The document discusses various barriers and protocols for protecting patients and clinicians from exposure during clinical care. It covers immunizations, personal protective equipment like masks, gloves and eyewear, hand hygiene protocols, latex sensitivity, and factors to educate patients on for their protection. Guidelines are provided for annual tuberculosis skin tests, influenza vaccines, proper use and disposal of PPE, and handwashing indications. Risk groups for latex allergies include healthcare workers and those with frequent medical procedures or certain food allergies.
This document discusses infection control as it relates to transmissible diseases in the dental environment. It defines standard precautions for treating all body fluids as potentially infectious. Microorganisms in the oral cavity like bacteria from the tongue, dental biofilm, and periodontal pockets can cause cross-contamination between people, from people to objects, and from objects to people. Factors that influence the development of infection include the number and virulence of organisms as well as the immune status of the host. Various pathogens transmissible through the oral cavity are discussed, including tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, HIV, herpes viruses, and human papillomavirus.
The document discusses guidelines for taking and recording a patient's medical and dental history. Key points include:
1) A patient's health history must be updated at each appointment as their health can change over time.
2) Patient health records contain confidential information and must be stored securely and only accessed by authorized personnel.
3) Information from a patient's health history, including medications and medical conditions, should be recorded in permanent ink and signed by the patient to document the history was reviewed.
Big Tree Volunteer Fire Company's 2013 infectious disease training document provided instructions and objectives for its knowledge assessment on infectious diseases. It covered topics like universal precautions, personal protective equipment, disease transmission, exposure control plans, and relevant laws and regulations. The training was meant to educate firefighters on minimizing disease transmission risks and properly handling potential exposures.
This document discusses bloodborne pathogens and the risks they pose. It defines bloodborne pathogens as infectious microorganisms found in blood, including HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. These pathogens can be transmitted via blood or other bodily fluids through routes like needle sharing, injuries from contaminated sharps, childbirth, and sexual intercourse. The document outlines universal precautions healthcare workers should take like wearing gloves and washing hands to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases.
Major reason for failures in the field of medicine is infections. So its a prime duty to know and follow the protocols to infection control, in the dental field as well.
Risk of Diseases Transmission During Dental Surgery| Mode of Trasmission of D...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Some Possible Diseases Risk are Syphilis, Tuberculosis, AIDS and Hepatitis B, C, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella, which are easily transferred to the Dentists, if safety protocols does not followed by the Dentists.
Standard Precaution, Use of Personal Protection equipment, Proper Disposable of waste material.
This document discusses infection control as it relates to transmissible diseases in the dental environment. It defines standard precautions for treating all body fluids as potentially infectious. Microorganisms in the oral cavity like bacteria from the tongue, dental biofilm, and periodontal pockets can cause cross-contamination between people, from people to objects, and from objects to people. Factors that influence the development of infection include the number and virulence of organisms as well as the immune status of the host. Various pathogens transmissible through the oral cavity are discussed, including tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, HIV, herpes viruses, and human papillomavirus.
The document discusses guidelines for taking and recording a patient's medical and dental history. Key points include:
1) A patient's health history must be updated at each appointment as their health can change over time.
2) Patient health records contain confidential information and must be stored securely and only accessed by authorized personnel.
3) Information from a patient's health history, including medications and medical conditions, should be recorded in permanent ink and signed by the patient to document the history was reviewed.
Big Tree Volunteer Fire Company's 2013 infectious disease training document provided instructions and objectives for its knowledge assessment on infectious diseases. It covered topics like universal precautions, personal protective equipment, disease transmission, exposure control plans, and relevant laws and regulations. The training was meant to educate firefighters on minimizing disease transmission risks and properly handling potential exposures.
This document discusses bloodborne pathogens and the risks they pose. It defines bloodborne pathogens as infectious microorganisms found in blood, including HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. These pathogens can be transmitted via blood or other bodily fluids through routes like needle sharing, injuries from contaminated sharps, childbirth, and sexual intercourse. The document outlines universal precautions healthcare workers should take like wearing gloves and washing hands to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases.
Major reason for failures in the field of medicine is infections. So its a prime duty to know and follow the protocols to infection control, in the dental field as well.
Risk of Diseases Transmission During Dental Surgery| Mode of Trasmission of D...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Some Possible Diseases Risk are Syphilis, Tuberculosis, AIDS and Hepatitis B, C, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella, which are easily transferred to the Dentists, if safety protocols does not followed by the Dentists.
Standard Precaution, Use of Personal Protection equipment, Proper Disposable of waste material.
This document provides information on bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) and OSHA requirements for employees who may be exposed. It defines BBPs as microorganisms carried in blood that can cause human disease, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The training covers BBP diseases, potential exposures, required use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disposal procedures, and post-exposure evaluation. Following proper precautions and protocols is important for the health and safety of all employees.
Blood borne pathogens like hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood and bodily fluids. Proper precautions must be taken like wearing personal protective equipment, thoroughly washing exposed areas, and properly disposing of contaminated waste. The hepatitis B vaccine series is recommended for those with occupational exposure risk. Universal precautions should always be followed to minimize potential exposure to blood borne pathogens.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
Bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Workers who are exposed to bloodborne pathogens through injuries from needles, broken glass, or contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin are at risk of serious infections. Prevention methods include vaccination, use of protective equipment, screening of blood and tissue donors, and modification of high-risk behaviors. Standard precautions should be followed to treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious and avoid contact with blood or fluids.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogen training required by OSHA for employees. It discusses universal precautions like gloves and proper practices that can decrease transmission of pathogens. Bloodborne pathogens are disease-causing organisms found in blood and body fluids that can be spread through contact with infected blood or fluids. Diseases caused by bloodborne pathogens include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. The training stresses treating all blood and body fluids as potentially infected and outlines protective measures like proper cleaning procedures, use of gloves, and handwashing to avoid exposure at work.
The document discusses occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard. It covers who is covered by the standard, modes of transmission of communicable diseases, universal precautions that must be followed, and required engineering and work practice controls and personal protective equipment to reduce risk of exposure. The standard also mandates training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, and other measures.
The new coronavirus is officially called SARS-CoV-2, which stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. An infection with this virus can lead to coronavirus disease 19 or COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2 is related to the coronavirus SARS-CoV, which caused another kind of coronavirus disease in 2002 to 2003. However, from what we know so far, SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses and including other coronaviruses.
#coronavirus #coronavirusprevention
The document provides guidance on COVID-19 including describing the virus, its symptoms and risk factors, how it spreads, steps to prevent spread through proper hand washing, cleaning, social distancing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like face masks, gowns and gloves, what to do if someone shows symptoms, and guidelines for caring for COVID-19 patients including donning and doffing PPE safely.
