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This document discusses different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract refers to an agreement among members of a society, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for private purposes, governed by contract law. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts are agreements between citizens of a state, governed by that state's laws. The document also notes that all agreements must be kept according to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda.
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1st lecture 
This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract is an agreement between members of a society regarding what they will or will not do, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for a private purpose, governed by contract laws. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts govern agreements between citizens of a state. The document also mentions a metaphysical contract as an agreement between a soul and its creator.
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This document provides an overview of contract law basics in Pakistan. It defines a contract as an agreement that is legally enforceable. The key elements that must be present for an agreement to constitute a valid contract are: offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail and provides examples. It explains that the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan governs when promises will be legally binding and affects business, commerce and industry through establishing rights and obligations of contracting parties.
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Law includes rules that regulate relations between individuals and the state, as defined by Holland and Salmond. The object of law is order to provide security for the future. Mercantile law deals with contractual situations arising from trade between merchants. The main sources of Indian mercantile law are common law, equity, statute law, precedents, and customs. The Indian Contract Act of 1872 is the most important business law, governing contract formation and remedies for breach.
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Law includes all the rules that regulate relationships between individuals and the state. The objectives of law are to maintain order, establish justice, and remove imbalances. For a contract to be valid and enforceable, there must be an offer and acceptance, consideration, lawful purpose, capacity and consent of the parties, certainty of terms, and possibility of performance. Contracts can be classified based on their validity, formation, or performance requirements.
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This document discusses the key elements of a valid contract under the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan. It explains that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. For an agreement to be considered a valid contract, it must meet several essential elements: there must be an offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of the parties to contract, free consent, a lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract is an agreement between members of a society regarding what they will or will not do, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for a private purpose, governed by contract laws. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts govern agreements between citizens of a state. The document also mentions a metaphysical contract as an agreement between a soul and its creator.
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This document provides an overview of contract law basics in Pakistan. It defines a contract as an agreement that is legally enforceable. The key elements that must be present for an agreement to constitute a valid contract are: offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail and provides examples. It explains that the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan governs when promises will be legally binding and affects business, commerce and industry through establishing rights and obligations of contracting parties.
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Law includes rules that regulate relations between individuals and the state, as defined by Holland and Salmond. The object of law is order to provide security for the future. Mercantile law deals with contractual situations arising from trade between merchants. The main sources of Indian mercantile law are common law, equity, statute law, precedents, and customs. The Indian Contract Act of 1872 is the most important business law, governing contract formation and remedies for breach.
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1) The Indian Contract Act defines a contract and establishes elements like offer, acceptance, capacity and consent required for a valid contract.
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This document provides an overview of the nature of contracts. It defines a contract as an agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law. It outlines the requirements for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, lawful object/agreement, consideration, capacity, and certainty of terms. It also lists scenarios that would result in an invalid contract, such as lack of consent or an unlawful agreement. Additionally, it discusses the nature of contract law and essential elements of a valid contract. Finally, it classifies different types of contracts such as void, voidable, express, implied, quasi-contracts and more.
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The document discusses key concepts in corporate and business law, specifically the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines what a contract is under Indian law, noting that a contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law. It outlines the essential elements required for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of parties, lawful object, and certainty of terms. It also classifies contracts according to their validity, formation, and time of performance.
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This document defines several key terms related to contract law:
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2. Reciprocal promises are promises that form consideration for each other.
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This document defines key terms related to contract law:
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4. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
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6. A void contract is one that ceases to be enforceable by law.
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This document defines key terms related to contract law, including proposal, acceptance, promise, promisor, and promisee. A proposal is a willingness to do or abstain from something in order to obtain another's assent. For a proposal to be accepted, the person it is made to must signify their assent to it. Once accepted, a proposal becomes a promise. The person making the proposal is the promisor, while the person accepting is the promisee. Acceptance must be absolute and unconditional, in the prescribed manner, and communicated to the offeror within a reasonable time period. The document provides tables to illustrate the concepts of proposal and acceptance.
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This document discusses delegated legislation in Pakistan. It defines delegated legislation as legislation created by an entity other than the legislature, when authorized by the legislature. The document outlines the authority for delegated legislation, including the Civil Servant Act of 1973, and discusses objectives like shifting burdens and establishing frameworks. It also covers reasons for the growth of delegated legislation, such as limitations of time and technical expertise, and limitations on permissible versus impermissible types of delegated laws.
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This document provides information about law lectures for a second year LL.B student. It lists the subject as company law and was created by a lecturer named Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta, Pakistan. A Facebook page for commercial law is also referenced.
