1st lecture
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract is an agreement between members of a society regarding what they will or will not do, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for a private purpose, governed by contract laws. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts govern agreements between citizens of a state. The document also mentions a metaphysical contract as an agreement between a soul and its creator.
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1st lecture 
This document discusses different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract refers to an agreement among members of a society, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for private purposes, governed by contract law. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts are agreements between citizens of a state, governed by that state's laws. The document also notes that all agreements must be kept according to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda.
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This document provides an overview of contract law basics in Pakistan. It defines a contract as an agreement that is legally enforceable. The key elements that must be present for an agreement to constitute a valid contract are: offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail and provides examples. It explains that the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan governs when promises will be legally binding and affects business, commerce and industry through establishing rights and obligations of contracting parties.
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Law includes rules that regulate relations between individuals and the state, as defined by Holland and Salmond. The object of law is order to provide security for the future. Mercantile law deals with contractual situations arising from trade between merchants. The main sources of Indian mercantile law are common law, equity, statute law, precedents, and customs. The Indian Contract Act of 1872 is the most important business law, governing contract formation and remedies for breach.
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A contract is defined as an agreement that is enforceable by law. Contracts can be expressed or implied, and are formed based on the agreement between parties. Contracts also vary in their validity, execution, and liability. They can be valid, voidable, void, illegal, unenforceable, executed, executory, unilateral, or bilateral. The key elements that define a contract are the agreement between parties and enforceability under law.
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This document discusses the key elements of a valid contract under the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan. It explains that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. For an agreement to be considered a valid contract, it must meet several essential elements: there must be an offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of the parties to contract, free consent, a lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail.
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Law includes all the rules that regulate relationships between individuals and the state. The objectives of law are to maintain order, establish justice, and remove imbalances. For a contract to be valid and enforceable, there must be an offer and acceptance, consideration, lawful purpose, capacity and consent of the parties, certainty of terms, and possibility of performance. Contracts can be classified based on their validity, formation, or performance requirements.
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This document discusses the key elements of a valid contract under the Contract Act of 1872 in India. It explains that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. For an agreement to be considered a valid contract, it must meet several essential elements: there must be an offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of the parties to contract, free consent, a lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail.
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The doctrine of odious debt holds that sovereign debt incurred by a regime for purposes against the interests of the nation should not be repayable by successor governments. The concept originated from Alexander Sack who argued that debts incurred without citizen consent or interest should be considered "odious" and personal to the regime. The Vienna Convention expanded on this, defining odious debt as that incurred without benefit to the populace or in violation of international law. While the doctrine draws from sovereignty and fairness principles, it is not well established in international law due to challenges in application and identifying truly odious debts. Examples of odious debt disputes include those related to apartheid South Africa and Iraq.
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1st lecture
This document discusses different types of contracts, including social contracts, private contracts, international contracts, and municipal contracts. A social contract refers to an agreement among members of a society, such as a country's constitution or laws. A private contract is an agreement between two or more individuals for private purposes, governed by contract law. An international contract involves two international actors and international importance. Municipal contracts are agreements between citizens of a state, governed by that state's laws. The document also notes that all agreements must be kept according to the Latin principle of pacta sunt servanda.
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This document provides an overview of contract law basics in Pakistan. It defines a contract as an agreement that is legally enforceable. The key elements that must be present for an agreement to constitute a valid contract are: offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail and provides examples. It explains that the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan governs when promises will be legally binding and affects business, commerce and industry through establishing rights and obligations of contracting parties.
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Law includes rules that regulate relations between individuals and the state, as defined by Holland and Salmond. The object of law is order to provide security for the future. Mercantile law deals with contractual situations arising from trade between merchants. The main sources of Indian mercantile law are common law, equity, statute law, precedents, and customs. The Indian Contract Act of 1872 is the most important business law, governing contract formation and remedies for breach.
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This document discusses the key elements of a valid contract under the Contract Act of 1872 in Pakistan. It explains that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. For an agreement to be considered a valid contract, it must meet several essential elements: there must be an offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of the parties to contract, free consent, a lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail.