This document discusses universal precautions and infection control for preventing the spread of communicable diseases. It outlines that all blood and body fluids should be treated as potentially infectious. Proper hand washing, covering cuts, and wearing gloves when handling body fluids can help prevent disease transmission. Common bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS are explained. The document provides information on risk of infection via contaminated needles or mucous membrane exposure. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment, work practice controls, and proper disposal of biohazardous waste are recommended to reduce disease transmission risk. Next steps after an exposure are also covered.
YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM - Your best weapon and defense against the virus infection is your immune system. In this research keynote slides, you will find ways to boost and strengthen your immunity to fight all odds.
For more suggestions, do reach to me with regards to general health and immune-boosting food.
whats app +46 70 8 939896
ashar@hotmail.se
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers and post-exposure prophylaxis. It provides information on the risks of transmitting various bloodborne pathogens like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C via needlestick injuries. It also outlines the determinants of transmission risk and classifications of exposure incidents and infected sources. The document recommends immediate management of exposures, which includes wound cleansing. It provides treatment regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. It stresses the importance of vaccination against Hepatitis B for healthcare workers and safe injection practices to prevent needlestick injuries.
Bloodborne Pathogens Training by Wisconsin Department of Health ServicesAtlantic Training, LLC.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogens training for employees at the Division of Public Health. It defines bloodborne pathogens as viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms transmitted through contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. The three pathogens of greatest concern are HIV, HBV, and HCV. The document reviews exposure risks, symptoms, and transmission routes for these pathogens. It also summarizes the Division of Public Health's exposure control plan, universal precautions, personal protective equipment use, cleaning and disinfection procedures, the hepatitis B vaccine, and other topics covered by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard.
This document provides information about an employer's blood borne pathogen training. It covers who is required to complete the training, common blood borne diseases like HIV and hepatitis, universal precautions like PPE and hand washing, proper procedures for cleaning spills and handling regulated waste, and requirements for post-exposure evaluation and medical record keeping. The goal of the training is to educate employees about safety protocols to prevent exposure to infectious bodily fluids.
The document discusses Coronaviruses including their genome structure, appearance under electron microscopy, common strains that infect humans such as SARS and MERS, symptoms of COVID-19 including less common symptoms and serious symptoms, methods of transmission, prevention techniques like social distancing, hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, definitions of suspect/probable infected individuals and types of contacts, and strategies for community-based surveillance.
Guidelines for dialysis of COVID -19 Patients Ankit Data
The document provides guidelines for dialysis of COVID-19 patients. It outlines general guidance for dialysis units including adequate supplies, signage, educating staff, and strict adherence to universal precautions. It provides guidance for patients undergoing hemodialysis including screening, mask-wearing, hand hygiene and cough etiquette. Guidance is also given for dialysis staff, disinfection practices, and handling patients requiring dialysis for acute kidney injury or with peritoneal dialysis. Personal protective equipment should be worn when dialyzing COVID-19 positive patients.
The document discusses the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard for schools. It defines bloodborne pathogens as disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood or other potentially infectious materials. The standard is meant to minimize risks of exposure to blood or body fluids and requires training, vaccination, universal precautions, and personal protective equipment. It also provides information about specific bloodborne diseases like HIV and HBV, their transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods.
The document discusses the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. It was created in 1991 to protect workers from bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV by limiting occupational exposure. The standard requires employers to implement universal precautions, engineering controls, PPE, exposure control plans, hepatitis B vaccinations, training, and other measures. It was later revised in 2000 to require safer needle devices and maintain injury logs. The standard aims to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases in occupational settings.
Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquire during their hospital stay that were not present upon admission. They can arise from various sources including other patients, healthcare workers, contaminated equipment or environment. Common infections include surgical site infections, urinary tract infections and pneumonia. Universal precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste and cleaning and disinfection of equipment are important measures to prevent the spread of hospital acquired infections.
Strategic priorities in Patient Safety. Philip Hassen. IV International Conference on Patient Safety. (Madrid, Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, 2008)
EOC Annual Evaluation of the Management Plans for the Physical Environmentu...Michele Thompson
This presentation includes:
The purpose and value of the annual evaluation;
Requirements for annual evaluations (Objectives, Scope, Performance, Effectiveness)
The annual evaluation process
Impact on Safety and Operations
This document provides information on bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) and OSHA requirements for employees who may be exposed. It defines BBPs as microorganisms carried in blood that can cause human disease, such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The training covers BBP diseases, potential exposures, required use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disposal procedures, and post-exposure evaluation. Following proper precautions and protocols is important for the health and safety of all employees.
Blood borne pathogens like hepatitis B and HIV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood and bodily fluids. Proper precautions must be taken like wearing personal protective equipment, thoroughly washing exposed areas, and properly disposing of contaminated waste. The hepatitis B vaccine series is recommended for those with occupational exposure risk. Universal precautions should always be followed to minimize potential exposure to blood borne pathogens.
Medical students with the potential for workplace exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BBP), human blood, or bodily fluids should review this training prior to their preceptorship.
Bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Workers who are exposed to bloodborne pathogens through injuries from needles, broken glass, or contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin are at risk of serious infections. Prevention methods include vaccination, use of protective equipment, screening of blood and tissue donors, and modification of high-risk behaviors. Standard precautions should be followed to treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious and avoid contact with blood or fluids.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogen training required by OSHA for employees. It discusses universal precautions like gloves and proper practices that can decrease transmission of pathogens. Bloodborne pathogens are disease-causing organisms found in blood and body fluids that can be spread through contact with infected blood or fluids. Diseases caused by bloodborne pathogens include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. The training stresses treating all blood and body fluids as potentially infected and outlines protective measures like proper cleaning procedures, use of gloves, and handwashing to avoid exposure at work.
The document discusses occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens and OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard. It covers who is covered by the standard, modes of transmission of communicable diseases, universal precautions that must be followed, and required engineering and work practice controls and personal protective equipment to reduce risk of exposure. The standard also mandates training, medical surveillance, hepatitis B vaccinations, and other measures.
The new coronavirus is officially called SARS-CoV-2, which stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. An infection with this virus can lead to coronavirus disease 19 or COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2 is related to the coronavirus SARS-CoV, which caused another kind of coronavirus disease in 2002 to 2003. However, from what we know so far, SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses and including other coronaviruses.
#coronavirus #coronavirusprevention
The document provides guidance on COVID-19 including describing the virus, its symptoms and risk factors, how it spreads, steps to prevent spread through proper hand washing, cleaning, social distancing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like face masks, gowns and gloves, what to do if someone shows symptoms, and guidelines for caring for COVID-19 patients including donning and doffing PPE safely.
