Authors: Eleni Panopoulou, Efthimios Tambouris, Konstantinos Tarabanis.
This paper aims to determine the progress and current trends of eParticipation activities across Europe.
eParticipation initiatives in Europe: Learning from PractitionersEfthimios Tambouris
Paper presented in ePart 2012 conference, IDHEAP, Switzerland. The paper is available from Springer (see http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15158-3_5)
This presentation discusses opportunities for international participation in Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe. It provides an overview of the APRE organization which supports Italian participation in EU research programs. The presentation then discusses participation of countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in Horizon 2020, including benefits, challenges, and the example of Tunisia which was the first MENA country to formally associate with Horizon 2020. Upcoming opportunities and changes in Horizon Europe are also outlined, including new missions and the importance of building consortia now for future participation. National Contact Points which provide support and advice on participation are also described.
Knowledge sharing in a distributed community of practice: a case study of ePr...ePractice.eu
Author: Juliane Jarke
This article aims to explore and describe the attempt of the European Commission to establish a Community of Practice amongst European eGovernment practitioners through the ePractice.eu project. The focus of the European Commission's attempt lies hereby in the facilitation of eGovernment good practice exchange throughout Europe.
The document discusses the role of National Contact Points in gaining and distributing information. It outlines various sources of information that National Contact Points can utilize, including CORDIS, the Europa server, national contact point homepages, CIRCA, newsletters, and other national contact points. It also notes that National Contact Points can work with scientists, multipliers, university administrations, and the EU Commission to both collect and disseminate information.
FP7 Specific Programme Ideas (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document provides information about the European Research Council's Ideas programme and the ERC Starting Grant funding scheme. It summarizes that the ERC aims to support excellent individual or team-driven frontier research projects across all fields led by promising young researchers. Key aspects of the ERC Starting Grant like eligibility, evaluation criteria, application and review process are concisely described.
FP7 Specific Programme Capacities (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document discusses various European Union programs and funding opportunities for international cooperation, research infrastructure, regions of knowledge, research potential, science in society, and support for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It provides details on objectives, eligible participants, budgets, deadlines, and evaluation criteria for specific funding calls within these programs.
Charter & Code and the HR Strategy for Researchers in the European context - ...Dagmar M. Meyer
Presentation given at the Workshop “HRS4R – The Human Resources Strategy for Researchers” which was organised by the Conference of Italian University Rectors (CRUI) and took place in Rome on 28 March 2012.
FP7 Specific Programme People (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document summarizes the Specific Programme "People" of the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). It discusses three main objectives: 1) Create conditions for researcher mobility without obstacles, 2) Enhance the attractiveness of research careers in Europe, and 3) Finance researcher training, mobility, and career development. Several funding actions are mentioned, including Marie Curie Networks, Fellowships, and Industry-Academia Partnerships, with various calls and deadlines provided.
eParticipation initiatives in Europe: Learning from PractitionersEfthimios Tambouris
Paper presented in ePart 2012 conference, IDHEAP, Switzerland. The paper is available from Springer (see http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15158-3_5)
This presentation discusses opportunities for international participation in Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe. It provides an overview of the APRE organization which supports Italian participation in EU research programs. The presentation then discusses participation of countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in Horizon 2020, including benefits, challenges, and the example of Tunisia which was the first MENA country to formally associate with Horizon 2020. Upcoming opportunities and changes in Horizon Europe are also outlined, including new missions and the importance of building consortia now for future participation. National Contact Points which provide support and advice on participation are also described.
Knowledge sharing in a distributed community of practice: a case study of ePr...ePractice.eu
Author: Juliane Jarke
This article aims to explore and describe the attempt of the European Commission to establish a Community of Practice amongst European eGovernment practitioners through the ePractice.eu project. The focus of the European Commission's attempt lies hereby in the facilitation of eGovernment good practice exchange throughout Europe.
The document discusses the role of National Contact Points in gaining and distributing information. It outlines various sources of information that National Contact Points can utilize, including CORDIS, the Europa server, national contact point homepages, CIRCA, newsletters, and other national contact points. It also notes that National Contact Points can work with scientists, multipliers, university administrations, and the EU Commission to both collect and disseminate information.
FP7 Specific Programme Ideas (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document provides information about the European Research Council's Ideas programme and the ERC Starting Grant funding scheme. It summarizes that the ERC aims to support excellent individual or team-driven frontier research projects across all fields led by promising young researchers. Key aspects of the ERC Starting Grant like eligibility, evaluation criteria, application and review process are concisely described.
FP7 Specific Programme Capacities (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document discusses various European Union programs and funding opportunities for international cooperation, research infrastructure, regions of knowledge, research potential, science in society, and support for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It provides details on objectives, eligible participants, budgets, deadlines, and evaluation criteria for specific funding calls within these programs.
Charter & Code and the HR Strategy for Researchers in the European context - ...Dagmar M. Meyer
Presentation given at the Workshop “HRS4R – The Human Resources Strategy for Researchers” which was organised by the Conference of Italian University Rectors (CRUI) and took place in Rome on 28 March 2012.
FP7 Specific Programme People (March 2007)CPN_Africa
The document summarizes the Specific Programme "People" of the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). It discusses three main objectives: 1) Create conditions for researcher mobility without obstacles, 2) Enhance the attractiveness of research careers in Europe, and 3) Finance researcher training, mobility, and career development. Several funding actions are mentioned, including Marie Curie Networks, Fellowships, and Industry-Academia Partnerships, with various calls and deadlines provided.
FP7 Specific Programme Cooperation (March 2007)CPN_Africa
1. The document outlines several funding schemes under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, including Collaborative Projects, Networks of Excellence, and Coordination and Support Actions.
2. Collaborative Projects support objective-driven research conducted by a minimum of three partners across multiple EU countries. Projects range from small to large integrating projects lasting 2-5 years.
3. The document also provides funding budgets and typical number of partners for different funding schemes and themes under the Seventh Framework Programme such as Health, Food and Agriculture, and Information Communication Technologies.
This document summarizes participation in the ESF Transnational Platform networks. Member state participation has gradually increased over the four rounds from an average of 9.4 members in round 1 to 11.6 in round 4. Stakeholder participation has fluctuated with an average of 2.4 in rounds 1 and 2 and 5.3 in round 3. Recent network activities and products are listed. Upcoming network meetings are provided. An annual conference in Brussels is announced for June 2017. A questionnaire on transnational calls showed that 17 member states plan to finance such projects in 2018. Details are given on the 2018 coordinated call themes and timetable. The Impact Task Force aims to help member states implement transnational calls and its next steps are
Better parliament-to-citizen communication and greater service to constituent...e-Democracy Conference
The document discusses e-participation and better communication between parliaments and citizens. It presents the Institute for Electronic Participation (INePA) which focuses on eDemocracy, eParticipation and eGovernance. INePA has facilitated many online debates and discussions with thousands of participants. The document also examines different ICT tools that can enable different models of democracy and dimensions of political participation. It analyzes examples of e-participation projects in Slovenia and Macedonia. Finally, it discusses opportunities to enhance e-participation in Southeast European countries through regional collaboration.