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This document discusses the key elements of a valid contract under the Contract Act of 1872 in India. It explains that a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. For an agreement to be considered a valid contract, it must meet several essential elements: there must be an offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity of the parties to contract, free consent, a lawful object, certainty of terms, and compliance with any formalities required by law. The document outlines each of these essential elements in detail.
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The doctrine of odious debt holds that sovereign debt incurred by a regime for purposes against the interests of the nation should not be repayable by successor governments. The concept originated from Alexander Sack who argued that debts incurred without citizen consent or interest should be considered "odious" and personal to the regime. The Vienna Convention expanded on this, defining odious debt as that incurred without benefit to the populace or in violation of international law. While the doctrine draws from sovereignty and fairness principles, it is not well established in international law due to challenges in application and identifying truly odious debts. Examples of odious debt disputes include those related to apartheid South Africa and Iraq.
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This document defines several key terms related to contract law:
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2. Reciprocal promises are promises that form consideration for each other.
3. A void agreement is not enforceable by law.
4. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
5. A voidable contract is enforceable at the option of one or more parties but not the other parties.
6. A void contract ceases to be enforceable by law and becomes void.
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This document defines key terms related to contract law:
1. An agreement is defined as a promise or set of promises where each is consideration for the other.
2. Reciprocal promises are promises that form consideration for each other.
3. A void agreement is one that is not enforceable by law.
4. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
5. A voidable contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law at the option of one or more parties but not the other parties.
6. A void contract is one that ceases to be enforceable by law.
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This document provides an overview of contract law in India. It defines key concepts like what is a law and contract. It outlines the essential elements of a valid contract according to the Indian Contract Act of 1872 like offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity and legality of objects. It also distinguishes between an agreement and a contract. Additionally, it discusses different sources of law in India like statutory law, common law, civil law and criminal law as well as the historical origins and development of the concept of Dharma or natural law in India.
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The document provides an introduction to contract law, covering key topics such as the purpose of contracts, elements of a valid contract, types of contracts, and remedies available even when no contract exists. It defines a contract as a promise that is legally enforceable, and discusses how contract law has developed over time, becoming less dependent on written forms and considering fairness. The types of contracts covered are bilateral vs unilateral, express vs implied, executory vs executed, and valid vs unenforceable/voidable/void agreements. Promissory estoppel and quasi-contract are also introduced as remedies when no contract exists. Sources of contract law discussed include common law, the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Restatement.
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This document provides an overview of contract law in India. It begins by defining the term "law" and noting that law comprises rules enforced by a sovereign state. It then discusses the Indian Contract Act of 1872, which is the primary legislation governing contracts in India. The key points covered include:
1) The Indian Contract Act defines a contract and establishes elements like offer, acceptance, capacity and consent required for a valid contract.
2) Contracts are classified and remedies for breach are provided. This act regulates commercial transactions in India.
3) While parties once had freedom to negotiate contracts, now standard forms and consumer protection laws limit this freedom to some extent.
4) The nature and scope of the
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This document provides an overview of the nature of contracts. It defines a contract as an agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law. It outlines the requirements for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, lawful object/agreement, consideration, capacity, and certainty of terms. It also lists scenarios that would result in an invalid contract, such as lack of consent or an unlawful agreement. Additionally, it discusses the nature of contract law and essential elements of a valid contract. Finally, it classifies different types of contracts such as void, voidable, express, implied, quasi-contracts and more.
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The document discusses key concepts in corporate and business law, specifically the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines what a contract is under Indian law, noting that a contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law. It outlines the essential elements required for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of parties, lawful object, and certainty of terms. It also classifies contracts according to their validity, formation, and time of performance.
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3) There are different approaches to interpreting treaties, including textualism focusing on the ordinary meaning of the words, intentionalism examining drafters' intent, and teleologism seeking to effectuate the purpose of
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This document discusses the debate between dualists and monists regarding the relationship between international law and municipal law. Dualists believe that municipal law prevails in cases of conflict, while monists believe international law prevails. While the disputants may not differ greatly in practical solutions, they differ in their underlying theories. Some arguments made are that international law is not a fully developed legal system, that it depends on state consent, and that states are sovereign over individuals under municipal law. However, the document also notes that states do not typically claim exemption from international law or assert the primacy of municipal law in diplomatic discussions.
