to transplant into the vineyard.
General Care
If it doesn’t rain enough to adequately water the vines
during any two weeks of the growing season, then enough
water should be applied to wet the soil to a depth of 12 inches
without soaking the ground. This will usually require about
one inch of applied water. For first year plantings, wet the soil
to a depth of about six to 10 inches. Excess watering can
cause the roots of the grapes to die.
Before growth begins in the spring, the soil should be
tested. Grapevines need about 65 pounds per acre of phos-
phate and 150 pounds per acre of potash. One-year-old vines
require 15 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year, two-year-old
vines require 30 pounds, and vines older than three years
require60pounds.Therateofapplicationyouusewilldepend
on the results of your soil test, the formulation of the fertilizer
you choose, and the spacing of your vines. Ask your exten-
sion agent for help in calculating how much fertilizer should
be applied near each vine.
Fertilizer should be broadcast in a circle from about six
to 18 inches from the trunk. Be careful not to get fertilizer
against the trunk because this will damage the vine. Make
suretheleavesaredrywhenyouapplythefertilizer,andbrush
5. 6246-5
Figure 3. Cordon trellis and properly winter-pruned mature bunch grape vines. This illustration shows the system of
planting used for muscadines, with one plant between each post. Up to three plants can be grown between posts with
other varieties.
all fertilizer off the leaves immediately afterward. Apply about
one inch of water if rain is not expected within a day or two.
Remove all flowers throughout the first three springs
after the vines are planted. The flowers will be small, green
structures, borne in clusters in bunch grapes and as singles
in muscadines. If fruit is allowed to develop, it will reduce the
growth and vigor of the vines. If the vines have all reached
the top wire of the trellis and have been trained into their final
form after the second growing season, they may be allowed
to set a light crop the following spring. About half of the flower
clusters should be removed to make sure the vines are not
weakened by the fruit load.
Home garden grape flowers may be partially protected
from spring frosts by covering the vines with large commercial
row covers, blankets, or plastic sheeting.
Pruning and Training
Whenpruninggrapes,keepinmindthattheyproducefruit
on the current season’s growth from one-year-old spurs. The
number of buds you leave will determine the fruiting potential
of the vine during the next growing season.
Bunch Grapes
Summer pruning is not usually done, except to remove
low growth before spraying for weeds. Grapes are pruned
and trained during their dormant period, with February being
the best month. If the plant bleeds (has excessive sap flow)
during pruning, do not be concerned. There is no evidence
that this harms the plant in any way. The fluid is mostly water
which is being pulled from the soil by the root system.
First Year
Buildasimple,strongtrelliswithoneortwowiresbetween
posts (Figure 3). This is called a cordon trellis. During training,
the trunk(s) and fruiting canes will be attached to the trellis
wire with a loop of small rope. If only one wire of the trellis
is used to support the fruiting canes, the lower wire may be
used to hold a drip irrigation line. Be sure to brace the end
posts so that the trellis can bear the weight of fully mature
vines loaded with fruit and buffeted by wind. A good brace
may be made by placing a strong loop of wire around the post
and through a post anchor installed in the ground, and then
twisting the wire around itself it in the center. During the first
growing season, the vines should be allowed to produce as
much growth as they can without being trained to the trellis.
Second Year
The first winter after planting, cut the vine back to one or
two healthy canes which arise below (for non-grafted vines)
or slightly above (for grafted vines) the ground. If two canes
are left and one dies, then the entire plant is not lost. These
canes will become the trunks. Cut them back to three or four
buds. Hang a durable string from the top wire of the cordon
down toward the plant. Use two strings about six inches apart,
if you are going to train two trunks. As new growth begins, it
will be trained up these strings to the wire. All canes which
are pruned off need to be removed from the vineyard to help
prevent disease and insect problems.
During the following growing season, allow only the
strongestshootfromeachtrunktogrow.Removeothershoots
about once a month. Also remove any flowers or fruit so that
the young vine will not be weakened. Train the trunks up the
strings until they reach the top wire. If there are two trunks,
train one in each direction along the wire, tying them loosely
with cotton or hemp string. If there is only one trunk, pinch
the end of the shoot and allow it to form two branches to train
onto the wire. The shoots trained on the wire are called the
fruiting canes.