This document discusses universal precautions and infection control for preventing the spread of communicable diseases. It outlines that all blood and body fluids should be treated as potentially infectious. Proper hand washing, covering cuts, and wearing gloves when handling body fluids can help prevent disease transmission. Common bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS are explained. The document provides information on risk of infection via contaminated needles or mucous membrane exposure. Engineering controls, personal protective equipment, work practice controls, and proper disposal of biohazardous waste are recommended to reduce disease transmission risk. Next steps after an exposure are also covered.
YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM - Your best weapon and defense against the virus infection is your immune system. In this research keynote slides, you will find ways to boost and strengthen your immunity to fight all odds.
For more suggestions, do reach to me with regards to general health and immune-boosting food.
whats app +46 70 8 939896
ashar@hotmail.se
This document discusses needlestick injuries among healthcare workers and post-exposure prophylaxis. It provides information on the risks of transmitting various bloodborne pathogens like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C via needlestick injuries. It also outlines the determinants of transmission risk and classifications of exposure incidents and infected sources. The document recommends immediate management of exposures, which includes wound cleansing. It provides treatment regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. It stresses the importance of vaccination against Hepatitis B for healthcare workers and safe injection practices to prevent needlestick injuries.
Bloodborne Pathogens Training by Wisconsin Department of Health ServicesAtlantic Training, LLC.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogens training for employees at the Division of Public Health. It defines bloodborne pathogens as viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms transmitted through contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. The three pathogens of greatest concern are HIV, HBV, and HCV. The document reviews exposure risks, symptoms, and transmission routes for these pathogens. It also summarizes the Division of Public Health's exposure control plan, universal precautions, personal protective equipment use, cleaning and disinfection procedures, the hepatitis B vaccine, and other topics covered by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard.
This document provides information about an employer's blood borne pathogen training. It covers who is required to complete the training, common blood borne diseases like HIV and hepatitis, universal precautions like PPE and hand washing, proper procedures for cleaning spills and handling regulated waste, and requirements for post-exposure evaluation and medical record keeping. The goal of the training is to educate employees about safety protocols to prevent exposure to infectious bodily fluids.
The document discusses Coronaviruses including their genome structure, appearance under electron microscopy, common strains that infect humans such as SARS and MERS, symptoms of COVID-19 including less common symptoms and serious symptoms, methods of transmission, prevention techniques like social distancing, hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, definitions of suspect/probable infected individuals and types of contacts, and strategies for community-based surveillance.
Guidelines for dialysis of COVID -19 Patients Ankit Data
The document provides guidelines for dialysis of COVID-19 patients. It outlines general guidance for dialysis units including adequate supplies, signage, educating staff, and strict adherence to universal precautions. It provides guidance for patients undergoing hemodialysis including screening, mask-wearing, hand hygiene and cough etiquette. Guidance is also given for dialysis staff, disinfection practices, and handling patients requiring dialysis for acute kidney injury or with peritoneal dialysis. Personal protective equipment should be worn when dialyzing COVID-19 positive patients.
The document discusses the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard for schools. It defines bloodborne pathogens as disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood or other potentially infectious materials. The standard is meant to minimize risks of exposure to blood or body fluids and requires training, vaccination, universal precautions, and personal protective equipment. It also provides information about specific bloodborne diseases like HIV and HBV, their transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods.
The document discusses the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogen Standard. It was created in 1991 to protect workers from bloodborne pathogens like HIV, HBV, and HCV by limiting occupational exposure. The standard requires employers to implement universal precautions, engineering controls, PPE, exposure control plans, hepatitis B vaccinations, training, and other measures. It was later revised in 2000 to require safer needle devices and maintain injury logs. The standard aims to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases in occupational settings.
Hospital acquired infections are infections that patients acquire during their hospital stay that were not present upon admission. They can arise from various sources including other patients, healthcare workers, contaminated equipment or environment. Common infections include surgical site infections, urinary tract infections and pneumonia. Universal precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste and cleaning and disinfection of equipment are important measures to prevent the spread of hospital acquired infections.
Strategic priorities in Patient Safety. Philip Hassen. IV International Conference on Patient Safety. (Madrid, Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, 2008)
EOC Annual Evaluation of the Management Plans for the Physical Environmentu...Michele Thompson
This presentation includes:
The purpose and value of the annual evaluation;
Requirements for annual evaluations (Objectives, Scope, Performance, Effectiveness)
The annual evaluation process
Impact on Safety and Operations
The document discusses PROSAFE, a software tool that records key performance indicators (KPIs) in intensive care units (ICUs) to improve quality and safety. PROSAFE allows ICUs to self-evaluate using structured data collection and analysis of KPIs related to structure, process, and outcomes. It has advantages like being multi-platform, automatically updating, and complying with various countries' privacy laws. Initial results found that using PROSAFE for daily monitoring and data collection in ICUs improved health professional participation in quality control and strategic planning.
This document summarizes barriers to opioid monitoring in primary care as presented by Dr. Erin Krebs. Some key barriers include short appointment times that limit monitoring, an assumption that opioids are effective without formally assessing benefits, overconfidence in risk perceptions, and negative attitudes viewing monitoring as "policing" rather than patient care. Implications discussed are formally assessing opioid benefits, addressing expectations and readiness to change, maintaining focus on medication harms rather than patient trustworthiness, and developing systems to support recommended monitoring practices.
This document discusses using a patient-as-observer approach to monitor hand hygiene compliance among healthcare providers. A working group at Women's College Hospital developed a process using this approach that included engaging staff, training volunteers to distribute and collect survey cards from patients, and collecting data on hand hygiene compliance observed by patients. The pilot saw a 76% survey card return rate and 97% observed hand hygiene compliance rate. Next steps include expanding the approach to other areas of the hospital and addressing challenges around managing perceptions and volunteer dependence.
Joint Commission and Patients for Patient Safety. Laura Botwinick. III International Conference on Patient Safety: "Patients for Patient Safety" (Madrid, Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, 2007)
The document discusses various barriers and protocols for protecting patients and clinicians from exposure during clinical procedures. It covers recommended immunizations, periodic testing, use of personal protective equipment like masks, gloves and eyewear, hand hygiene protocols, and factors that can impact glove integrity. High-risk groups for latex sensitivity are identified. The goal is to educate patients on the importance of medical history sharing, protective equipment, and eye protection during care.
Standard precautions are control guidelines designed to protect healthcare workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and other bodily fluids. They involve assuming that all human blood and bodily fluids are potentially infectious. Key elements of standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, safe disposal of sharps, and cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated with blood or bodily fluids. Standard precautions aim to prevent transmission of pathogens through contact with blood or bodily fluids and should be applied universally to all patients.