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This document discusses the definition and key aspects of business law and the law of contracts in India. It notes that law consists of rules and principles established by authority to regulate behavior. The Indian Contract Act of 1872 is the main legislation governing contract law in India. It originally covered contracts related to sale of goods and partnerships, though these are now covered separately in the Sale of Goods Act and Partnership Act. The objective of contract law is to ensure rights and obligations created by agreements are upheld. It creates two types of legal rights - rights in rem against the world, and rights in personam against specific individuals.
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The document provides an overview of the key concepts in the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines key terms like agreement, promise, proposal, consideration and essential elements of a valid contract. It explains the types of contracts based on validity, formation and performance. Some key points are:
- A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law. It requires offer, acceptance, lawful consideration and intention to create legal relations.
- The essential elements of a valid contract are agreement, lawful consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, lawful object and certainty.
- Contracts can be classified as valid, void, voidable or illegal based on validity. They can also be express, implied or quasi based on formation
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3rd lecture
This document defines several key terms related to contract law:
1. An agreement is formed when promises made by each party form consideration for each other.
2. Reciprocal promises are promises that form consideration for each other.
3. A void agreement is not enforceable by law.
4. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
5. A voidable contract is enforceable at the option of one or more parties but not the other parties.
6. A void contract ceases to be enforceable by law and becomes void.
3rd lecture
This document defines key terms related to contract law:
1. An agreement is defined as a promise or set of promises where each is consideration for the other.
2. Reciprocal promises are promises that form consideration for each other.
3. A void agreement is one that is not enforceable by law.
4. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law.
5. A voidable contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law at the option of one or more parties but not the other parties.
6. A void contract is one that ceases to be enforceable by law.
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International law governs relations between nations and addresses issues like territorial disputes, laws of war, and human rights. It primarily concerns relations between states rather than private citizens. States are only bound by international law if they consent to and agree to abide by it. International law includes public international law, private international law, and supranational law. The main sources of international law are treaties, customary practices, and general principles recognized by nations. Secondary sources include decisions of international courts and scholarly writings.
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This document outlines the objectives and contents of a Business Law course. The objectives are to familiarize students with mercantile laws affecting business in Pakistan, understand important elements of business and industrial laws, and equip students with skills to deal with legal situations. The course contents cover introduction to contract law, sale of goods, negotiable instruments, carriage of goods, industrial relations, partnership law, and more. Key topics from each area are listed along with their source materials.
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11 summarize of portuguese and turkish contract law
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Part 1 covers General Law of Contract, including offer and acceptance, capacity of parties, essentials of a valid contract, remedies for breach of contract, and quasi contracts.
Part 2 will cover Specific Contracts and Arbitration, including bailment and pledge, carriage of goods, indemnity, guarantee, and partnership.
Part 3 will cover Sale of Goods, including conditions and warranties, transfer of ownership, rights of unpaid sellers, and the nature of a contract of sale. Suggested readings are provided.
B033307018
This document discusses treaty making and its application under Nigerian law. It begins by defining key terms like treaty, convention, and protocol. It then examines Nigeria's capacity and process for entering into treaties as a member of the international community. It notes that treaty making authority in Nigeria is unclear and not comprehensively addressed in law. While the constitution focuses on treaty implementation, it does not specify which entities have authority to negotiate and ratify treaties. The document recommends Nigeria establish clearer legal guidelines on treaty making procedures and authorities.
