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The document discusses the historical background and development of the separation of powers doctrine. It traces the origins of separating government powers to Aristotle in the 4th century BC, who identified the general assembly, public officials, and judiciary as the three agencies of government. The doctrine was later more fully developed by the French jurist Baron de Montesquieu in the 18th century. Montesquieu argued that no single person or group should control all branches of government, and that each branch - the executive, legislative, and judicial - should be independent and unable to interfere with the functions of the other branches, in order to protect liberty and justice.
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The document discusses the development of the rule of law in Western concepts from Magna Carta in 1215 through the 16th century introduction of isonomia, or equality before the law. It then outlines Dicey's formulation of the rule of law, which includes three main principles: equality before the law, supremacy of law, and predominance of legal spirit. The supremacy of law principle establishes that the law of the land is supreme, no one is above the law, behavior is checked against existing law, and people are governed by law alone and can only be punished for breaches of law through due process.
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The document discusses the historical background of the rule of law concept. It began in 1215 with the Magna Carta, which established that no free man could be imprisoned without a lawful judgment by his peers. In the 16th century, the concept of isonomia or equality before the law was imported to England. Sir Edward Coke further developed the idea in the 17th century, asserting that the king should be under God and law, and the government subject to law rather than law being subject to government. Throughout history, philosophers like Confucius, Aristotle, and later thinkers like Hobbes and Rousseau discussed concepts like natural law or social contract that relate to everyone, including governments, being governed by a higher law.
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The document provides a history of law from ancient Babylonian law to modern Canadian law. It describes key aspects of the laws of Hammurabi from 1800 BC including social classes with different rights and punishments. Family law allowed divorce but punished adultery and incest. Criminal law followed the principle of "an eye for an eye" with brutal punishments. Mosaic law from Moses focused on restitution. Roman law created the role of lawyers and Justinian codified laws. Canadian law is based on both French civil law and English common law traditions.
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This document discusses the definition and development of law and schools of jurisprudence. It begins by defining law from various scholars' perspectives, such as a body of rules or standard of justice. It then discusses positivist and sociological definitions of law according to thinkers like Austin, Salmond, Bentham, Gray, Kelson, and Hart. The document also outlines the historical development of law from divine law and customs to codification by rulers like Hammurabi. Finally, it summarizes the major schools of jurisprudence - natural, analytical, historical, sociological, and realist/philosophical - and the centuries they were most prominent.
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This document provides a brief overview of some major developments in the evolution of legal systems from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times. It outlines early legal codes like Hammurabi's Code from 1700 BCE, the Ten Commandments from 1300 BCE, and Draco's law from 621 BCE. It then discusses the development of legal systems in China, Rome, England, and the United States, including things like Justinian's Code, the Magna Carta, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights. The document traces the influence of Enlightenment thinkers on concepts of natural law and rights and highlights some landmark legal cases and amendments.
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This document provides a brief overview of some major developments in legal history from ancient Mesopotamian codes in 2350 BCE to amendments to the US Constitution in the 20th century. It summarizes key laws and documents such as Hammurabi's Code, the Ten Commandments, Justinian's Code, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights, and amendments regarding slavery, women's suffrage, and voting rights. These milestones helped shape legal and political systems around the world over millennia.
The Development of Common Law & Equity
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The document discusses the historical background of the rule of law concept. It began in 1215 with the Magna Carta, which established that no free man could be imprisoned without a lawful judgment by his peers. In the 16th century, the concept of isonomia or equality before the law was imported to England. Sir Edward Coke further developed the idea in the 17th century, asserting that the king should be under God and law, and the government subject to law rather than law being subject to government. Throughout history, philosophers like Confucius, Aristotle, and later thinkers like Hobbes and Rousseau discussed concepts like natural law or social contract that relate to everyone, including governments, being governed by a higher law.
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This document discusses the definition and development of law and schools of jurisprudence. It begins by defining law from various scholars' perspectives, such as a body of rules or standard of justice. It then discusses positivist and sociological definitions of law according to thinkers like Austin, Salmond, Bentham, Gray, Kelson, and Hart. The document also outlines the historical development of law from divine law and customs to codification by rulers like Hammurabi. Finally, it summarizes the major schools of jurisprudence - natural, analytical, historical, sociological, and realist/philosophical - and the centuries they were most prominent.