This is the 2011 annual survey on future trends in communication management and public relations
The European Communication Monitor is a transnational survey on strategic communication worldwide.
It has been conducted for the fifth time in 2011 with more than 2,20 participating professionals from more than 40 countries.
The next survey will be conducted from March 1-31, 2012.
Find them online at http://www.communicationmonitor.eu
If you are a communications profession in Ireland and interested in learning about how to integrate social media into your communications plan then visit the PR Institute of Ireland website for details of the Certificate in Social Media Communications, the foremost programme of its kind in Ireland and one that has been running since 2009. http://www.PRII.ie
Disclosure: I am the programme leader for the course.
This document outlines the key steps involved in developing an EU-funded project from idea to completion, including developing the project idea, building a consortium, writing the proposal, evaluation, contract negotiations, project start, and completion. The main stages are: 1) developing the innovative project idea and checking its fit with funding priorities; 2) building a balanced international consortium; 3) writing the detailed proposal; 4) undergoing rigorous evaluation; 5) negotiating contracts if successful; 6) starting the funded project work; and 7) completing the project objectives over several years. Attention to eligibility rules, evaluation criteria, and management structures is essential to success.
This document outlines funding opportunities for cultural projects in Europe through the EU Culture program from 2007-2013. The program has a budget of €408 million and aims to encourage transnational cultural cooperation and dialogue. It offers grants for various cultural projects including performances, exhibitions, and training. Eligible projects must involve partners from multiple EU countries, and can also include partners from other regions. The application process is competitive and evaluations are based on the proposed project's European impact and cultural significance among other criteria. Successful applicants can receive up to 50% of project costs from the Culture program.
The role of Adult Education in social inclusion of young adults: insights fro...Jaakko Hyytiä
Hanna Toiviainen (Tampere University), Paula Kuusipalo (Tampere University), Natasha Kersh (UCL Institute of Education), Pirkko Pitkänen (Tampere University)
The document summarizes a study on the relationship between color and emotions in website design. The study used data from user evaluations of color schemes to build a Bayesian belief network model linking color attributes to emotional descriptors. The model found that brightness was the most important factor influencing emotions, followed by other attributes like number of colors and contrast. The researchers developed tools to apply the model and determine optimal color schemes for desired emotional impacts. However, they note that more research is needed with larger samples to generalize the findings.
This document is an application form for organisations seeking accreditation under the Erasmus+ programme for learning mobility activities. It requests information about the applicant organisation, its experience with past EU projects, strategy for internationalisation and inclusion of mobility activities. It asks the organisation to describe its management of practical, financial and administrative tasks, selection and preparation of participants, recognition of learning outcomes, evaluation methods and plans for future activities. Background documents on the Erasmus+ programme and roles of organisations are provided as references.
Making eu innovation policies fit for the web defosimod
This document discusses making EU innovation policies better suited for web-based innovation. It argues that current policies, like the Framework Programme, were designed for 20th century capital-intensive R&D and do not attract innovative SMEs or translate research to marketable products. "Light and fast" funding that is open, bottom-up, and rewards achievement rather than paperwork could help. The document examines cases like inducement prizes in the US and Europe that use these principles successfully. It concludes that options like open funding, prizes, and procurement of innovation should be adopted to address gaps and make EU policy fit for web-based innovation challenges.
Inside of the Telecentre Multimedia Academy project, I was responsible of the coordinatation of the elaboration of this teacher's handbook. Together with a group of specialist of multimedia matters, we develop the content.
This handbook is addressed to teachers and facilitators who will use Telecentre Multimedia Academy modules to train their students about multimedia courses.
Inside of this publication you will find the structure of the differents modules, the principles of adult education, teaching methods and some useful tips to better do your job as teacher of adult learners.
This Teacher's handbook will provide you with the information and guidance you need to act as a tutor/facilitator of the multimedia courses available in the Telecentre Multimedia Academy (TMA) project website.
These courses have the objective to give citizens with a combination of key competencies, including media, information and digital literacy, required for active participation in the modern society.
POLITICAL DIALOGUE ON HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE COTONOU AGREEMENTDr Lendy Spires
The study assesses the effectiveness of the EU's political dialogue on human rights under Article 8 of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement with African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries. It analyzes the inclusiveness, comprehensiveness, effectiveness, alignment, and impact of the dialogue based on a review of legal provisions and case studies of dialogues in 8 countries. The study concludes that while the dialogues aim to promote human rights, their effectiveness is limited by tensions with partner governments and a lack of strategic approach. It recommends developing a more strategic dialogue, enhancing legitimacy, ensuring monitoring of results, and fully exploiting development programs to strengthen the human rights dialogue.
The document discusses web brainstorming as a method to collect and analyze opinions from large groups of people through an online platform. It can be used to gather proposals, evaluate ideas, and summarize results on important topics. Examples provided show how web brainstorming has been used by organizations for citizen participation, risk analysis, strategy development, and other purposes. The method allows for anonymous, diverse, and cost-effective participation from many stakeholders.
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries: Comparative Studyekonkafr
The political systems of the central and eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have experienced instability since accession. Party systems have fragmented, with new populist and nationalist parties emerging and gaining support at the expense of the parties that led their countries into the EU. Coalition governments have been fragile and short-lived. This political instability represents an ongoing challenge and threatens democratic development, as citizens' trust in institutions has declined. The EU membership provides limited leverage to remedy domestic political issues.
The document discusses eParticipation and eDemocracy projects and strategies in Austria. It defines key terms like eDemocracy and levels of eParticipation. It outlines Austria's eDemocracy strategy, which aims to strengthen democracy through citizen engagement and transparency. It describes several Austrian projects, including Youth2Help (top-down) and MyParliament (bottom-up). It concludes by looking at future trends in digital participation and open innovation principles.
The FATIMA project aims to prevent honour-related violence against women and children through education and dialogue with immigrant NGOs. It will develop training materials on human rights conventions for NGO staff, train them in areas like project management, and provide guidelines for cooperation between NGOs and other stakeholders. An initial study surveyed over 150 NGOs across four countries to assess needs and awareness. Next steps will develop training materials, deliver training to 15 NGOs in each partner country, and organize workshops to disseminate results.
ePractice workshop on Open Source Software, 7 April 2011- Szabolcs Szekaks, ...ePractice.eu
This document discusses the rationale and benefits of strategic collaboration between organizations. It argues that collaboration can improve visibility, reduce costs, increase transparency, remove barriers, and reduce time to market by allowing organizations to share resources and solutions. The document introduces the ISA Programme, which facilitates cross-border cooperation between public entities to jointly deliver electronic services. It lists key principles of the programme like technological neutrality and sharing of code, assets, and best practices. It also references related projects and websites for open-source software and interoperability.