9th lecture
The document defines a memorandum of association as an official document that establishes the scope of a company's activities and its relationship with the outside world. It must be printed, divided into paragraphs, signed by at least one subscriber for a private company or three for a public company, witnessed, and dated. The memorandum of association sets out the constitution and defines the company.
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Ms. Calpana Lee wants to register a firm called "Thanga Bahnga Lee" with the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) in Quetta, but they refused. As the legal advisor to the SECP, you must convince Ms. Lee from a legal perspective that the forum of registration does not matter as companies and firms have the same legal status. The document announces a presentation for second year LL.B students on topics related to the given scenario about company registration. It will take place from 11:10AM to 1PM on August 26th in the third year LL.B classroom at the University Law College in Quetta. Presenters will be assessed on presentation skills, question and answer
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The document defines and distinguishes between different types of capital in a company including nominal capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, called up capital, uncalled capital, paid up capital, unpaid capital, and reserved capital. It was prepared by Munir Hussain, a lecturer at the University Law College in Quetta, Pakistan, as the third lecture in a company law course covering the topic of capital in a company.
8th lecture
Promoters play an important role in establishing a company by organizing capital, preparing legal documents, and bearing initial expenses. However, promoters have a fiduciary relationship with the company and cannot profit secretly from their position. Promoters are responsible for pre-incorporation contracts and must reimburse the company for any fraud, secret profits, or breach of trust. Upon registration of the company, the promoter's role is complete except if they issue a prospectus afterwards. The document discusses the legal responsibilities and status of promoters under company law.
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This document discusses control over delegated legislation in Pakistan. It outlines that parliamentary and judicial control exist. Judicial review allows superior courts to declare legislative or administrative acts ultra vires if they are inconsistent with the constitution, parent statute, other statutes, or fail to follow proper procedure. Grounds for challenging rules include inconsistency, conflict, non-conformity to procedure, barring court jurisdiction, enabling act being unconstitutional, failing the tests of vires, reasonableness and good faith, being discriminatory, unjust, oppressive or interfering with people's rights without justification.
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This document outlines the key elements that must be included in a company prospectus under company law. It defines a prospectus as a document used to invite the public to subscribe to a company's shares. The prospectus must include information such as the company name and address, main business objectives, shareholder rights and qualifications of directors. It must also include auditors reports on the company's financial history, consent from experts, and signatures of directors. The prospectus registration process requires board approval, delivery to the registrar within 90 days of publication, and liability for any untrue statements.
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The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
Lincoln硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证原版一模一样、Lincoln毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《新西兰林肯大学毕业证购买流程》《Lincoln成绩单制作》新西兰林肯大学毕业证书Lincoln毕业证文凭新西兰林肯大学
本科毕业证书,学历学位认证如何办理【留学国外学位学历认证、毕业证、成绩单、大学Offer、雅思托福代考、语言证书、学生卡、高仿教育部认证等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务】代办国外（海外）英国、加拿大、美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等国外各大学毕业证、文凭学历证书、成绩单、学历学位认证真实可查。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
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Lifting the Corporate Veil. Power Point Presentation
"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
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原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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1st lecture
- 1. General perception An agreement between two or more persons to do or not to do something is called contract. General Classification Social contract: An agreement between the masses or members of a society to do or not do something. Examples: Constitution of a country, all the Laws of state. Private Contract: “An agreement between two or more persons for a private purpose. Examples: Contract Laws (Contract Act, 1872). Conventions, International Treaties etc. Kinds of Private Contract International Contract: The agreement between two international actors in which the international importance is involved. Examples: International Treaties, the Agreements between Sovereign Powers etc. Municipal Contract: The agreement between citizens of a state. Examples: Municipal contracts are governed by the Act the Parliament of the concerned State. In Pakistan Contract Act, 1872 is the law which governs the matters relating to contract between the citizens of Pakistan. Metaphysical contract. The agreement of our soul with the creator of universe at the time of creation Subject: Contract Law Standard: LL.B First year Topic: Introduction to Contract MUNIR HUSSAIN KTK Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Objective To learn 1. The basic of contract law Contract is taken from the Latin word Contractum which means drawn together Based on Latin principle Pacta sunt servandaon. Which means All pact must be kept All agreement must be fulfilled Contract act 1872 deals with an agreement between two or more persons for a private purpose.it tells us the formation of a contract the legal technicalities involved in contract , performance and rights and obligation of the contracting parties.in sort it covers the distance from offer to discharge of liability. An agreement enforceable in law is called a contract.