This document discusses infection control procedures in dentistry. It covers various elements of an infection control protocol including patient evaluation, personal protection, instrument cleaning and sterilization, use of disposables, disinfection, waste disposal, and staff training. Specific topics covered in detail include personal hygiene, clinic clothing, barrier protection, immunizations, sterilization methods, disinfection techniques, and various disinfecting agents commonly used in dentistry such as alcohols and aldehydes.
Basic infection control prevention 30 march 2020Gerinorth
This document discusses basic infection control and prevention measures focusing on hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE). It emphasizes that hand hygiene is the most important measure to reduce cross-infection. It outlines the five indications for hand hygiene and the steps for proper hand washing and alcohol-based hand rub. The document also reviews PPE requirements for different transmission-based precautions and the proper procedure for donning and doffing PPE. It stresses educating nursing home residents and visitors on personal hygiene and hand hygiene. The document concludes with answering sample case scenarios on appropriate PPE and isolation measures for patients with MRSA and Clostridium difficile.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
Infection control in radiology Srinivas Raoalmasmkm
This document discusses infection control in radiology. It covers topics like infection, infection control, nosocomial infections, routes of transmission including droplets and airborne, personal protective equipment, precautions, hand washing, and waste management. Proper infection control practices like hand hygiene, use of PPE, cleaning equipment, and separating clean and dirty areas/patients are important to prevent the spread of infections in radiology departments.
This document discusses infection control in dentistry. It begins by defining infection and infection control. It then discusses the history and objectives of infection control. The main modes of disease transmission in a dental setting are through airborne contamination, contact transmission, and cross-contamination. The document outlines various exposure risks for patients and dental personnel and infection control programs. It discusses sterilization and disinfection techniques as well as infectious diseases of concern in dentistry such as viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. The principles of universal precautions like hand hygiene and protective barriers are emphasized.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
Infection Prevention - Induction program HIC SK.pptxSandhya Kulkarni
This document provides an overview of hospital infection control practices and induction training for October 2023. It covers key topics like standard and transmission-based precautions, hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, needlestick injury management, blood and body fluid spill management, healthcare-associated infections, and microbiology laboratory sample collection. The goal is to train staff on breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of disease in healthcare settings.
Stacey Wright provides information on infection control, safety, and exposure management for Pender EMS and Fire. Key points include proper use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and sanitizing procedures, regulated medical waste disposal, tuberculosis precautions including annual respirator training, and immediate reporting of any exposures. The document emphasizes the importance of safety, cleanliness, and confidentiality.
Stacey Wright provides information on infection control, safety, and exposure control for Pender EMS and Fire. She outlines guidelines for accountability, safety forms, personal protective equipment, isolation precautions including MRSA, the respirator program, airborne pathogens like tuberculosis, regulated medical waste disposal, and general infection control measures. The goal is to ensure the safety of all emergency personnel through proper safety protocols and use of protective equipment.
We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
This document provides an orientation on infection control practices. It discusses standard precautions including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment like gloves and gowns, isolation practices, management of occupational exposures, cleaning and sterilization, and waste management. The infection control department's role is to minimize hospital-acquired infections through education, implementing guidelines, and surveillance. Standard precautions should be followed for all patient care to prevent transmission of pathogens and includes practices like hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns, masks and other protective equipment depending on the procedure.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogens training for the School District of Jefferson. It discusses the bloodborne pathogens standard, types of pathogens like HIV and hepatitis, and outlines the district's exposure control plan. The plan is aimed at eliminating employee exposure to blood and body fluids and complying with OSHA regulations. It identifies job classifications at higher risk of exposure and reviews procedures for universal precautions, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, and proper removal of gloves after exposure to blood or body fluids.
This document discusses nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections. It begins by outlining the chain of infection and explaining why isolation is important to control transmission. It then discusses the basics of infection control, including standard precautions like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, waste disposal, and environmental cleaning. It notes that nosocomial infections increase hospital stays and costs. Common types are also outlined. Strategies to reduce transmission include proper hand hygiene, isolation, appropriate staffing, and decolonization efforts. The roles and responsibilities of healthcare workers and facilities in preventing the spread of infections are emphasized.
Needle stick injuries pose a significant risk to healthcare workers. While policies and safety protocols have improved in recent decades, needle sticks remain a serious issue. A key part of addressing the problem involves implementing a risk management program that focuses on identifying risks, analyzing data on injuries, and implementing prevention and control strategies. Some important strategies for prevention include proper sharps disposal, safety engineering controls like safety containers, safe work practices, and education to promote a culture of safety. Reducing needle stick injuries requires an interdisciplinary approach and commitment across an entire organization.
Needle stick injuries pose a significant risk to healthcare workers. While policies and safety protocols have improved in recent decades, needle sticks remain a serious issue. A successful risk management program involves identifying risks, analyzing injury data, and implementing prevention strategies. Education of healthcare workers is key to promoting a safer environment. Proper disposal of sharps, use of safety devices, following safety procedures, and developing a culture of safety can help reduce needle stick injuries.
This document provides guidelines for infection control in dental settings. Proper procedures are important to prevent transmission of infections between patients and dental health care personnel. Key aspects of an infection control program include education and training, immunization, illness policies, and use of standard precautions like protective barriers and proper sterilization of instruments between patients. Maintaining aseptic conditions before, during, and after treatment is also important to break the chain of infection.
Infection control -_students.ppt;filename*= utf-8''infection control - studentsAhmed Elkony
This document provides guidelines for infection control in dental healthcare settings. Proper infection control procedures are important to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and dental staff. The foundation is using standard precautions, which include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, safe handling of sharp instruments and contaminated laundry, and sterilizing equipment between patients. Immunizing dental staff against hepatitis B and following protocols after potential exposures can further reduce risk of infection.
This document outlines OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard which protects approximately 5.6 million workers from exposure to bloodborne pathogens like HIV and hepatitis. It requires employers to implement exposure control plans using universal precautions, sharps disposal containers, personal protective equipment, training, vaccination, and recordkeeping to prevent transmission of infectious diseases.
Similar to 2 exposure control barriers for patient and clinician (20)
This document discusses guidelines for taking medical and dental histories. Key points include:
- Medical records must be kept confidential under HIPAA standards.
- A thorough patient history is important to understand general health conditions and how they may impact dental treatment.
- Guidelines are provided for properly recording patient information, reviewing medications and vital signs, and evaluating common medical conditions to determine any necessary precautions for dental procedures.
- Certain medical conditions may require pre-medication or consultation with a physician prior to invasive dental treatments.
This document discusses guidelines for taking and recording a patient's medical and dental history. Key points include:
- Medical records must be kept confidential and secured.
- A patient's history provides important health information that can impact dental treatment.
- Interview skills like using understandable language and maintaining eye contact are important.
- Records should be written legibly in permanent ink with any corrections clearly noted.
- Various medical conditions and medications are discussed in terms of their relevance to dental care.