The Concept of State under International Law and Islamic Law Perspective
The Concept of State under International Law and Islamic Law PerspectiveThe International Journal of Business Management and Technology
The concept of statehood in international law is basically enumerated in the 1933 Montevideo Convention which provides four characteristics of a State in its Article 1: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other States. The Montevideo criteria are so far the most frequently quoted to be the elements of statehood. However, it remains uncertain that these criteria conclusively determine the existence of statehood since there were numerous disagreement among modern writers. Although the concept of state has been well-established by the 1933 Convention, in Islam, such concept has been practiced a long time ago by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and His Companions. Therefore, this article attempts to make comparison between the concept of state in the Montevideo Convention 1933 and Islamic law with reference to the Quranic verses, the practice of the Prophet (PBUH) and His Companions, and the writings of modern Islamic scholars. This article is a qualitative legal study where the data compiled through library research method. The article finds that, while both concepts are in harmonious to each other criteria-wise, but the discussion of each criterion indicates glaring differences between them since both concepts are based on different sources of law, values and underlying principles.The Concept of State under International Law and Islamic Law Perspective
The Concept of State under International Law and Islamic Law PerspectiveThe International Journal of Business Management and Technology
The concept of statehood in international law is basically enumerated in the 1933 Montevideo Convention which provides four characteristics of a State in its Article 1: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other States. The Montevideo criteria are so far the most frequently quoted to be the elements of statehood. However, it remains uncertain that these criteria conclusively determine the existence of statehood since there were numerous disagreement among modern writers. Although the concept of state has been well-established by the 1933 Convention, in Islam, such concept has been practiced a long time ago by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and His Companions. Therefore, this article attempts to make comparison between the concept of state in the Montevideo Convention 1933 and Islamic law with reference to the Quranic verses, the practice of the Prophet (PBUH) and His Companions, and the writings of modern Islamic scholars. This article is a qualitative legal study where the data compiled through library research method. The article finds that, while both concepts are in harmonious to each other criteria-wise, but the discussion of each criterion indicates glaring differences between them since both concepts are based on different sources of law, values and underlying principles.Sources of international laws
The document discusses the sources of international law, specifically looking at a case between Portugal and India regarding Portugal's claimed right of passage over Indian territory to reach its enclaves within India. The court found that Portugal had a right of passage for private persons and civilian officials/goods to exercise sovereignty over the enclaves, but that this right did not extend to armed forces, police or arms. The court based this on treaties from the 18th century, acceptance by both parties over a long period, and the fact that passage of armed forces was regulated differently in the 1878 treaty between Britain and Portugal.
1. Contract Law (Introduction).ppt
According to the document, contract law deals with enforceable agreements between parties. There are several key elements for a valid contract, including offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of parties. Contracts can be classified in various ways, such as by method of formation (express, implied, quasi), time of performance (executed, executory), parties involved (bilateral, unilateral), and validity (valid, void, voidable). Commercial law regulates transactions and covers areas like contracts, negotiable instruments, sale of goods, partnerships, and companies.
1 - Law Concepts, Offences & Elements of Criminal Liability.ppt
This document discusses wildlife conservation laws and policies in Tanzania. It defines key concepts related to wildlife laws, including the meaning of law and the functions and classification of different types of laws. It also outlines the major sources of law in Tanzania's legal system, which is based on English common law. These sources include the constitution, acts of parliament, case law, customary laws, received laws, and international treaties and conventions.
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International_Law an international law PPT difference etc.pptx
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The Concept of State under International Law and Islamic Law Perspective
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More from Munir Hussain
8th lecture
Promoters play an important role in establishing a company by organizing capital, preparing legal documents, and bearing initial expenses. However, promoters have a fiduciary relationship with the company and cannot profit secretly from their position. Promoters are responsible for pre-incorporation contracts and must reimburse the company for any fraud, secret profits, or breach of trust. Upon registration of the company, the promoter's role is complete except if they issue a prospectus afterwards. The document discusses the legal responsibilities and status of promoters under company law.
7th lecture
The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. The promotion stage involves preparing essential documents like the memorandum and articles of association.
2. The incorporation/registration stage where the company is formally registered by submitting documents like the memorandum, articles, and director information to the registrar.
3. After registration, the company can raise capital through issuing a prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus for public companies and then commence its business operations upon receiving a certificate of business from the registrar.