European Journal Epractice Volume 8 FullePractice.eu
This document discusses improving strategies for deploying eHealth technologies to support chronic disease management. It argues for a "Copernican" approach centered on healthcare needs and processes, rather than a "Ptolemaic" approach centered on technologies.
The document stratifies patients into three groups based on their care needs over the course of a chronic condition: 1) healthy/early stages requiring regular care, 2) stable phases managed through agreed care plans, and 3) complex cases with multiple conditions requiring continuous adaptation. It then characterizes organizational and information/communication needs for each group. The goal is to determine appropriate ICT solutions based on these "Copernican requirements" in order to more effectively support integrated care pathways and coordination
What Every Workers Compensation Lawyer Needs To Knowdbsdesign
This document provides an overview of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and its overtime provisions for workers' compensation lawyers. It discusses that the FLSA requires overtime pay of 1.5 times an employee's regular rate for hours worked over 40 in a week. It notes that most employees are covered by the FLSA through broad definitions of employee and commerce. It also discusses exemptions for executive, administrative, professional, and other white-collar jobs if certain salary and duties tests are met.
EU principles in modernisation of Justice and the Turkish IT project UYAPePractice.eu
The document discusses EU principles for modernizing justice systems and Turkey's role in this process. It focuses on e-justice initiatives. Some key EU principles are ensuring independent, efficient courts that can provide fair trials within a reasonable time frame. This requires modern equipment, qualified staff, and efforts to reduce case backlogs. Turkey's judicial IT project, UYAP, aims to improve efficiency and is cited as demonstrating Turkey's potential contribution to EU e-justice goals. The EU provides support through institutions like the Directorate General for Justice and through encouraging cooperation between member state judicial bodies.
The document summarizes various progressive reforms in the early 20th century including labor reforms like unions, strikes, and workplace safety laws. It also discusses city reforms to improve sanitation and eliminate slums. Moral reforms aimed at prohibiting alcohol are mentioned, though prohibition ultimately failed due to unenforceability and growth of organized crime. Reforms for racial equality are also outlined, including the founding of the NAACP to advance civil rights.
Family Policies – A Promising Field of eParticipationePractice.eu
Authors: Birgit Hohberg, Maren Luebcke, Rolf Luehrs.
Three cities in Germany – Hamburg, Berlin and Munich – have opened up a new field for eParticipation.
FP7 Specific Programme Cooperation (March 2007)CPN_Africa
1. The document outlines several funding schemes under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, including Collaborative Projects, Networks of Excellence, and Coordination and Support Actions.
2. Collaborative Projects support objective-driven research conducted by a minimum of three partners across multiple EU countries. Projects range from small to large integrating projects lasting 2-5 years.
3. The document also provides funding budgets and typical number of partners for different funding schemes and themes under the Seventh Framework Programme such as Health, Food and Agriculture, and Information Communication Technologies.
This document summarizes participation in the ESF Transnational Platform networks. Member state participation has gradually increased over the four rounds from an average of 9.4 members in round 1 to 11.6 in round 4. Stakeholder participation has fluctuated with an average of 2.4 in rounds 1 and 2 and 5.3 in round 3. Recent network activities and products are listed. Upcoming network meetings are provided. An annual conference in Brussels is announced for June 2017. A questionnaire on transnational calls showed that 17 member states plan to finance such projects in 2018. Details are given on the 2018 coordinated call themes and timetable. The Impact Task Force aims to help member states implement transnational calls and its next steps are
Better parliament-to-citizen communication and greater service to constituent...e-Democracy Conference
The document discusses e-participation and better communication between parliaments and citizens. It presents the Institute for Electronic Participation (INePA) which focuses on eDemocracy, eParticipation and eGovernance. INePA has facilitated many online debates and discussions with thousands of participants. The document also examines different ICT tools that can enable different models of democracy and dimensions of political participation. It analyzes examples of e-participation projects in Slovenia and Macedonia. Finally, it discusses opportunities to enhance e-participation in Southeast European countries through regional collaboration.
This is the 2011 annual survey on future trends in communication management and public relations
The European Communication Monitor is a transnational survey on strategic communication worldwide.
It has been conducted for the fifth time in 2011 with more than 2,20 participating professionals from more than 40 countries.
The next survey will be conducted from March 1-31, 2012.
Find them online at http://www.communicationmonitor.eu
If you are a communications profession in Ireland and interested in learning about how to integrate social media into your communications plan then visit the PR Institute of Ireland website for details of the Certificate in Social Media Communications, the foremost programme of its kind in Ireland and one that has been running since 2009. http://www.PRII.ie
Disclosure: I am the programme leader for the course.
This document outlines the key steps involved in developing an EU-funded project from idea to completion, including developing the project idea, building a consortium, writing the proposal, evaluation, contract negotiations, project start, and completion. The main stages are: 1) developing the innovative project idea and checking its fit with funding priorities; 2) building a balanced international consortium; 3) writing the detailed proposal; 4) undergoing rigorous evaluation; 5) negotiating contracts if successful; 6) starting the funded project work; and 7) completing the project objectives over several years. Attention to eligibility rules, evaluation criteria, and management structures is essential to success.
This document outlines funding opportunities for cultural projects in Europe through the EU Culture program from 2007-2013. The program has a budget of €408 million and aims to encourage transnational cultural cooperation and dialogue. It offers grants for various cultural projects including performances, exhibitions, and training. Eligible projects must involve partners from multiple EU countries, and can also include partners from other regions. The application process is competitive and evaluations are based on the proposed project's European impact and cultural significance among other criteria. Successful applicants can receive up to 50% of project costs from the Culture program.
The role of Adult Education in social inclusion of young adults: insights fro...Jaakko Hyytiä
Hanna Toiviainen (Tampere University), Paula Kuusipalo (Tampere University), Natasha Kersh (UCL Institute of Education), Pirkko Pitkänen (Tampere University)
The document summarizes a study on the relationship between color and emotions in website design. The study used data from user evaluations of color schemes to build a Bayesian belief network model linking color attributes to emotional descriptors. The model found that brightness was the most important factor influencing emotions, followed by other attributes like number of colors and contrast. The researchers developed tools to apply the model and determine optimal color schemes for desired emotional impacts. However, they note that more research is needed with larger samples to generalize the findings.
This document is an application form for organisations seeking accreditation under the Erasmus+ programme for learning mobility activities. It requests information about the applicant organisation, its experience with past EU projects, strategy for internationalisation and inclusion of mobility activities. It asks the organisation to describe its management of practical, financial and administrative tasks, selection and preparation of participants, recognition of learning outcomes, evaluation methods and plans for future activities. Background documents on the Erasmus+ programme and roles of organisations are provided as references.
Making eu innovation policies fit for the web defosimod
This document discusses making EU innovation policies better suited for web-based innovation. It argues that current policies, like the Framework Programme, were designed for 20th century capital-intensive R&D and do not attract innovative SMEs or translate research to marketable products. "Light and fast" funding that is open, bottom-up, and rewards achievement rather than paperwork could help. The document examines cases like inducement prizes in the US and Europe that use these principles successfully. It concludes that options like open funding, prizes, and procurement of innovation should be adopted to address gaps and make EU policy fit for web-based innovation challenges.