Exposure Control and Barriers in Dental Hygienedvernetti
The document discusses various barriers and protocols for protecting patients and clinicians from exposure during clinical care. It covers immunizations, personal protective equipment like masks, gloves and eyewear, hand hygiene protocols, latex sensitivity, and factors to educate patients on for their protection. Guidelines are provided for annual tuberculosis skin tests, influenza vaccines, proper use and disposal of PPE, and handwashing indications. Risk groups for latex allergies include healthcare workers and those with frequent medical procedures or certain food allergies.
Infection control disease transmission([1]dvernetti
This document discusses infection control and various transmissible diseases that are relevant to dentistry. It covers standard precautions for treating all patients as potentially infectious. Common microorganisms in the oral cavity that can lead to cross-contamination between people and surfaces are described. Specific infectious diseases addressed include tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, herpes viruses, and their transmission routes. Factors influencing the risk of infection and treatment considerations for each disease are summarized.
This document discusses nutrition and its relationship to dental health. It covers the major nutrients, food groups, serving sizes, and the digestive system. The key points are:
- Nutrition provides energy, growth, and regulates body processes through a balanced diet and intake of major nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.
- Modern eating trends include eating on the go, increasing life expectancy with unique health concerns, rising adult obesity, and more sedentary lifestyles.
- The digestive system breaks down food through mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines before waste is eliminated through the rectum.
The Salvation Army Clinic provides dental services to homeless and low-income patients, with two dentists, one RDH, and students from Marquette University and UW. Starting in January 2013, first year dental hygiene students will do a clinical rotation at the clinic four days a week, where under supervision they will gain hands-on experience doing tasks like taking x-rays, polishing, sealants, and patient education. Students would receive clinical credits for the rotation.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS POWER POINT PRESENTATIONblessyjannu21
Myasthenia gravis is a neurological disease. It affects the grave muscles in our body. Myasthenia gravis affects how the nerves communicate with the muscles. Drooping eyelids and/or double vision are often the first noticeable sign. It is involving the muscles controlling the eyes movement, facial expression, chewing and swallowing. It also effects the muscles neck and lip movement and respiration.
It is a neuromuscular disease characterized by abnormal weakness of voluntary muscles that improved with rest and the administration of anti-cholinesterase drugs.
The person may find difficult to stand, lift objects and speak or swallow. Medications and surgery can help the patient to relieve the symptoms of this lifelong illness.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
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DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
2. Immunizations and PeriodicImmunizations and Periodic
TestingTesting
Basic Immunizations:Basic Immunizations:
Hepatitis A, BHepatitis A, B
DiphtheriaDiphtheria
TetanusTetanus
PertussisPertussis
Influenza type BInfluenza type B
Measles, mumps,Measles, mumps,
rubella (MMR)rubella (MMR)
VaricellaVaricella
MeningococcalMeningococcal
Boosters:Boosters:
May occur uponMay occur upon
exposureexposure
Adult
Recommendations:
Tetanus andTetanus and
diphtheriadiphtheria
=every 10 years=every 10 years
Annual influenzaAnnual influenza
Annual TB skinAnnual TB skin
testtest
3. ReviewReview
Which of the following should be done annually?Which of the following should be done annually?
A) Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux)A) Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux)
B) Influenza vaccineB) Influenza vaccine
C) HBV vaccine boosterC) HBV vaccine booster
D) Tuberculin skin test and influenza vaccineD) Tuberculin skin test and influenza vaccine
E) HBV booster, tuberculin skin test, and influenza vaccineE) HBV booster, tuberculin skin test, and influenza vaccine
4. AnswerAnswer
D) Tuberculin skin test and influenzaD) Tuberculin skin test and influenza
vaccinevaccine
The tuberculosis skin test needs to beThe tuberculosis skin test needs to be
done annually as well as thedone annually as well as the
influenza (flu) vaccine. The HBVinfluenza (flu) vaccine. The HBV
vaccine does not have a specifiedvaccine does not have a specified
booster schedule.booster schedule.
5. Personal ProtectivePersonal Protective
Equipment(PPE)Equipment(PPE)
1.Clinical attire: Gown1.Clinical attire: Gown
Hair: Pulled back from field of visionHair: Pulled back from field of vision
2.Face mask: pulled over nose and chin2.Face mask: pulled over nose and chin
3.Protective eyewear with side-shields3.Protective eyewear with side-shields
4.Gloves: changed often4.Gloves: changed often
OSHA Recommendations: OccupationalOSHA Recommendations: Occupational
Safety and Health AdministrationSafety and Health Administration
Protects the worker from physical, chemical orProtects the worker from physical, chemical or
infectious hazards in the workplace.infectious hazards in the workplace.
6. PPE’sPPE’s
When is it appropriate to wearWhen is it appropriate to wear
personal protective gear?personal protective gear?
A. When in contact with aerosols,A. When in contact with aerosols,
spatter, or body fluidsspatter, or body fluids
B. When taking radiographsB. When taking radiographs
C. Handling denturesC. Handling dentures
D. All of the aboveD. All of the above
8. What is OSHA?What is OSHA?
Occupational Safety and HealthOccupational Safety and Health
AdministrationAdministration
A government agency in theA government agency in the
Department of Labor to maintain aDepartment of Labor to maintain a
safe and healthy work environmentsafe and healthy work environment
9. Material Safety Data SheetMaterial Safety Data Sheet
MSDS:MSDS: OSHA requires chemicalOSHA requires chemical
products in the clinic and companyproducts in the clinic and company
information be made available to allinformation be made available to all
individuals in the work placeindividuals in the work place
Contains:Contains: hazard chemical inventoryhazard chemical inventory
of each product, exact name, productof each product, exact name, product
number and supplier’s name andnumber and supplier’s name and
addressaddress
10. Test your KnowledgeTest your Knowledge
What does MSDS mean?What does MSDS mean?
Where is it located?Where is it located?
11. AnswerAnswer
Material Safety Data SheetMaterial Safety Data Sheet
Dental clinic/front desk areaDental clinic/front desk area
12. Facial andFacial and
Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection
Use of a face maskUse of a face mask
Mask efficiencyMask efficiency
Filtration:Filtration: 95% of particles as small as 3 u95% of particles as small as 3 u
Fit :Fit : cover entire nose and chin areacover entire nose and chin area
Moisture absorption:Moisture absorption: change after eachchange after each
patient and wore no longer than 1 hourpatient and wore no longer than 1 hour
Comfort: supports complianceComfort: supports compliance
Mask removal: graspMask removal: grasp side stringside string
13. ReviewReview
When should the face mask be changed?When should the face mask be changed?