Third Year
During the winter, remove all the lateral growth from
the trunk and the fruiting canes with hand pruners. The next
Renewal
Spurs
Brace
Post
Anchor
Wire
Line
Post
Trellis
Wire
Trunk
Fruiting
Cane
Wire with
Drip Irrigation Line
6. 6246-6
Figure 4. Top view of X-trellis with properly winter pruned
muscadine.
growing season, allow the vine to grow as much as it can.
The vines may be allowed to bear a small amount of fruit this
year, if they are strong enough. If you plan to grow fruit this
year, you should leave some renewal spurs at pruning time,
as described below.
Fourth Year
During the winter, cut off all the canes except the fruiting
canes and two others which originate very near where the
trunk meets the wire. These two canes, or renewal spurs, will
formthenewfruitingcanesduringthefollowingyear.Cutthem
back to three or four buds each. During the summer, train the
main shoot from each of these along the trellis wire and tie
them loosely in place. The vines should be in full production
this summer.
Fifth and Following Years
During the winter, remove the old fruiting canes. Cut
back all the lateral growth on the new fruiting canes to two
or three buds. These spurs will bear fruit the following year.
Also remove all the other canes, except for two new renewal
spurs. If the vine is weak, leave fewer buds. If the vine is
vigorous and produced a good crop, more buds may be left.
This part of the art of pruning comes with experience.
Muscadines
Muscadines may be trained in the same way as bunch
grapes.However,homeownersmayprefertotrainmuscadines
on an X-trellis (Figure 4). The X-trellis consists of five posts,
with one in the center and the other four set at the corners
of a square around it. Be sure to anchor the corner posts of
the X-trellis well, or they will fall toward the center as the vine
grows and weighs down the trellis. A bracing method such as
that shown for the end posts of the cordon may be used.
The first summer, train a trunk up the center of the trellis.
Drive a large nail near the top of the center post, and another
in line with it near the bottom. Stretch a string between the
nails.Asthetrunkgrows,twineitaroundthestring,andremove
all the lateral growth once a month until the trunk reaches
the top wire. At this time, pinch the end of the trunk off about
four inches below the wire. This will cause it to form several
shoots near this point. Train one of these new shoots along
each wire by wrapping it along the wire and tying it loosely.
These will be the fruiting canes. Continue to remove lateral
shoots from the trunk about once every two weeks for the
rest of the growing season. Do not remove leaves growing
directly on the main trunk, and do not remove any side shoots
from the fruiting canes. If the vine is trained on a cordon, the
shoots should be allowed to grow until they meet between
vines. Then, the ends should be pinched off so that the vines
do not become intertwined. Continue the training of fruiting
canes and removal of lateral shoots from the trunk through
the second growing season.
In February of the first and second winters, cut back all the
new lateral shoots on the fruiting canes to two or three buds.
These shoots will become the fruiting spurs. This will set the
permanent framework for the vine. A few fruit may be allowed
to mature during the third growing season. The muscadines
may be allowed to bear a full crop in following years.
After the third growing season, prune only during the
winter. Remove excess growth that is not needed for spurs
or fruiting canes. Cut back all the new growth to two or three
buds. If the spurs become too thick at one point, the shoots
will be weak and will fruit poorly. Remove the whole cluster
of spurs and allow a new spur to grow in their place. During
dormant season pruning, always remove any tendrils that
encircle the trunk or fruiting canes, and any strings used to
tie up the vine the year before. This will prevent loss of the
canes by girdling.
Harvesting
The first harvest of grapes is usually after two or three
years of growth, depending on the vigor of the vines. Pick fruit
when they are fully ripe, but not falling off the vine. Varieties
vary in their color development at ripeness. They may be
green, pink, red, bronze, purple, or black when ripe. Maturing
grape berries enlarge, soften, and develop a sugar content of
13 to 22 percent. If the grapes are to be used for wine, they
should be picked whenever they reach the sugar content the
grower wants. Table grapes are usually picked when they
taste sweet. In either case, a “taste test” is the best indicator
of when to pick. Serious wine makers (enologists) may wish
to purchase a refractometer, which gives a measure of the
sugar content of fruit. A refractometer costs about $125.
Harvest fruit during the cooler part of the day by cut-
ting the bunches from the vine with pruners or hand shears.
Muscadine grapes are picked individually like other berries.
Plan to refrigerate the grapes soon after harvest. They will
usually remain in good condition for three to 10 days.
