The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.

1. MODULE IV
WHEELS AND TYRES

2. WHEELS

4. The various requirements of an
automobile wheel are
1. It must be strong enough to perform the above functions.
2. It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically.
3. It should be lightest possible so that the unsprung weight is
least.
4. It should be possible to remove or mount the wheel easily.
5. Its material should not weaken with weathering and age. In
case, the material is susceptible to corrosion, it must be
given suitable protective treatment.

5. Wheel - Basics
•Most standard wheels are made of steel.
•Some vehicles are fitted with alloy wheels
that are made of magnesium or aluminum.
•The rim holds the tyre.
•The well of the wheel allows the tyre to
be removed and refitted.
•The centre section is welded to the rim.
•The pilot bore fits to the hub.
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6. Valve Stems and Cores
– Three functions – It retains the air, it allows
inflation and deflation.
•The rubber stem of the valve is pulled into the
wheel.
•The valve core contains a spring loaded air valve
insert.
•The valve core also has a sealing washer and a
seat washer.
•The valve cap keeps out dust and helps keep air
in.
Tyre pressures must only be checked and adjusted when the tyre is cold

7. Wheel Fixings
•Wheel studs and nuts attach the wheel to the hub.
•The wheel studs press through the hub or axle
flange.
•The taper on the wheel nuts secures and centers
the wheel.
•Wheel studs usually have a right-hand thread.
•If it is a left-hand thread, it can be marked with “L”.
•Metric threads can be marked with “M” or
METRIC.
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8. Torque
wrench
Wheel Nut Torque
•Correct torque of wheel fixing is vital for all
vehicles, and nearly all require the use of a
torque wrench.
•Excessive torque can lead to wheel or hub
distortion, causing runout and vibration.
•Low torque may allow wheel nuts to work loose
and wheels to come off.
•Nuts should be tightened in a diagonal pattern.

9. Wheel Sizes

10. WHEEL ASSEMBLY

11. 1. Steel Wheels (Disc wheel)– A very popular design of wheel. Very
strong and cheap to produce.
2. Alloy Wheels – Attractive and light weight, but can be difficult to
clean.
3. Spoke Wheels (Wire wheels) – Used on older sports vehicles, but
cannot be fitted with tubeless tyres.
4. Divided rims – the rims are made in two halves which are bolted
together, the rims must never be separated while the tyre is inflated.
5. Split rims – the tyre is held in place by a large circlip, do not remove
the tyre unless you have been properly trained.
TYPES OF WHEELS

12. Custom Wheels
• Several types
– Aluminum wheels: cast, forged, or rolled
– Race cars: use alloy wheels
– Custom wheels for street use: single piece castings
of light alloy aluminum
• Wheel offset
• Negative offset: increases track width of tires
• Positive offset: found on front-wheel-drive cars

13. TYPES OF WHEELS
1. WIRE WHEEL
2. DISC WHEEL

14. Wire wheel (or)

15. DISC WHEEL