A) Every hourA) Every hour
B) When it becomes wetB) When it becomes wet
C) For each patientC) For each patient
D) For each patient, when it becomes wet, andD) For each patient, when it becomes wet, and
at least every hourat least every hour
14. AnswerAnswer
D) For each patient, when it becomes wet, andD) For each patient, when it becomes wet, and
at least every hourat least every hour
A new face mask should be used with eachA new face mask should be used with each
patient to prevent cross-contamination. Thepatient to prevent cross-contamination. The
effectiveness of the face mask iseffectiveness of the face mask is
compromised when wet and after use for ancompromised when wet and after use for an
hour and should be changed accordingly.hour and should be changed accordingly.
15.
16. Protective EyewearProtective Eyewear
Clinician protection:Clinician protection: prevent injury andprevent injury and
infectioninfection
Patient protection:Patient protection: prevent injury,prevent injury,
contact lens protectioncontact lens protection
Features:Features: wide lens, side shieldswide lens, side shields
Types of eyewear:Types of eyewear: goggles or glassesgoggles or glasses
(magnification loupes)(magnification loupes)
Eyewash station:Eyewash station: located at each sink inlocated at each sink in
clinicclinic
17. Face ShieldFace Shield
Worn over mask and safety glassesWorn over mask and safety glasses
Used during polishing and ultrasonicUsed during polishing and ultrasonic
scalerscaler
18.
19. Hand CareHand Care
Hands: means of transmission,Hands: means of transmission,
reservoir, port of entryreservoir, port of entry
Hand care:Hand care: avoid breaks in cuticlesavoid breaks in cuticles
Fingernails:Fingernails: Short, trimmedShort, trimmed
Jewelry wear:Jewelry wear: traps bacteriatraps bacteria
CDC 2002 guidelinesCDC 2002 guidelines
http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/http://www.cdc.gov/handhygiene/
20. Handwashing PrinciplesHandwashing Principles
Rationale:Rationale: prevent organismsprevent organisms
acquired from patientacquired from patient
Purposes:Purposes: Reduce bacteria floraReduce bacteria flora
Facilities:Facilities: foot control to avoid cross-foot control to avoid cross-
contaminationcontamination
Agents:Agents: antimicrobial soap or alcoholantimicrobial soap or alcohol
rubrub
21. ““Handwashing is considered the most importantHandwashing is considered the most important
single procedure for prevention of cross-single procedure for prevention of cross-
contamination.”contamination.”
Dr. Esther M. WilkinsDr. Esther M. Wilkins
22. Indications for HandwashIndications for Handwash
Before gloves placedBefore gloves placed
After gloves removedAfter gloves removed
Torn, punctured glovesTorn, punctured gloves
After bare hands touch inanimate objectAfter bare hands touch inanimate object
When visibly soiledWhen visibly soiled
Entering and leaving operatoryEntering and leaving operatory
23. Gloving TechniqueGloving Technique
Mask and eyewear placement:Mask and eyewear placement: prior toprior to
handwashing and glovinghandwashing and gloving
Preglove handwash:Preglove handwash:
Glove placement:Glove placement:
Glove removal:Glove removal: wash promptly afterwash promptly after
removalremoval
24.
25. Factors AffectingFactors Affecting
Glove IntegrityGlove Integrity
Torn, cut, or punctured gloves:Torn, cut, or punctured gloves: replacereplace
Length of time worn:Length of time worn: each new patient, no more than 1 hour,each new patient, no more than 1 hour,
when they become stickywhen they become sticky
Size of glove:Size of glove: proper fit important for tactile sensitivityproper fit important for tactile sensitivity
Agents used in care provision:Agents used in care provision: vaseline, antisepticvaseline, antiseptic
handwash, and alcohol breakdown glove integrityhandwash, and alcohol breakdown glove integrity
Hazards from hands, jewelry:Hazards from hands, jewelry: long nails and ringslong nails and rings
26. Latex SensitivityLatex Sensitivity
Clinical manifestations: dermatitis to anaphylaxisClinical manifestations: dermatitis to anaphylaxis
Individuals at riskIndividuals at risk: health care workers, multiple: health care workers, multiple
surgeries, food allergiessurgeries, food allergies
Clinical management: patient may ask about our clinic…Clinical management: patient may ask about our clinic…
latex freelatex free
27. ReviewReview
Which of the following are at high risk of developing aWhich of the following are at high risk of developing a
latex allergy?latex allergy?
A) A person with spina bifidaA) A person with spina bifida
B) Healthcare workersB) Healthcare workers
C) A person allergic to bananasC) A person allergic to bananas
D) A person allergic to bananas, a person with spinaD) A person allergic to bananas, a person with spina
bifida, and healthcare workersbifida, and healthcare workers
28. AnswerAnswer
D) A person allergic to bananas, a person with spinaD) A person allergic to bananas, a person with spina
bifida, and healthcare workersbifida, and healthcare workers
Individuals at high risk for latex sensitivity have hadIndividuals at high risk for latex sensitivity have had
frequent exposure to latex products; this wouldfrequent exposure to latex products; this would
include healthcare workers and persons who haveinclude healthcare workers and persons who have
had multiple surgeries. Also, persons with certainhad multiple surgeries. Also, persons with certain
food allergies such as avocado, banana, kiwi fruit,food allergies such as avocado, banana, kiwi fruit,
chestnuts, and papaya are at higher risk for latexchestnuts, and papaya are at higher risk for latex
allergies.allergies.
29. Factors to TeachFactors to Teach
the Patientthe Patient
Importance of medical history forImportance of medical history for
patient and clinicianpatient and clinician
Necessity for personal protectiveNecessity for personal protective
equipmentequipment
Importance of eye protection duringImportance of eye protection during
clinical proceduresclinical procedures
Editor's Notes
All DHCPs should be aware of signs/symptoms of diseases that are occupational hazards and be encouraged to seek medical consult for early diagnosis and treatment of conditions that could be communicable disease.
At time of employment, dentist/employer should request immunization records, with most recent updates, and results of any testing—such as annual tuberculosis skin tests. These should be documented and updated as part of the setting’s “Exposure Control Plan” for each team member.
Basic immunizations include: protection against hepatitis B; diphtheria, tetanus; pertussis; haemophilus influenza type b; poliomyelitis; measles, mumps, rubella (MMR); varicella; meningococcal; pneumococcus; influenza; and hepatitis A. Booster dosages or reimmunization may occur upon intimate contact or exposure.
Adult recommendations: tetanus and diphtheria booster every 10 years; annual influenza vaccine; pneumococcal vaccine; hepatitis B series; hepatitis A series; MMR; varicella; and meningococcal vaccine.
Periodic testing: annual tuberculin skin test, with chest radiograph as indicated; periodic throat culture for possible hemolytic streptococcus carrier.