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Equity developed alongside the common law system to provide remedies in situations where the common law was inadequate or unfair. The Court of Chancery, overseen by the Lord Chancellor, would hear cases and provide equitable relief directed at the parties. Over time, equitable principles and remedies became established through precedent. Today in common law countries, equity has merged with the legal system but still provides judges with additional remedies beyond damages when needed, drawing from long-established equitable doctrines and maxims.
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The document discusses several revolutions and influential thinkers that helped shape modern concepts of government. The Magna Carta limited monarchal power in England and established rule of law. The Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy. The English Bill of Rights granted legal rights and limited the power of the king. The Enlightenment promoted reason and individualism. Thinkers like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson further developed ideas of natural rights, social contracts, and separation of powers that influenced revolutions and democratic governments.
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Magna Carta was a charter agreed to by King John of England in 1215 that granted certain rights to English noblemen, including protection from unlawful imprisonment and right to due process. While initially applying to only a small class, it came to symbolize the principle that rulers are subject to law and fundamental rights. Certain provisions guaranteeing fair trials and equal treatment under law directly influenced modern human rights laws. Over 800 years later, Magna Carta remains an important symbol of liberties and its principles have been exported worldwide through documents like the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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The document discusses the intellectual foundations of revolution. It describes the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who influenced ideas during the Enlightenment. Hobbes believed humans were inherently evil and needed a strong ruler, while Locke believed people could govern themselves and had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These ideas influenced other thinkers like the French philosophes who wanted to improve society. Figures like Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau expanded on these foundations by advocating for freedom of thought, separation of government powers, and the ability of people to shape their own governments.
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The document discusses several important revolutions and documents that curbed the power of monarchs and influenced ideas of government:
- The Magna Carta established rights for people in 1215 and established the rule of law that the king had to follow.
- The Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights further limited the power of monarchs and finished establishing the idea of constitutional monarchy.
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson influenced ideas of separating powers and establishing principles of natural rights and social contracts.
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The Magna Carta established limits on the king's power and that everyone, even those in power, must follow the same laws. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in William of Orange becoming conqueror and further codified rights. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 gave rights like freedom of speech and limited the power of royals. The Enlightenment era thinkers like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson further developed ideas around separation of powers and natural rights that influenced revolutions.
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The document summarizes the origin and development of international law from antiquity to modern times. It discusses that international law originated thousands of years ago between early political groups and cites examples of treaties between city-states in Mesopotamia from 3100 BC and between Egypt and Cheta from 1400 BC. It then outlines the developments of international legal concepts in ancient Rome, the Middle Ages with the emergence of lex mercatoria and maritime law, and debates around the origin of modern international law from the 9th century onward between Islamic, Christian, and Byzantine empires.
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The document discusses several revolutions and influential thinkers that helped shape modern concepts of government. The Magna Carta limited monarchal power in England and established rule of law. The Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy. The English Bill of Rights granted legal rights and limited the power of the king. The Enlightenment promoted reason and individualism. Thinkers like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson further developed ideas of natural rights, social contracts, and separation of powers that influenced revolutions and democratic governments.
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Magna Carta was a charter agreed to by King John of England in 1215 that granted certain rights to English noblemen, including protection from unlawful imprisonment and right to due process. While initially applying to only a small class, it came to symbolize the principle that rulers are subject to law and fundamental rights. Certain provisions guaranteeing fair trials and equal treatment under law directly influenced modern human rights laws. Over 800 years later, Magna Carta remains an important symbol of liberties and its principles have been exported worldwide through documents like the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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The document outlines several key events and documents that influenced the development of rights and democracy in America, including the Magna Carta which established rights against unlawful seizure of property and taxation without representation. It also discusses how the English parliamentary system was modeled by colonial assemblies and how the English Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution established limits on monarchal power and guaranteed free elections and frequent parliamentary meetings. Finally, it describes how colonists began claiming these same rights of Englishmen which led to a period of less interference from England known as salutary neglect and the establishment of freedom of the press.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Magna Carta signed in 1215 in England. It notes that King John, who was a poor ruler, imposed heavy taxes which led barons to force him to sign the Magna Carta to curb his power. The Magna Carta established individual rights and limited the arbitrary power of the king. It influenced the development of constitutional government and trial by jury. Clause 39 protected personal liberty, a right that influenced later legal documents like the Italian Constitution.