Inside of the Telecentre Multimedia Academy project, I was responsible of the coordinatation of the elaboration of this teacher's handbook. Together with a group of specialist of multimedia matters, we develop the content.
This handbook is addressed to teachers and facilitators who will use Telecentre Multimedia Academy modules to train their students about multimedia courses.
Inside of this publication you will find the structure of the differents modules, the principles of adult education, teaching methods and some useful tips to better do your job as teacher of adult learners.
This Teacher's handbook will provide you with the information and guidance you need to act as a tutor/facilitator of the multimedia courses available in the Telecentre Multimedia Academy (TMA) project website.
These courses have the objective to give citizens with a combination of key competencies, including media, information and digital literacy, required for active participation in the modern society.
POLITICAL DIALOGUE ON HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 8 OF THE COTONOU AGREEMENTDr Lendy Spires
The study assesses the effectiveness of the EU's political dialogue on human rights under Article 8 of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement with African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries. It analyzes the inclusiveness, comprehensiveness, effectiveness, alignment, and impact of the dialogue based on a review of legal provisions and case studies of dialogues in 8 countries. The study concludes that while the dialogues aim to promote human rights, their effectiveness is limited by tensions with partner governments and a lack of strategic approach. It recommends developing a more strategic dialogue, enhancing legitimacy, ensuring monitoring of results, and fully exploiting development programs to strengthen the human rights dialogue.
The document discusses web brainstorming as a method to collect and analyze opinions from large groups of people through an online platform. It can be used to gather proposals, evaluate ideas, and summarize results on important topics. Examples provided show how web brainstorming has been used by organizations for citizen participation, risk analysis, strategy development, and other purposes. The method allows for anonymous, diverse, and cost-effective participation from many stakeholders.
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries: Comparative Studyekonkafr
The political systems of the central and eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have experienced instability since accession. Party systems have fragmented, with new populist and nationalist parties emerging and gaining support at the expense of the parties that led their countries into the EU. Coalition governments have been fragile and short-lived. This political instability represents an ongoing challenge and threatens democratic development, as citizens' trust in institutions has declined. The EU membership provides limited leverage to remedy domestic political issues.
The document discusses eParticipation and eDemocracy projects and strategies in Austria. It defines key terms like eDemocracy and levels of eParticipation. It outlines Austria's eDemocracy strategy, which aims to strengthen democracy through citizen engagement and transparency. It describes several Austrian projects, including Youth2Help (top-down) and MyParliament (bottom-up). It concludes by looking at future trends in digital participation and open innovation principles.
The FATIMA project aims to prevent honour-related violence against women and children through education and dialogue with immigrant NGOs. It will develop training materials on human rights conventions for NGO staff, train them in areas like project management, and provide guidelines for cooperation between NGOs and other stakeholders. An initial study surveyed over 150 NGOs across four countries to assess needs and awareness. Next steps will develop training materials, deliver training to 15 NGOs in each partner country, and organize workshops to disseminate results.
ePractice workshop on Open Source Software, 7 April 2011- Szabolcs Szekaks, ...ePractice.eu
This document discusses the rationale and benefits of strategic collaboration between organizations. It argues that collaboration can improve visibility, reduce costs, increase transparency, remove barriers, and reduce time to market by allowing organizations to share resources and solutions. The document introduces the ISA Programme, which facilitates cross-border cooperation between public entities to jointly deliver electronic services. It lists key principles of the programme like technological neutrality and sharing of code, assets, and best practices. It also references related projects and websites for open-source software and interoperability.
European Journal Epractice Volume 8 FullePractice.eu
This document discusses improving strategies for deploying eHealth technologies to support chronic disease management. It argues for a "Copernican" approach centered on healthcare needs and processes, rather than a "Ptolemaic" approach centered on technologies.
The document stratifies patients into three groups based on their care needs over the course of a chronic condition: 1) healthy/early stages requiring regular care, 2) stable phases managed through agreed care plans, and 3) complex cases with multiple conditions requiring continuous adaptation. It then characterizes organizational and information/communication needs for each group. The goal is to determine appropriate ICT solutions based on these "Copernican requirements" in order to more effectively support integrated care pathways and coordination
What Every Workers Compensation Lawyer Needs To Knowdbsdesign
This document provides an overview of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and its overtime provisions for workers' compensation lawyers. It discusses that the FLSA requires overtime pay of 1.5 times an employee's regular rate for hours worked over 40 in a week. It notes that most employees are covered by the FLSA through broad definitions of employee and commerce. It also discusses exemptions for executive, administrative, professional, and other white-collar jobs if certain salary and duties tests are met.
EU principles in modernisation of Justice and the Turkish IT project UYAPePractice.eu
The document discusses EU principles for modernizing justice systems and Turkey's role in this process. It focuses on e-justice initiatives. Some key EU principles are ensuring independent, efficient courts that can provide fair trials within a reasonable time frame. This requires modern equipment, qualified staff, and efforts to reduce case backlogs. Turkey's judicial IT project, UYAP, aims to improve efficiency and is cited as demonstrating Turkey's potential contribution to EU e-justice goals. The EU provides support through institutions like the Directorate General for Justice and through encouraging cooperation between member state judicial bodies.
The document summarizes various progressive reforms in the early 20th century including labor reforms like unions, strikes, and workplace safety laws. It also discusses city reforms to improve sanitation and eliminate slums. Moral reforms aimed at prohibiting alcohol are mentioned, though prohibition ultimately failed due to unenforceability and growth of organized crime. Reforms for racial equality are also outlined, including the founding of the NAACP to advance civil rights.
Family Policies – A Promising Field of eParticipationePractice.eu
Authors: Birgit Hohberg, Maren Luebcke, Rolf Luehrs.
Three cities in Germany – Hamburg, Berlin and Munich – have opened up a new field for eParticipation.
The document summarizes various progressive reforms in the early 20th century including labor reforms like unions, strikes, and workplace safety laws. It also discusses city reforms to improve sanitation and eliminate slums. Moral reforms addressed issues like prohibition and women's suffrage. Prohibition was ultimately ineffective due to issues with enforcement and the rise of organized crime. Racial reforms focused on education and civil rights for African Americans through groups like the NAACP.
Benchmarking eGovernment in the Web 2.0 era: what to measure, and howePractice.eu
This document proposes that government transparency of public data should be considered a new flagship goal for eGovernment policy in the era of web 2.0, replacing the previous focus on making government services available online. It argues that transparency of data can drive innovation, expose inefficiencies, and increase accountability in a way that is important for web 2.0 applications and citizen engagement. However, transparency alone may not catalyze large-scale IT investments in government in the same way as previous eGovernment policies. The document puts forward a proposed new methodology for benchmarking transparency by assessing the availability and reusability of 20 key public datasets.