6th lecture
A private company has several restrictions compared to a public company, including:
- Restricting the right to transfer shares
- Limiting membership to 50 people maximum
- Prohibiting any invitation to the public
A public company does not have these restrictions and has fewer procedural requirements compared to a private company, such as:
- Membership is unlimited
- Shares are freely transferable
- Can issue a prospectus and invite investment from the public
The key difference is that a private company provides more procedural relaxations while a public company has fewer restrictions but more disclosure requirements. Both have equal legal status as independent legal entities.
5th lecture .
This document compares companies and partnerships across various factors such as legal status, liability, governance, and registration requirements. Key differences include:
- Companies have a distinct legal personality and perpetual succession while partnerships do not.
- Partners have unlimited liability for partnership debts but members of companies have limited liability.
- Partnerships are governed by partnership agreements while companies are governed by their memorandum and articles of association.
- Registration is optional for partnerships but mandatory for companies to obtain legal status and limited liability.
4th lecture
This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. It notes that companies can be private or public. It also discusses associations not for profit, and the power of the Commission to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable companies. Examples of different types of companies are provided such as chartered companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, home companies, foreign companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
Agency
An agency is a contract that regulates the relationship between a principal and an agent. The principal is the person who authorizes another to act on their behalf as an agent. An agent is a person employed to act for or represent the principal in dealing with third parties. An agency can be created through agreement, estoppel, ratification, or operation of law. The duties of an agent include following the principal's directions, working with reasonable skill, compensating the principal, maintaining accounts, and communicating with the principal. An agency terminates through agreement between the parties, revocation, completion of the task, expiration of time, or circumstances such as death, insanity, insolvency, or a change in law.
Registration process
Two or more partners can register their partnership firm under the Partnership Act of 1932. The application process involves filling out Form 1, providing a partnership deed signed by all partners, and paying a registration fee of Rs. 1000. Applicants must also submit copies of CNICs, proof of a business address, and an authority letter if an agent is applying on behalf of the partners. Once completed documents are submitted to the Assistant District Officer, the registration will be processed according to the Partnership Act if all prerequisites are met. The registrar will issue a registration certificate if satisfied with the documents.
Essentials
This document discusses key aspects of partnership law, including:
1. The definition of partnership as a relation between persons sharing profits from a business carried on by agreement.
2. The four essential elements that must exist for a partnership: carrying on a business, agreement to share profits, business carried on by all or acting for all.
3. The importance of a partnership agreement which establishes terms, management regulations, and other provisions.
4. Examples of important provisions that should be included in a partnership agreement such as the name, nature of business, locations, partners, salaries, work divisions, profits, dealing bank, capital contributions, profit ratios, drawings, interest, admissions, goodwill, accounts, rights/dut
First assignment
Ms. Calpana Lee wants to register a firm called "Thanga Bahnga Lee" with the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Quetta, but they refused. She argued that companies and firms have the same legal status, so the registration forum does not matter. Students of the 6th semester LL.B program must complete an assignment examining Ms. Lee's statement as the legal advisor to SECP. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with sections for particulars, contents, the main 3-page body, and remarks, and must be handwritten, with an April 8th deadline.
2nd lecture typology of partnership
This document summarizes different types of partnerships and their key characteristics. It describes general partnerships as those where all partners' liabilities are unlimited. Particular partnerships are formed for a specific project or time period. Partnerships at will have an unlimited time period. The document outlines that a partnership requires at least two people, is for business purposes only, involves mutual agency between partners and sharing of profits, and has unlimited liabilities for all partners. A limited partnership has at least one partner with unlimited liability and one or more with limited liability.
Lecture 1st
This document defines and explains the concept of bailment under contract law. It discusses:
1) Bailment involves the delivery of goods by the bailor to the bailee for a specific purpose, with an understanding the goods will be returned or disposed of as directed.
2) The bailor is the person delivering the goods and the bailee is the person receiving them. Bailment has certain essential elements to constitute a valid contract.
3) The document outlines the duties of both the bailor and bailee, as well as their respective rights. It also discusses how a bailment can be terminated.