Day 3 Notes
The document discusses the key ideas and events that shaped colonial views of government and led to the formation of the first modern democratic nation, the United States. Colonial thinkers were influenced by Judeo-Christian traditions of natural law and Greco-Roman ideas of direct democracy and representative government. English documents like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Bill of Rights established principles of limited government, individual rights, and rule of law. Enlightenment philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau further developed ideas of social contracts, separation of powers, and popular sovereignty that influenced America's founders. Key events like the American Revolution and debates around the Articles of Confederation and Constitution established America's
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The document summarizes chapter one of H.T. Dickenson's book "Companion to Eighteenth-Century -The British Constitution". It discusses four key debates around the British constitution: its origins, structure, sovereignty, and individual liberties. Regarding origins, it examines theories of divine right of kings, original social contract, and the ancient constitution. It notes the constitution was viewed as a mixed and balanced system with parliament as sovereign. Individual liberties like freedom of worship and press advanced but Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants had fewer political rights. The monarchy still held influence though dependent on parliament for funding while parliament managed government through two houses. The Church of England's role declined after the Acts of Union.
Development Of Common Law
The document provides historical context on the development of common law and equity in England. It explains that different legal systems existed in different areas before the Norman Conquest in 1066. William the Conqueror established a centralized government and began standardizing laws. By 1250, a common law had been produced to rule the entire country. Dissatisfied with rigid common law, petitioners took cases to the King's Chancellor, establishing the Court of Chancery and principles of equity. Over time, equity developed its own precedents and maxims until the Judicature Acts of 1873-75 merged the administration of common law and equity in the court system.
New thoughts
The document discusses the intellectual foundations of revolution. It describes the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who influenced ideas during the Enlightenment. Hobbes believed humans were inherently evil and needed a strong ruler, while Locke believed people could govern themselves and had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. These ideas influenced other thinkers like the French philosophes who wanted to improve society. Figures like Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau expanded on these foundations by advocating for freedom of thought, separation of government powers, and the ability of people to shape their own governments.
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Athens established the first democracy in ancient Greece, where citizens could participate directly in the government through public assemblies. Representative democracies like the United States developed as populations grew too large for direct democracies. The Roman Republic was ruled by elected officials like consuls and eventually granted political equality to common citizens. After the fall of Rome, kings ruled Europe until the Magna Carta limited royal power in England in 1215. Subsequent documents like the Petition of Rights and English Bill of Rights further curtailed monarch authority and established parliament's lawmaking role, institutionalizing a system of limited government power.
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The document discusses how Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to gain independence from Britain and form a new nation. It describes how the colonies grew large under British rule but tensions arose as Britain imposed taxes and trade restrictions. Key events leading to the Revolutionary War included the Boston Tea Party and clashes at Lexington and Concord. The Declaration of Independence, influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, justified the colonial rebellion. Despite Britain's military strength, the colonists prevailed with help from France. This led to the creation of a new republican government outlined in the U.S. Constitution, which was influenced by Enlightenment political ideas and included checks and balances and protections for individual rights.
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The document discusses the history and development of international law from early theorists like Francisco de Vitoria and Hugo Grotius to modern institutions like the United Nations. Key events that shaped international law include the Peace of Westphalia, the Hague Peace Conferences, and the creation of the League of Nations and United Nations. The document also examines theoretical perspectives on international law and debates around topics like the use of force and just war theory.
History of constitutional law.
Constitutional law arose from the need to regulate property and space as early civilizations formed. It began abstractly and was denoted more clearly under Roman law, where the emperor or king applied laws. By the 18th century, constitutional law emerged with more clarity and strength due to the American and French revolutions. Today, constitutional law is stabilized as the protector of human rights, the base of the state, and defender of fundamental social and cultural rights.