Beyond Theory: e-Participatory Budgeting and its Promises for eParticipationePractice.eu
Author: Tiago Peixoto.
This paper concerns the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as a strategy for reinforcing democratic processes.
The document summarizes the INSTEM project, which brought together various STEM education projects throughout Europe to share ideas and materials. The goals of INSTEM were to enhance the link between education policy and practice, gather and share knowledge from previous STEM projects, and provide effective dissemination of innovative teaching practices. National workshops were held in various countries to establish working groups to continue collaboration after the project. The final INSTEM conference in June 2015 would present the outcomes and findings developed over the three years of the project.
STEP aims to develop and pilot test a cloud eParticipation platform, (available as a mobile application and through a web platform) enhanced with web / social media mining, gamification, machine translation,
and visualisation features, which will promote the societal and
political participation of young people in the decision-making process on environmental issues.
1) The document summarizes Henrik's opening address at a seminar on a project focused on enhancing social inclusion in vocational education and training (VET) systems.
2) He thanks the hosts and participants and emphasizes the importance of the project for giving young people a fair chance in life and strengthening cooperation between countries and actors.
3) Henrik stresses that the project demonstrated strengthened partnerships to improve VET inclusiveness and that its outcomes helped advance understanding of disadvantage and the need for systemic responses within inclusive VET systems.
The document summarizes the GENDER 4 GROWTH project, an INTERREG IVC initiative aimed at strengthening regional economic development policies related to gender issues. The project involves collecting and analyzing best practices from partner regions in four areas: employment, entrepreneurship, access to work, and women's participation. Partners evaluate practices using 10 criteria and select some for transfer to other regions. The goal is to reinforce awareness of gender in regional economic policymaking and increase involvement of stakeholders to better achieve the EU's Lisbon Strategy goals.
Social cohesion and inclusion are fundamental values expressed by the common vision that lies behind the so-called “European social model”, and primary objectives of the EU policies. Education and training are crucial factors to help to promote the integration into the labour market of disadvantaged people at risk of marginalization...
The document summarizes the GENDER 4 GROWTH project, an INTERREG IVC project aimed at strengthening regional economic development policies related to gender issues. The project's main objective is to raise awareness of how gender relates to regional economic development policies. Partner regions collect and evaluate practices in four thematic areas and conduct surveys, focus groups, and interviews to identify best practices and policies. Representatives from the partner regions then choose good practices from other regions to begin transferring at the local and regional levels.
The document discusses a social media pilot project aimed at developing online tools to support immigrant organizations and associations in Helsinki. It involves collaborators from various organizations testing a participatory design approach. The goal is to establish an online solutions forum and events calendar to facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and problem solving among immigrants and locals. The project team will carry out workshops, iterative development, and pilot testing with user feedback to design and refine the services.
OpenCoesione: open government on Cohesion Policy in ItalyOpenCoesione
1) The document discusses OpenCoesione, an Italian initiative for open government and transparency on Cohesion Policy funding from the EU. It aims to increase efficient use of funds, public access to information, stakeholder involvement, and analysis of policy issues.
2) The OpenCoesione web portal provides open data and details on funded projects, including descriptions, locations, funding amounts, and involved public/private entities. It allows users to search for and visualize information.
3) The initiative also promotes civic monitoring of funded projects and involvement of high schools to increase civic awareness and data skills among youth regarding Cohesion Policy impacts.
This project aims to promote social dialogue in the banking sector across Europe. It will bring together unions from 9 countries to identify trends, share best practices, and develop a training program on topics like industrial relations and change management. The goals are to strengthen social dialogue, help new members learn from experienced ones, and ensure European social dialogue supports innovation and change. Key activities include a forecasting survey of bank employee views, workshops and conferences to disseminate results, and an evaluation of the project's impact.
DIGCOMP: A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in E...Ministerio de Educación
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eParticipation initiatives: How is Europe progressing?
1. eParticipation initiatives: How is Europe progressing?
This paper aims to determine the progress and current
Eleni Panopoulou
trends of eParticipation activities across Europe. For University of
this purpose, a European survey took place aiming to Macedonia
identify, record and analyse fully operational (i.e. not
pilot or research) initiatives originating from or targeting
Efthimios
at the geographical area of Europe, including both EU
Tambouris
and non EU member states. As a result, we identified
CERTH/ITI,
255 eParticipation initiatives originating from 18 University of
different countries and being offered in more than 30 Macedonia
different languages. Apart from country of origin and
Konstantinos
language, we also recorded a number of additional
Tarabanis
characteristics for each initiative. These include the
University of
participation area (e.g. consultation, discourse, Macedonia
deliberation, etc.) in which the activity focuses; the
scope of the initiative in terms of participation level
(European, national, local, etc.); the type of funding Keywords
eParticipation, Europe,
utilised; and the operation status.
initiative, progress, practice
The results suggest that the majority of the initiatives
have been identified at the local and national level of The EU may need to
participation and focus to participation areas such as reconsider the actual
information provision, deliberation, consultation and potential of eParticipation
and to revise priorities and
discourse. Moreover, results indicate a connection
expectations from the field,
between participation areas and participation level of
while at the same time try
the identified initiatives, drawing the conclusion that as to learn from small-scale
the target audience of eParticipation initiatives experience.
narrows, the more specific these initiatives become,
allowing more active participation and greater capacity
to reach tangible decisions. In terms of operation, most
of the identified initiatives are currently still in
operation, while in terms of funding, eParticipation
initiatives seem to utilise mainly EU funds.
European Journal of ePractice · www.epracticejournal.eu 1
Nº 7 · March 2009 · ISSN: 1988-625X
2. 1 Introduction
According to the European Commission (2008a), many people today are losing interest and confidence in the
way their countries are being governed. Issues of trust, openness and transparency are being frequently and
intensely discussed (Millard et al, 2008) as the public manifests lack of confidence in public servants and
governmental institutions. At the same time, public apathy and dissatisfaction is also evident through
decreasing turnout rates at elections, which further lead to representatives elected by a minority of the
electorate and to a feeling of loss of ownership of the democratic process. In this context, citizens increasingly
demand greater transparency and accountability from the government, and favour public participation in the
shaping of policies that affect them (OECD, 2001).
Public participation is about citizen power. It provides the means for deliberately including all citizens in policy
and decision making by incorporating their concerns, needs and values into these processes (Arnstein, 1969
and Creighton, 2005). This is achieved by setting in place the appropriate procedures for informing, consulting
and involving citizens affected by a decision to have an input into that decision (Smith and Nell, 1997). Current
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have made it possible to enhance traditional participation
procedures by electronic means, introducing in this way the concept of electronic Participation (eParticipation).
eParticipation “refers to efforts to broaden and deepen political participation by enabling citizens to connect with
one another, with civil servants, and with elected representatives using ICTs” (O’Donnell et al, 2007). Contrary
to traditional participatory procedures, contemporary technologies provide the opportunity to reach wider
audiences in a more accessible (at anytime and from anyplace) and understandable format (Macintosh, 2004),
as well as in a way that is possibly faster and more efficient. So, eParticipation emerges today as the medium
for tackling the contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and for reconnecting ordinary people
with politics and policy-making (European Commission, 2008a).