1st lecture
This document provides an introduction to the subject of law of business organization. It outlines 9 key learning objectives: 1) to understand law, business, and organization, 2) the definition of law of business organization, 3) its nature and scope, 4) relevant laws, 5) the syllabus, and 6) the importance of business law. Business law regulates commercial activities and dealings through rules governing how to establish and run a business. It protects liberties, maintains order, resolves disputes, and establishes standards for business concerns and their interactions with government agencies and individuals. As infrastructure projects like CPEC develop, the significance of business law will increase considerably in Pakistan.
Result 1st
This document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role numbers of 502 students and their individual scores on Quiz 1, Quiz 2, Quiz 3, Assignment 1, and Assignment 2. The lecturer is Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta. It is dated October 31, 2020 and is regarding the results of the first quiz for Unit One of the Introduction to Law course.
2ND quiz 1 semseter
This document appears to be a quiz for a law course, containing different types of questions about introductory legal concepts. It includes true/false questions with answers, multiple choice questions on topics like ancient law codes, and a matching exercise pairing answers with letters. The quiz was prepared by a lecturer and covers material for the first semester of an LL.B program.
Result 1st
The document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role, student number, name, and marks of 501 students. It also provides the course code, standard, topic, and details of the lecturer and college. The results are dated October 17, 2020 and are subject to errors and omissions.
1st quiz 1semester c
This document contains an answer key for a 1st quiz on introduction to law for an LL.B first semester course. The quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions and 5 matching questions covering topics like normative ethics, descriptive ethics, absolutism, and philosophers like Immanuel Kant and their contributions. The answer key provides the correct option selected for each question.
Assignemnt
The document outlines the requirements for an assignment on ethics and its branches for an Introduction to Law course. Students must define key ethics terms and distinguish between teleological and deontological ethics on the main body page, which cannot exceed 5 pages. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with multiple pages and be submitted in printed form by October 20th, 2020 to be considered.
4th lecture
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life and that people act to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Religion can be defined in different ways but generally involves a belief in a higher power and a system of worship. People follow religions for reasons like achieving supernatural rewards and avoiding punishments. Morality involves distinguishing between right and wrong behavior, and is related to but distinct from religion which involves external or metaphysical influences. Laws represent societal views on morality but morality comes from personal views of right and wrong.
2nd lecture
Morality refers to principles of right and wrong governing an individual's behavior. Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles and values relating to human conduct. The document discusses the concepts of morality and ethics, noting they are often used interchangeably but sometimes distinguished. Morality may refer more to personal principles while ethics refers to the standards of a community or profession. However, ethicists today generally use the terms interchangeably without distinguishing between them. The key aspects are that both morality and ethics concern principles of right and wrong behavior.
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सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
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From Promise to Practice. Implementing AI in Legal Environments
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1st lecture
- 1. General perception An agreement between two or more persons to do or not to do something is called contract. General Classification Social contract: An agreement between the masses or members of a society to do or not do something. Examples: Constitution of a country, all the Laws of state. Private Contract: “An agreement between two or more persons for a private purpose. Examples: Contract Laws (Contract Act, 1872). Conventions, International Treaties etc. Kinds of Private Contract International Contract: The agreement between two international actors in which the international importance is involved. Examples: International Treaties, the Agreements between Sovereign Powers etc. Municipal Contract: The agreement between citizens of a state. Examples: Municipal contracts are governed by the Act the Parliament of the concerned State. In Pakistan Contract Act, 1872 is the law which governs the matters relating to contract between the citizens of Pakistan. Metaphysical contract. The agreement of our soul with the creator of universe at the time of creation. Subject: Contract Law Standard: LL.B First year Topic: Introduction to Contract MUNIR HUSSAIN KTK Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Objective To learn 1. The basic of contract law Contract is taken from the Latin word Contractum which means drawn together Based on Latin principle Pacta sunt servanda. Which means All pact must be kept All agreement must be fulfilled Contract act 1872 deals with an agreement between two or more persons for a private purpose.it tells us the formation of a contract the legal technicalities involved in contract , performance and rights and obligation of the contracting parties.in short it covers the distance from offer to discharge of liability. An agreement enforceable in law is called a contract.