History of constitutional law
Constitutional law arose from the need to regulate space and property as early civilizations formed. It began abstractly and was denoted more clearly under Roman law, where the emperor or king applied laws. By the 18th century, constitutional law emerged with more clarity and strength due to the American and French revolutions. Today, constitutional law is stabilized as the protector of human rights, the base of the state, and defender of fundamental freedoms.
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This document provides an overview of the history and nature of international law. It discusses the definition of international law and how it has evolved over time from ancient Rome and the middle ages to the present. Key developments included the 1648 Peace of Westphalia which recognized principles of sovereignty and non-interference, and the 1815 Congress of Vienna which further codified international law. The nature and enforcement of international law is also examined, noting debate around whether it constitutes true "law" given the lack of formal legislature and judiciary, but also arguing states generally recognize and follow international law in their relations.
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Civil law originated from Roman law and is the most widespread legal system globally, present in around 150 countries. It draws heavily on codified statutes and uses deductive legal reasoning, with judges interpreting and applying the law. Common law originated in England and relies on precedents from past cases and inductive legal reasoning, with judges also helping create law. The two major legal traditions differ in their sources of law, law-making bodies, and roles of judiciaries and use either inquisitorial or adversarial procedures. However, trends show the traditions converging due to international agreements influencing domestic laws.
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The document discusses several important revolutions and documents that curbed the power of monarchs and influenced ideas of government:
- The Magna Carta established rights for people in 1215 and established the rule of law that the king had to follow.
- The Glorious Revolution and English Bill of Rights further limited the power of monarchs and finished establishing the idea of constitutional monarchy.
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson influenced ideas of separating powers and establishing principles of natural rights and social contracts.
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The document discusses several historical revolutions and thinkers that influenced the development of political and legal rights:
The Magna Carta established limits on the king's power and that everyone, even those in power, must follow the same laws. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in William of Orange becoming conqueror and further codified rights. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 gave rights like freedom of speech and limited the power of royals. The Enlightenment era thinkers like Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson further developed ideas around separation of powers and natural rights that influenced revolutions.
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This document summarizes the origins and evolution of democratic forms of government from ancient Greece and Rome to developments in England that influenced democracy in North America. It outlines the shift from direct democracy in ancient Greece to representative democracy in Rome. Key documents that advanced democratic principles in England include the Magna Carta, Petition of Rights, English Bill of Rights, and philosophies of Locke, Montesquieu and Voltaire. Colonial governments in North America incorporated elements of self-governance seen in documents like the Mayflower Compact.
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This document discusses control over delegated legislation in Pakistan. It outlines that parliamentary and judicial control exist. Judicial review allows superior courts to declare legislative or administrative acts ultra vires if they are inconsistent with the constitution, parent statute, other statutes, or fail to follow proper procedure. Grounds for challenging rules include inconsistency, conflict, non-conformity to procedure, barring court jurisdiction, enabling act being unconstitutional, failing the tests of vires, reasonableness and good faith, being discriminatory, unjust, oppressive or interfering with people's rights without justification.
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This document discusses delegated legislation in Pakistan. It defines delegated legislation as legislation created by an entity other than the legislature, when authorized by the legislature. The document outlines the authority for delegated legislation, including the Civil Servant Act of 1973, and discusses objectives like shifting burdens and establishing frameworks. It also covers reasons for the growth of delegated legislation, such as limitations of time and technical expertise, and limitations on permissible versus impermissible types of delegated laws.
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The document defines three key terms related to government services in Pakistan:
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8th lecture
Promoters play an important role in establishing a company by organizing capital, preparing legal documents, and bearing initial expenses. However, promoters have a fiduciary relationship with the company and cannot profit secretly from their position. Promoters are responsible for pre-incorporation contracts and must reimburse the company for any fraud, secret profits, or breach of trust. Upon registration of the company, the promoter's role is complete except if they issue a prospectus afterwards. The document discusses the legal responsibilities and status of promoters under company law.