Pest Management
Hoeing aids in weed and grass control, which is very
important in grape care. Chemical herbicides may be used
as an aid in weed management, but for most garden plant-
ings their use is not recommended because the grape plants
are easily damaged. For more information on weed control
in grapes, see OSU Extension Fact Sheet HLA-6239, “Weed
Management in Small Fruit Crops.” Mulching the grape rows
with about four inches of straw, sawdust, or pine bark helps
control weeds and conserves water. However, mulch may
become a home for mice and voles in the winter. To help
discourage the mice from feeding on the bark of the vines,
pull the mulch back about six inches from the vine trunks.
Fruiting Spur
Fruiting Arm
Post
Trellis Wire
Trunk
7. 6246-7
Grapes are susceptible to many diseases and insects.
Themostnotableanimalpestsarephylloxera,grapeleafroller,
climbingcutworm,andnematodes.Borers,fleabeetles,grape
berry moth, various caterpillars, gall-making insects, aphids,
mealybugs, and Japanese beetles may be occasional pests.
Mites, thrips, leafhoppers, and treehoppers may be important
pests because they can transmit diseases, especially viruses,
from one vine to another.
Phylloxera,arootlouse,ismanagedbygraftingsusceptible
varieties of grapes onto resistant rootstocks, or by planting
resistant varieties. There are many chemical control options
for other insect pests. However, homeowners may want to
use alternative methods of pest control, including the planting
of resistant varieties (where available), using soaps for aphid
andspidermitecontrol,specificBacillusthuringiensisprepara-
tions for caterpillars, sticky traps for beetles, pheromone ties
for grape berry moth, and planting marigolds the year before
grapesfornematodecontrol.Forspecificinformation,seeOSU
Current Report CR-6221, “Grape, Blackberry, Strawberry, and
Blueberry Insect and Disease Control.”
There are several diseases of importance to grape
growers. Most of the diseases can be treated with fungicides
labelled for that purpose. Important fungal grapevine diseases
in Oklahoma include powdery mildew, downy mildew, and
black rot.These diseases usually require several sprays to get
adequate control. Oklahoma grapevines often acquire crown
gall disease—a bacterial infection which causes an enlarged
area at a wound site or near the base of the trunk, sometimes
girdlingthevine.Thisdiseaseissometimestreatablebypruning
out the infected area. Good sanitation practices during prun-
ing help prevent its spread, but will not stop it. Infected plants
may need to be completely removed from the vineyard, if their
production becomes too poor. Diseases may be identified by
your county extension agent. Samples of unknown diseases
may be sent to the plant disease diagnostic laboratory on the
OSU campus. The cost is usually about $15. See OSU Cur-
rent Report CR-6221 for further information.
The most important consideration is to obtain healthy and
disease-free plants. Grapevines often show very few visible
symptoms of virus disease, but infected plants do poorly and
produce little fruit. Therefore, it is important to obtain certified
plants from virus-free stock. Choosing virus resistant variet-
ies also may help. Most nurseries have certified disease-free
plants available.
Averycommondiseaseofgrapeplantsisherbicideinjury.
Although weed control is important in grape beds, herbicides
must be used with care to prevent injury to the grape plants.
Hand weeding, where practical, is a good idea.
Additional Fact Sheets
BAE-1511 Trickle irrigation for lawns, gardens, and small
orchards
BAE-1655 Lawn, garden, and small plot irrigation
PSS-2207 How to get a good soil sample
PSS-2236 Knowing when to fertilize
PSS-2750 Guide to effective weed control
HLA-6005 Mulching garden soils
HLA-6006 Commercial fertilizer use in home gardens
HLA-6007 Improving garden soil fertility
CR-6221 Grape, blackberry, strawberry, and blueberry
insect and disease control
HLA-6222 Home fruit planting guide
HLA-6229 Pollination requirements for fruits and nuts
HLA-6243 Weed management in small fruit crops
EPP-7450 Safe use of pesticides in the home and garden
EPP-7612 Plant disease diagnostic services
Books
Galletta, G. J., and D. G. Himelrick (Eds). 1990. Small fruit
crop management. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey.
Whealy, K. (Ed.) 1989. Fruit, berry, and nut inventory. Seed
Saver Publications, Decorah, Iowa.
Pearson, R. C., andA. C. Goheen, (Eds.) 1988. Compendium
of Grape Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, Minn.
8. 6246-8
The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Bringing the University to You!
for people of all ages. It is designated to take the
knowledge of the university to those persons
who do not or cannot participate in the formal
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Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Cooperative Ex-
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