Intending to exploit this promising field, the European Union has funded more than 35 eParticipation research
projects with a total budget of over 120M€ during the last decade mainly through the FP5 and the Preparatory
Action programmes (Tambouris et al, 2008). But although eParticipation research projects and their results
have been previously documented and discussed (DEMO-net, 2008), there is still insufficient
acknowledgement, documentation and analysis of practitioner projects in the field of eParticipation. Admittedly,
there have been efforts to do so at the national level, for example in Germany (Albrecht et al, 2008), but no
structured efforts to understand the current state of the art of fully operational eParticipation initiatives across
Europe exist. According to the European Commission (2008b), over the last five years numerous eParticipation
trials and programmes have been run at national and local levels across Europe and many systems are now
routinely in place, gaining thus much experience in the field. So, the challenge to be addressed at this point is
to identify and document this experience from across Europe, and to recognise good practice with the intention
of eventually learning from past experience and successfully transferring good practice into other contexts.
This paper aims at examining eParticipation activities across Europe with the objective of understanding the
current state of the art, trends and progress in the field. For this purpose, a survey has been conducted aiming
to identify, record and analyse fully operational (i.e. not pilot or research) initiatives originating from or targeting
the geographical area of Europe. Thus, the scope of this survey is mainly on European eParticipation initiatives
either implemented in an EU Member State or in a country geographically belonging to the European continent.
In addition, a limited number of international initiatives by international organisations and civil society
organisations have been included as they are also targeting Europe.
This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes the methodology followed to conduct the survey, while
section 3 presents the results. Finally, section 4 discusses these results and presents the limitations of the
survey, while section 5 concludes the paper and describes future work.
2 Methodology
The methodology followed in our research consists of three steps:
- Preparation of a template for reporting survey findings
- Identification of eParticipation initiatives utilising three different types of sources
- Populating the reporting instrument and analysis of results.
European Journal of ePractice · www.epracticejournal.eu 2
Nº 7 · March 2009 · ISSN: 1988-625X
3. 2.1 Reporting template
As a first step, a specific template has been developed for reporting the gathered eParticipation initiatives. At
this point, the intention has been to develop a template that would provide a summary of what each initiative is
about and highlight specific characteristics of interest to our research such as scope, origin, language, etc. So,
it was deliberately not our intention to record detailed information on each eParticipation initiative, since this
level of analysis would surely require collaboration with the owners of the initiatives in order to reach safe
conclusions. Hence, the template has been kept short but fairly descriptive, including only what was considered
absolutely necessary for describing each eParticipation initiative. Overall, it includes the following eleven
elements for describing each eParticipation initiative:
- Title
- Short description
- Web address
- Participation area(s)
- Participation level
- Country
- Language(s)
- Funding type(s)
- Start date
- End date
- Contact details
Title, short description and Web address of each initiative are obviously the first elements to report under this
survey. Furthermore, the participation area(s) element refers to the specific participation activities implemented
in each eParticipation initiative. According to the literature, all participation activities fall within specific areas of
citizen engagement and involvement in the democratic process (DEMO-net, 2006; Tambouris et al 2007;
Kalampokis et al 2008, Smith et al, 2008). For this survey the authors decided to adopt the categorisation of
participation areas as defined by DEMO-net (2006):
- Information Provision. ICT to structure, represent and manage information in participation contexts.
- Community Building /Collaborative Environments. ICT to support individuals coming together to form
communities, to progress shared agendas and to shape and empower such communities.
- Consultation. ICT in official initiatives by public or private agencies to allow stakeholders to contribute
their opinion, either privately or publicly, on specific issues.
- Campaigning. ICT in protest, lobbying, petitioning and other forms of collective action (except of
election campaigns covered under electioneering area).
- Electioneering. ICT to support politicians, political parties and lobbyists in the context of election
campaigns.
- Deliberation. ICT to support virtual, small and large-group discussions, allowing reflection and
consideration of issues. In our survey deliberation also includes discussion and consideration of issues
in an unstructured and non-moderated manner.
- Discourse. ICT to support analysis and representation of discourse. In our survey discourse
differentiates from deliberation in that it covers conversation and dialogue between citizens and elected
representatives.
- Mediation. ICT to resolve disputes or conflicts in an online context.
- Spatial planning. ICT in urban planning and environmental assessment.
- Polling. ICT to measure public opinion and sentiment.
- Voting. ICT in the context of public voting in elections, referenda or local plebiscites.
The participation level element refers to the scope of each eParticipation initiative in terms of governmental
level. In our survey we distinguish initiatives under the following categories: international, transnational,
European, national, regional or local. International are initiatives originating mainly from important civil society
organisations and other international organisations of universal interests and actions, whilst transnational are
initiatives targeting a certain group of countries or regions; for example two neighbouring regions in different
countries may start together an eParticipation initiative in order to propose solutions on a specific topic.
European Journal of ePractice · www.epracticejournal.eu 3
Nº 7 · March 2009 · ISSN: 1988-625X
4. Additionally, under country the origin of each eParticipation initiative at the national, regional and local level is
reported. The language element refers to the operational language(s) of each eParticipation initiative, namely
the actual language(s) in which participation takes place; not languages in which information is provided or
general dissemination of the initiative is made. Obviously, the start date and end date of each initiative are also
important to include in this survey, as well as the type of funding utilised. Finally, the availability of contact
details for each initiative is also reported for facilitating future communication with the owners of the initiatives.
2.2 Initiatives identification
Three sources for identifying eParticipation initiatives have been utilised:
1. Through award schemes or online databases relevant to eParticipation or eGovernment domains,
2. Through desktop research in the literature and the web,
3. Through communication with experts and project owners in the eParticipation domain.
Award schemes and online databases in the fields of eParticipation and in eGovernment have proven to be a
significant source for identifying initiatives relevant to our research. Such sources include:
- eEurope Awards for eGovernment 1
- UK e-Government National Awards 2
- Stockholm Challenge Awards 3
- epractice.eu database 4
- eParticipation preparatory action 5
- e-participation.net database 6
- peopleandparticipation.net database 7
A large number of cases have been identified through desktop research, namely through literature references
and through Web surfing. To this end, keywords such as “eParticipation”, “consultation”, “petitioning”, “citizen
forum”, etc., have been used in search engines on the Web. Especially for European level cases the authors
exploited the results of an extensive desktop research within numerous EU institutions (Dalakiouridou et al,
2008), the College of Commissioners, EU policy documents as well as political parties and civil society
organizations; the latter being also sources of international level eParticipation initiatives.