Written confidential records of immunizations, boosters, reimmunization, and plans for medical follow-up should be kept for each employee. Current immunization status documentation saves time following any accidental exposure.
PPE is a barrier for the clinician in the dental healthcare setting. It provides protection against contaminants and cross-contamination from splash, spatter, aerosols, and patient contact.
Each area will be explored in detail in following slides.
The CDC link provides up-to-date information and resources for PPE.
Which makes the most sense for placement of PPE’S? Gown, mask, glasses, gloves
The face mask should be positioned first when preparing for clinical care procedures. The mask provides respiratory protection as well as a barrier to spatter during clinical procedures.
Essential characteristics of the appropriate face mask:
Filtration (measure in BFE [bacterial filtration efficiency]) where a standard mask blocks 95% of particles as small as 3 µ. Greater filtration is required when higher classification of risk patients present for care. Particles smaller than 3 µ (such as droplet nuclei of TB) range from 0.5 to 1 µ and can penetrate to the alveoli of the lower respiratory tract, where their infectivity is increased.
Fit: proper fit of the mask over the face is vital to protect against inhaling droplet nuclei from aerosols.
Moisture absorption: soak-through is important factor. The mask lining should be impervious. Mask should be changed for each patient and be worn no longer than 1 hour.
Comfort: degree of comfort encourages compliance in wearing the mask.
Mask material composition: masks may be made from gauze and other cloth, plastic foam, fiberglass, synthetic fiber mat, and paper.
Mask use: adjust the mask before positioning eyewear and protective handwash. Use a fresh mask for each patient. Change mask each hour or when it becomes wet. Keep mask on after completing a procedure while still in the presence of aerosols. If a chin-cover face shield is used, supplement with a fitted face mask. Do not handle contaminated side of mask with gloved or bare hands.
Mask removal: grasp side elastic or tie strings to remove (see figure on next slide).
Removal of mask. Handle only by the elastic or tie strings, carefully avoiding the contaminated mask.
Eye protection necessary for DHCPs and patients to prevent physical injuries and infections of the eyes from contaminants during care provision. Patient medical history review may reveal previous eye surgery, implants, or other special concerns.
Injury possible from dropped instrument or splashing of agents or materials during dental procedures.
Contamination from saliva, biofilm, carious tissues, restorative materials during cavity preparation, bacteria-laden calculus during scaling procedures, or microorganisms contained in aerosols or spatter.
Features: wide lens coverage around orbit area, with OSHA-mandated side shields to protect sides of eye; shatterproof; frames with rounded smooth edges to prevent discomfort; easily disinfected. Patient lenses could be tinted to prevent glare, especially for cataract or glaucoma patients. Lenses should be light enough in color for clinician to view patient’s eyes to observe patient reactions and responses.
Types of eyewear: goggles: shielding on all sides of the glasses may give the best protection, provided close fit around the edges. This form is especially protective during laboratory work. Eyewear with side shields: for the DHCP dependent on a prescription lens correction, separate side shields are available that can be attached to the frame. Eyewear with curved frames: curved back sides may provide protection similar to that offered by side shields. Surgical magnification loupes attached to safety glasses with side shields: magnification aids in visualization of the working area in the oral cavity, while the safety glass frame provides protection to the eyes of the clinician. Postmydriatic spectacles (used by ophthalmologists) are disposable glasses made of flexible plastic. Child-sized glasses: sunglasses and play spectacles have been used for patient protection.
Application and care in the clinical setting: patient asked to wear protective lenses during procedures can be provided a simple rationale. DHCPs and patients who wear contact lenses should always wear protective lenses during DH/dental procedures. Care of protective lenses: rinse under running water to remove any abrasive agent on lenses, clean with detergent, and rinse again thoroughly. Let air dry. Some lenses may be damaged by disinfectants. Surgical though-the-lens loupes may not be able to be run under water. Check manufacturer’s directions. Check all lenses periodically for scratches on the lens, and replace appropriately.
Eyewash station: should be available in the dental care setting for lavage of agents or materials that get into the eye. Station should not be hooked up to hot water lines, and should be located at a sink not used by clinicians for patient preparation.
Protective eyewear. Protective cover for both patient and clinician may be goggles style (A) or glasses with side shields (B and C).
The hands may serve as a means of transmission of blood, saliva, and dental biofilm from the patient. Hands and fingernails may serve as a reservoir for microorganisms. Skin breaks in the hands may serve as a port of entry for potential pathogenic microorganisms.
Primary cross-contamination can be controlled by using effective handwash, and following basic rules for gloving and asepsis.
Resident bacteria: relatively stable flora inhabiting the surface epithelium, deeper areas in ducts of skin glands, and depths of hair follicles. Bacteria are shed with exfoliated surface cells or with excretion of skin glands. Flora may be altered by newly introduced pathogens or reduced by washing. Resident bacteria tend to be less susceptible to destruction by disinfection procedures.
Transient bacteria: reflect continuous contamination by routine contacts; some bacteria are pathogens and may act temporarily as residents. They may be washed away, or in the event of skin breaks, may cause infection. Most transients can be removed with soap and water by washing thoroughly.
Fingernails: maintain clean, smoothly trimmed, short fingernails with well-cared-for cuticles to prevent breaks where microorganisms can enter. Short nails make handwashing more effective; prevent cuts from long nails in disposable gloves; permit selection of a closer fit of glove; and allow greater dexterity during instrumentation. NO ACRYLIC ARTIFICIAL NAILS SHOULD BE WORN DURING CLINICAL CARE PROVISION. If nail polish is worn under gloves, it should not have chipped edges, which can harbor bacteria (CDC guidelines 2002).
Jewelry: remove hand and wrist jewelry at beginning of clinic day. Microorganisms can become lodged in crevices of rings, watchbands, and watches, where sanitation is not possible.
After handwash, don gloves. Never expose open skin lesions to patient’s oral tissues or body fluids. After glove removal, wash hands to remove microorganisms.
Effective and frequent handwashing can reduce overall bacterial flora of the skin and prevent organisms acquired from a patient from become part of the clinician’s skin resident flora.
Purpose: reduce bacteria flora to absolute minimum. It removes surface dirt and transient bacteria; it can dissolve the normal greasy film on the skin; and it can rinse and remove all loosened debris and microorganisms.
Facilities: use a sink with foot or electronic controls for water flow to avoid contamination to/from faucet handles; if using faucet-controlled water flow, leave stream of water flowing throughout entire procedure, turning off faucets with towel after drying hands. Clear around rim of sink with disinfectant. Do not use the same sink for handwashing prior to patient care that is used for instrument washing; contaminated instruments should be removed from the treatment room prior to preparation for patient care.