7th lecture
The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. The promotion stage involves preparing essential documents like the memorandum and articles of association.
2. The incorporation/registration stage where the company is formally registered by submitting documents like the memorandum, articles, and director information to the registrar.
3. After registration, the company can raise capital through issuing a prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus for public companies and then commence its business operations upon receiving a certificate of business from the registrar.
6th lecture
A private company has several restrictions compared to a public company, including:
- Restricting the right to transfer shares
- Limiting membership to 50 people maximum
- Prohibiting any invitation to the public
A public company does not have these restrictions and has fewer procedural requirements compared to a private company, such as:
- Membership is unlimited
- Shares are freely transferable
- Can issue a prospectus and invite investment from the public
The key difference is that a private company provides more procedural relaxations while a public company has fewer restrictions but more disclosure requirements. Both have equal legal status as independent legal entities.
5th lecture .
This document compares companies and partnerships across various factors such as legal status, liability, governance, and registration requirements. Key differences include:
- Companies have a distinct legal personality and perpetual succession while partnerships do not.
- Partners have unlimited liability for partnership debts but members of companies have limited liability.
- Partnerships are governed by partnership agreements while companies are governed by their memorandum and articles of association.
- Registration is optional for partnerships but mandatory for companies to obtain legal status and limited liability.
4th lecture
This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. It notes that companies can be private or public. It also discusses associations not for profit, and the power of the Commission to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable companies. Examples of different types of companies are provided such as chartered companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, home companies, foreign companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
Agency
An agency is a contract that regulates the relationship between a principal and an agent. The principal is the person who authorizes another to act on their behalf as an agent. An agent is a person employed to act for or represent the principal in dealing with third parties. An agency can be created through agreement, estoppel, ratification, or operation of law. The duties of an agent include following the principal's directions, working with reasonable skill, compensating the principal, maintaining accounts, and communicating with the principal. An agency terminates through agreement between the parties, revocation, completion of the task, expiration of time, or circumstances such as death, insanity, insolvency, or a change in law.
Registration process
Two or more partners can register their partnership firm under the Partnership Act of 1932. The application process involves filling out Form 1, providing a partnership deed signed by all partners, and paying a registration fee of Rs. 1000. Applicants must also submit copies of CNICs, proof of a business address, and an authority letter if an agent is applying on behalf of the partners. Once completed documents are submitted to the Assistant District Officer, the registration will be processed according to the Partnership Act if all prerequisites are met. The registrar will issue a registration certificate if satisfied with the documents.
Essentials
This document discusses key aspects of partnership law, including:
1. The definition of partnership as a relation between persons sharing profits from a business carried on by agreement.
2. The four essential elements that must exist for a partnership: carrying on a business, agreement to share profits, business carried on by all or acting for all.
3. The importance of a partnership agreement which establishes terms, management regulations, and other provisions.
4. Examples of important provisions that should be included in a partnership agreement such as the name, nature of business, locations, partners, salaries, work divisions, profits, dealing bank, capital contributions, profit ratios, drawings, interest, admissions, goodwill, accounts, rights/dut
First assignment
Ms. Calpana Lee wants to register a firm called "Thanga Bahnga Lee" with the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Quetta, but they refused. She argued that companies and firms have the same legal status, so the registration forum does not matter. Students of the 6th semester LL.B program must complete an assignment examining Ms. Lee's statement as the legal advisor to SECP. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with sections for particulars, contents, the main 3-page body, and remarks, and must be handwritten, with an April 8th deadline.
2nd lecture typology of partnership
This document summarizes different types of partnerships and their key characteristics. It describes general partnerships as those where all partners' liabilities are unlimited. Particular partnerships are formed for a specific project or time period. Partnerships at will have an unlimited time period. The document outlines that a partnership requires at least two people, is for business purposes only, involves mutual agency between partners and sharing of profits, and has unlimited liabilities for all partners. A limited partnership has at least one partner with unlimited liability and one or more with limited liability.
Lecture 1st
This document defines and explains the concept of bailment under contract law. It discusses:
1) Bailment involves the delivery of goods by the bailor to the bailee for a specific purpose, with an understanding the goods will be returned or disposed of as directed.