Finally, authors have utilised their connections to key experts and project owners in the field for communicating
this research and the intention to gather eParticipation initiatives across Europe. Specifically, this research has
been communicated in the “eParticipation and eDemocracy Network” community 8 in ePractice.eu portal, in the
“Democracies Online” 9 forum, in workshops by the European eParticipation study 10 and in the different
conferences attended by the authors.
At this point, it would be appropriate to mention that desktop research has been limited due to the language
barrier faced during this survey. Self-evidently, authors were able to mainly work in the English language, and
especially in the case of web search and search engine utilisation, all used keywords originated from the
English vocabulary. This automatically implies that an eParticipation case had to be offered or at least
documented in the English language in order to be identified through desktop research.
2.3 Results reporting
The last step of the methodology is the reporting of all identified eParticipation initiatives across Europe in the
template developed for this purpose. The results of this survey are provided in the following section.
1 www.e-europeawards.org/
2 www.e-governmentawards.co.uk/
3 www.stockholmchallenge.se
4 www.epractice.eu/
5 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/egovernment/implementation/prep_action/index_en.htm
6 www.e-participation.net/
7 www.peopleandparticipation.net
8 www.epractice.eu/community/eParticipation
9 dowire.org
10 www.european-eparticipation.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=94
European Journal of ePractice · www.epracticejournal.eu 4
Nº 7 · March 2009 · ISSN: 1988-625X
5. The language barrier mentioned previously has also influenced this methodology step. So, although each
website of the identified initiatives has been visited by the authors, it has been extremely difficult to understand
the functionality of the website if it was offered in an unknown language. Hence, authors have been able to fully
understand and report initiatives offered either in the English language or in other commonly spoken
languages, such as German, French and Spanish. Information on websites offered in other languages has
been borrowed from initiatives’ descriptions found in different sources, such as site descriptions and
summaries, publications and awards.
Moreover, all initiatives have been reported as they have been perceived from a guest user’s view. This means
that authors did not register on any of these websites for checking their full functionality for registered users.
Such a decision, and combined with the aforementioned language limitation, would lead to unfair consideration
of cases, as for only some of them it would be possible to understand the additional opportunities for registered
users.
Overall, authors have tried to provide as complete information as possible for each of the reported websites
and by employing different sources in this process (the website per se, references to it, award candidate
descriptions). Moreover, authors have tried to identify as many as possible eParticipation initiatives and do not
in any way claim that they have managed to identify the full set of initiatives taking place currently in this field
across Europe.
3 eParticipation initiatives in Europe
The overall findings of our survey amount to 255 eParticipation initiatives. Most of them refer to the local and
national level (31% and 28% respectively) followed by initiatives at the European level (19%) and at the
regional level (17%). Only 2 transnational initiatives could be identified throughout Europe, while we also
include 10 initiatives with an international scope (Figure 1).
Local
Regional
80
43
31%
17%
National
European
72
Transnational 48
International
28%
2 19%
10
1%
4%
Figure 1 – Participation level
The 48 initiatives with a European scope include initiatives by European Institutions (mostly the European
Parliament and the European Commission), by Agencies of the European Union, by political parties, and
initiatives relevant to EU presidencies and to Plan-D 11 activities (European Commission, 2005). Furthermore,
the 10 international initiatives originate from important civil society organisations and other international
organisations, such as Amnesty international, Greenpeace and the Aarhus Clearinghouse.
In terms of offered activities, eParticipation initiatives may be categorised in 10 different areas (Figure 2), noting
that each initiative usually offers activities in more than one participation areas. Most of the initiatives provide
information to the public, while a great number of initiatives offer the possibility to participate in deliberation and
consultation activities. Other areas frequently encountered are discourse, spatial planning, campaigning,
community building and polling.
11 The European Commission has proposed Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate in order to stimulate a wider
debate between the European Union’s democratic institutions and citizens. It is seen as complementary to the already
existing or proposed initiatives and programmes such as those in the field of education, youth, culture and promoting active
European citizenship (European Commission, 2005).
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6. Figure 2 – Participation areas
Looking closer at participation areas, it is interesting to notice that their degree of utilisation may differ
according to participation level. For facilitating clearer comparison we provide in Figure 3 the participation areas
normalised by the overall number of initiatives per participation level. Results indicate that some areas have
approximately the same degree of utilisation (i.e. community building, polling, mediation), while great
differences may be observed for other areas. Specifically, information provision activities are much more
frequent at the European level than at the national or local levels. On the other hand, consultation activities
display a clear trend of being more common as the participation level narrows. The same trend is much more
evident for spatial planning activities; according to our survey spatial planning activities are limited at the
national level (2 activities identified), and become more frequent at the regional and local levels (6 and 23
identified activities respectively). In fact, at the local level spatial planning activities are nearly as frequent as
the deliberation, consultation, and information provision activities.
Figure 3 – Participation areas per level of participation
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7. In terms of the languages in which eParticipation activities take place, the identified initiatives are offered in
more than 30 languages (Figure 4). This can be attributed mainly to the fact that some initiatives are offered in
more than one language (Figure 5). Such multilingual initiatives are usually active at the European and
International levels and usually focus at information provision. National eParticipation activities are at a
percentage of 99% offered in only one language, whilst a few initiatives at the regional and local level are
offered in more than one language in order to involve local populations like immigrants and other minorities.
Figure 4 – Languages in which eParticipation initiatives are offered
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8. One language
202
79%
20 or more
languages 2 languages
10 18
Betw een 5 and
4% 7%
3 or 4
19 languages
languages
12
13
5%
5%
Figure 5 – Number of languages in which eParticipation initiatives are offered
As explained in the beginning of this section, initiatives of European and international scope originate mostly
from European Institutions and Agencies and civil society organisations. Hence, the origin of European
initiatives is usually Brussels whilst the origin of international activities may be determined by the headquarters’
location of each organisation. As such information is irrelevant to the objectives of this survey, it would be
appropriate to examine only initiatives with national, regional and local scope with regards to their origin; these
initiatives originate from 18 different European countries (Figure 6), 16 EU member states, Switzerland and
Iceland.
Figure 6 – Origin of initiatives with a national, regional and local scope
Most of the initiatives in all different participation levels are still in operation (Figure 7); in total only 24% of
these are found to be completed.
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9. 54 24 2
Local
31 12 0
Regional
54 17 1
National
2 0
Transnational
10 0
International
41 7 0
European
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Operating Completed N/A
Figure 7 – Current operation status
It has not been possible to identify the type of funding for 60% of the initiatives. However, it seems that most of
the remaining 40% are utilising EU funds, while national public funds and private funds are also frequently used
(Figure 8).
N/A
158
60%
Private funding EU funds
21 44
8% 17%
Charity and
National public
voluntary
funds
Local public Regional public
contributions
22
funds
funds
4
8%
6
12
1%
2%
4%
Figure 8 – Funding types utilised
4 Discussion and limitations
With regard to eParticipation initiatives by the EU, findings indicate that more and more interesting activities are
being established and most importantly that these activities are addressing the whole of Europe. To this
contributes the fact that EU eParticipation activities are offered in many official EU languages enabling in this
way a large number of EU citizens to get involved. Furthermore, it is interesting to notice that at the
transnational level only two eParticipation initiatives have been identified, whilst many different initiatives have
been identified in each one of the rest participation levels. This is an indication that eParticipation has not yet
evolved as a means of transnational or trans-regional cooperation and understanding within Europe.