Agents: soap: use a liquid surgical scrub containing an antimicrobial agent. Povidone-iodine has a broad spectrum of action. Apply the soap from a foot- or knee-activated or electronically controlled dispenser. This avoids contamination from hand-operated dispenser or cake soap. Scrub brushes may be traumatic to the skin, but disposable sponges are a viable alternative. Towels should be disposable and contained within a dispenser that requires no contact except with the towel itself. Cloth towels are not recommended.
Antimicrobial soaps include chlorhexidine, iodine and iodophors, chloroxylenol (PCMX), and triclosan.
Indications for handwash: before and after treating a patient (before gloves placed, after gloves removed); before regloving after removal of torn, cut, or punctured gloves; after barehanded touching inanimate objects that may be contaminated with blood or saliva; when hands are visibly soiled; and before leaving the treatment room.
Routine handwash: water and nonantimicrobial soap to remove soil and transient microorganisms. Wet hands, apply soap, and avoid hot water. Rub hands together for at least 15 seconds; cover all surfaces of fingers, hands, and wrists. Interlace fingers and rub to cover all sides. Rinse under running water; dry thoroughly with disposable towels. Turn off faucet with the towel.
Antiseptic handwash: water and antimicrobial soap to remove or destroy transient microorganisms and reduce resident flora. Remove arm and hand jewelry. Fasten hair back securely. Put on protective eyewear and mask before handwashing to prevent contamination of washed hands ready for gloving. Use cool water. Lather hands, wrists, and forearms quickly with liquid antimicrobial soap. Rub all surfaces vigorously, interlacing fingers, and rub back and forth with pressure. Rinse thoroughly, running water from fingertips down the hands. Keep water moving. Repeat two more times. Lathering serves to loosen the debris and bacteria and the rinsings wash them away.
Antiseptic handrub: alcohol-based hand rub (60% to 95% ethanol or isopropanol) to remove or destroy transient flora and reduce resident flora. Wash away visible dirt prior to use. Decontaminate hands with alcohol-based rub. Apply the product (following manufacturer’s directions for amount to use) to the palm of one hand; rub hands together. Rub hands vigorously, covering all surfaces of fingers and hands, until hands are dry.
Surgical antisepsis: also called surgical scrub. Removes or destroys transient flora and reduces resident flora with a persistent or prolonged effect that inhibits proliferation or survival of microorganisms. Follow rules for specific hospital/clinic; rules usually are posted over scrub sinks. Surgical antisepsis performed as the first one of the day will be 10 minutes, with subsequent ones of 3 to 5 minutes’ duration. Following treatment of a contagious or isolated patient, the procedure will take at least 5 minutes. Specific directions for basic method are listed in Chapter 3 of the text. This method uses orangewood stick to clean around nails and sterile surgical brushes to accomplish the scrub.
Placement: Place mask and eyewear prior to handwashing and gloving. This prevents the need to manipulate the mask around the face and hair after washing hands. Use an antiseptic handwash prior to gloving. Hands must be dried thoroughly to control moisture inside glove and discourage growth of bacteria. Glove/deglove in front of patients so they are assured of your adherence to infection control protocol—that you are using a clean set of gloves for them. Place gloves over cuff of long-sleeved clinic garment to provide complete protection of arms from exposure to contaminants.
Avoid contamination: keep gloved hands away from face, hair, clothing (pockets), telephone, patient records, operator stool, and parts of dental equipment that have not been disinfected or covered with a barrier. If gloves are torn, punctured, or cut, remove gloves, wash hands thoroughly, and put on new gloves.
Removal: develop a routine to remove glove without contaminating hands from the outer glove surface. Wash hands promptly after glove removal.
Removal of gloves. (A) Use left fingers to pinch right glove near edge to fold back. (B) Fold edge back without contact with clean inside surface. (C) Use right fingers to contact outside of left glove at the wrist to invert and remove. (D) Bunch glove into the palm. (E) With ungloved left hand, grasp inner noncontaminated portion of the right glove to peel it off, enclosing other glove as it is inverted.
Interruption of the glove surface allows contaminants to contact clinician’s hands. Replace gloves when a cut, tear, or puncture affects the glove material.
Time worn: a new pair for each patient is the rule. Total time worn should be no more than 1 hour; when gloves develop a sticky surface, remove, wash hands, and reglove with a fresh pair. Certain procedures are more likely to promote perforation, such as the use of sharp instruments, prompting frequent changes of gloves during the appointment.
Size: glove fit must be precise; otherwise, tactile sensitivity is affected. Too long of a glove in fingertip area can get caught or torn or impede instrumentation.
Storage: keep glove boxes in cool, dark place. Exposure to heat, sun, or fluorescent lights increases potential for deterioration.
Agents: certain chemicals react with glove material. Petroleum jelly (Vaseline or Chapstick used by patient for lip lubrication), alcohol, and products made with alcohol tend to break down the glove integrity.
Hazards: long fingernails and rings worn inside gloves promote tears in the gloves.
Patients and clinicians may have or develop sensitivity to natural rubber latex. Symptoms of hypersensitivity range from dermatitis to life-threatening anaphylaxis. These individuals should avoid all contact with latex materials. When gloves are powdered, cornstarch can disperse the latex protein (allergen) into the air of the clinical setting.
Methods of exposure: aeroallergen inhalation, donning gloves, mucosal contact.
Hypersensitivity type I (immediate reaction): includes urticaria, dermatitis, sneezing, itchy/runny nose, breathing difficulties (wheezing or coughing), watery/itchy eyes, drop in blood pressure (shock), and anaphylaxis.
Hypersensitivity type IV (delayed reaction): contact dermatitis develops 6 to 72 hours after contact.
Individuals at risk: occupational exposure who have frequent exposure/use of latex products; multiple medical surgeries or treatment requiring placement of rubber tubes or drains; history of other documented allergies (especially food allergies to avocado, banana, kiwi fruit, chestnuts, and papaya); workers in rubber manufacturing plants.
Management: questions in medical history should reveal all allergies, follow up with specific questions about latex and other products that prompt allergic response. Advise allergic patients to obtain/wear alert badge (bracelet). Document all information on allergic response for future and continuing reference.
Appointment planning: appoint patient early in the day, because there is less powder or latex proteins in the operatory air. Clinic garments become laden with air-borne latex during the day as well. Sanitation should be accomplished wearing nonlatex gloves. Wipe all surfaces to remove latex allergens. For those patients who are at high risk for latex sensitivity, use NO latex products in the treatment room. Prepare a latex-free cart for use with high-risk patients.
Emergency treatment equipment and drugs: inform entire dental team of appointment. Have latex-free emergency cart available. Be alert for emergency.
Discuss the importance of the patient’s complete history for the protection of both the patient and the professional person.
Discuss the necessity for use of barriers (face mask, protective eyewear, and gloves) by the clinician for the benefit of the patient.
Describe the importance of eye protection for both the patient and clinician during clinical procedures.