2) The bailor is the person delivering the goods and the bailee is the person receiving them. Bailment has certain essential elements to constitute a valid contract.
3) The document outlines the duties of both the bailor and bailee, as well as their respective rights. It also discusses how a bailment can be terminated.
1st lecture
This document provides an introduction to the subject of law of business organization. It outlines 9 key learning objectives: 1) to understand law, business, and organization, 2) the definition of law of business organization, 3) its nature and scope, 4) relevant laws, 5) the syllabus, and 6) the importance of business law. Business law regulates commercial activities and dealings through rules governing how to establish and run a business. It protects liberties, maintains order, resolves disputes, and establishes standards for business concerns and their interactions with government agencies and individuals. As infrastructure projects like CPEC develop, the significance of business law will increase considerably in Pakistan.
Result 1st
This document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role numbers of 502 students and their individual scores on Quiz 1, Quiz 2, Quiz 3, Assignment 1, and Assignment 2. The lecturer is Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta. It is dated October 31, 2020 and is regarding the results of the first quiz for Unit One of the Introduction to Law course.
2ND quiz 1 semseter
This document appears to be a quiz for a law course, containing different types of questions about introductory legal concepts. It includes true/false questions with answers, multiple choice questions on topics like ancient law codes, and a matching exercise pairing answers with letters. The quiz was prepared by a lecturer and covers material for the first semester of an LL.B program.
Result 1st
The document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role, student number, name, and marks of 501 students. It also provides the course code, standard, topic, and details of the lecturer and college. The results are dated October 17, 2020 and are subject to errors and omissions.
1st quiz 1semester c
This document contains an answer key for a 1st quiz on introduction to law for an LL.B first semester course. The quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions and 5 matching questions covering topics like normative ethics, descriptive ethics, absolutism, and philosophers like Immanuel Kant and their contributions. The answer key provides the correct option selected for each question.
Assignemnt
The document outlines the requirements for an assignment on ethics and its branches for an Introduction to Law course. Students must define key ethics terms and distinguish between teleological and deontological ethics on the main body page, which cannot exceed 5 pages. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with multiple pages and be submitted in printed form by October 20th, 2020 to be considered.
4th lecture
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life and that people act to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Religion can be defined in different ways but generally involves a belief in a higher power and a system of worship. People follow religions for reasons like achieving supernatural rewards and avoiding punishments. Morality involves distinguishing between right and wrong behavior, and is related to but distinct from religion which involves external or metaphysical influences. Laws represent societal views on morality but morality comes from personal views of right and wrong.
2nd lecture
Morality refers to principles of right and wrong governing an individual's behavior. Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles and values relating to human conduct. The document discusses the concepts of morality and ethics, noting they are often used interchangeably but sometimes distinguished. Morality may refer more to personal principles while ethics refers to the standards of a community or profession. However, ethicists today generally use the terms interchangeably without distinguishing between them. The key aspects are that both morality and ethics concern principles of right and wrong behavior.
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
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2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Energizing Communities, Fostering Growth, Sustaining Futures
USDA grants bolster rural communities, driving growth, sustainability, and prosperity through strategic development initiatives and financial support.
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- 1. Historical Background: It can be traced back to the fourth century B.C. where Aristotle mentioned in his book “ The Politics ” three agencies of the government . Aristotle : General assembly Public official Judiciary It developed and modified with the passage of time Finally its introduced by a French jurist Originator : French jurist “ Baron de Montesquieu” in 1748 In his famous book “Spirit of the Law” Montesquieu: The nut shell is three different things That The same person should not form part of more then one of the three organs Minister should not sit in parliament That one organ of the government should not interfere With the exercise of its function by another organ The judiciary should be independent That one organ of the government should not exercise the function of another Minister should not have the legislative power Subject: Administrative law Standard: LL.B second year Topic: Separation of Powers MUNIR HUSSAIN KTK Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Objectives To learn i. Theory of separation of powers ii. Historical back ground iii. Philosophy Philosophy The rationally behind this theory is the protection of liberty and to protect the essence of justice.