With regard to participation areas, information provision, deliberation and consultation are overall the most
frequently targeted areas. Nevertheless, the most interesting results of this survey are probably that the
utilisation degree of participation areas may vary according to participation level. Specifically, results indicate
that information provision activities are much more frequent at participation levels with a larger scale (such as
the European and international level), while consultation and spatial planning activities display a clear trend of
being more common as the participation level narrows. Considering that: (a) information provision is about one-
way communication towards the public and therefore does not depend on the actual involvement of the public,
and that (b) consultation and spatial planning activities are about two-way communication with the public and
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10. therefore are dependent on actual involvement of the public in order to provide results and be considered a
success, we may come up to the following empirical conclusion: The greater the number of people targeted in
an eParticipation initiative, the more general this initiative usually is, employing one-way communication. On the
other hand, the fewer the people targeted in an eParticipation initiative, the more specific this initiative may be,
allowing more active participation and more specific outcomes. This finding makes us question the dynamics of
the field and the potential impact that eParticipation initiatives may display under real circumstances. It
suggests that eParticipation acts at the information level when it comes to large-scale initiatives and that it can
become real influential only at a small scale. Hence, if eParticipation is visualised as a means for involving the
millions of European citizens with the aim to jointly shape policies and influence decision-making, then current
reality shows that Europe today is far away from this target. In fact, the EU may need to reconsider the actual
potential of eParticipation and to revise priorities and expectations from the field, while at the same time try to
learn from small-scale experience.
With regard to operation status of the identified initiatives, our survey shows that only 24% of these are found to
be completed. This percentage is relatively low when considering that many initiatives were established for
finding a specific solution over a specific time period (for example spatial planning solutions). At the same time,
this low percentage may also act as an indication that the field of eParticipation in Europe is flourishing.
Nonetheless, this survey identified some cases where important funding problems have forced remarkable
initiatives to stop operating. This finding shows that it is imperative to set up the appropriate mechanisms both
at European and at national levels for identifying good practice initiatives and for helping them to be sustained
over a long period of time.
Finally, we should also discuss the survey finding that the majority of the identified initiatives originate from UK
and Germany and are offered in the English and German languages. This is definitely evidence that increased
eParticipation activity is taking place in these countries, but the authors do not necessarily consider it as
evidence that these countries perform better than the rest in the field of eParticipation. Similarly, the lack of
identified initiatives from some European countries is just an indication and not sufficient evidence for
concluding that eParticipation is non-existent in these countries. Our experience from this survey shows that
some initiatives perform really well at disseminating their efforts and results and thus they may be easily
identified through multiple sources. On the other hand, poor promotion and the language barrier make it difficult
for some other initiatives to become known to the wider public and get appreciated. This is an indication of the
importance of a centralised European database of eParticipation programmes and initiatives and the role it can
play for enhancing and promoting work in the eParticipation field. The gathering of all eParticipation initiatives in
one widely used database and the identification of good practices from all over Europe and at any participation
level will contribute to the exchange of experience and the realisation of good practice transfer if and when this
is found to be feasible. ePractice.eu acts already as such a repository of eParticipation initiatives from all over
Europe, however it is still not adequately populated in this field.
5 Conclusion
This paper provides an understanding of progress and current trends of eParticipation through a survey of
current and past fully operational eParticipation initiatives across Europe. The survey included eParticipation
initiatives originating from or targeting the geographical area of Europe, including both EU and non EU member
states. In total, 255 eParticipation initiatives have been identified, originating from 18 different countries and
being offered in 34 different languages. Most of the identified initiatives refer to the local and national level
(31% and 28% respectively) and 76% of them are currently operational. It has not been possible to identify the
type of funding for the majority of the initiatives, however the limited evidence gathered suggest that
eParticipation initiatives seem to utilise mainly EU funds. Finally, most of the identified eParticipation activities
may be categorised under the participation areas of information provision, deliberation and consultation.
Empirical evidence from the survey suggests that that there is a connection between the initiatives’ participation
areas and their participation level. In fact, it may be concluded that as the scope of eParticipation initiatives
narrows the more specific these initiatives become, allowing more active participation and more specific
outcomes. This empirical finding should be the basis for further consideration of the potential impact and
limitations of eParticipation. It should be further examined whether eParticipation is indeed in a position to
meaningfully involve the public at a large scale and in what way this could be achieved.
Future work includes gathering detailed information for a number of selected eParticipation initiatives. The
instrument for this deeper survey is a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose; it aims not only at
capturing the essential information for each initiative but also at identifying specific details that could lead to the
potential labeling of an initiative as good practice. For instance, the questionnaire includes reporting of the
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11. results and impact of the initiative, the problems encountered, the lessons learnt, potential transferability, etc.
The intention here is to draw conclusions not on which initiatives are considered as good practices, but most
importantly on what constitutes good practice in the eParticipation field. Authors anticipate that this survey will
provide a solid base of eParticipation practices and accumulated experience that may be further utilised by
experts and practitioners in the field for drawing conclusions with regard to what works, what doesn’t, and how
can one minimise threats and at the same identify and exploit opportunities during design, implementation and
operation of an eParticipation initiative.
Overall it may be concluded that there is increasing activity in the field of eParticipation in Europe, and there
are some remarkable initiatives already implemented and fully operational. However, it seems that there are
still many opportunities ahead and a lot could still be achieved with the cooperation and transfer of good
practice between countries and regions, but also among the different levels of participation. Hopefully, the
survey presented in this paper along with the planned future work by the authors will contribute to diffusion and
transfer of eParticipation good practice.
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to acknowledge that the work presented in this paper has been partially funded by the EU
through the European eParticipation study (www.european-eparticipation.eu). The work reported here is still
ongoing and the final results will be available around May 2009 when the study will be completed. For the
purpose of this paper findings have been reported as of early December 2008 and constitute the second
version of the results reported earlier by the study (Panopoulou et al, 2008).
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Authors
Eleni Panopoulou
ICT Researcher
University of Macedonia
epanopou@uom.gr
http://www.epractice.eu/people/12225
Efthimios Tambouris
CERTH/ITI, University of Macedonia
tambouris@uom.gr
http://www.epractice.eu/people/94
Konstantinos Tarabanis
University of Macedonia
http://www.epractice.eu/people/13595
The European Journal of ePractice is a digital publication on eTransformation by ePractice.eu, a portal created by the
European Commission to promote the sharing of good practices in eGovernment, eHealth and eInclusion.
Edited by P.A.U. Education, S.L.
Web: www.epracticejournal.eu
Email: editorial@epractice.eu
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