Scope: This subject is intended to impart the fundamental knowledge on various aspects (classification, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, clinical uses, side effects and contraindications) of drugs acting on different systems of body and in addition,emphasis on the basic concepts of bioassay. Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to 1. Understand the mechanism of drug action and its relevance in the treatment of different diseases 2. Demonstrate isolation of different organs/tissues from the laboratory animals by simulated experiments 3. Demonstrate the various receptor actions using isolated tissue preparation 4. Appreciate the correlation of pharmacology with related medical sciences

1. Course: Pharmacology II
Unit 1: Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on
Cardiovascular System
Topic: Introduction to Hemodynamic and
Electrophysiology of Heart
CO - 503T.1: Explain pharmacology of the drugs acting on
various Cardiac complications
By:
Mr. Bhagwat H. Garje
(M.Pharm).
Asst. Professor
Department of Pharmacology
SCOPER, Kopargaon.
Date:25 /07/2022

2. Topic Covers
a. Introduction to Hemodynamic and Electrophysiology
of Heart
b. Drugs used in Congestive Heart Failure
c. Anti-Hypertensive Drugs
d. Anti-Anginal Drugs
e. Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs
f. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs
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3. a. Introduction to Hemodynamic and
Electrophysiology of Heart
3
The Human Heart

4. CONTENT
 A. HEMODYNAMIC
- Introduction
- Composition of Blood
- Mechanism of hemodynamic
 B. Electrophysiology of Heart
- Conduction System of Heart
- ECG
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5. Hemodynamic
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• Hemodynamic= hemo (Blood) + dynamic
(rate / motion)
• Hemodynamics is a physical and physiological
principles of blood flow (circulatory system) in
the body.
• It includes the circulation of blood through the
heart and other parts of the body.

6. Composition of Blood
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7. Mechanism of Hemodynamic
 The Heart is a muscular organ that acts as pump for
circulation of blood throughout the body.
 Human heart has Four chambers namely Two
Auricles and Two Ventricles.
 Auricles and ventricles are separated by valves that
ensure unidirectional flow of blood.
 The Right Auricle/Atrium and Right Ventricles are
separated by Tricuspid valve & Left Auricle and
Left ventricles by Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
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8.  The Superior and Inferior vena cava brings
deoxygenated blood to the right auricle from where it
is emptied to right ventricle.
 The deoxygenated blood from right ventricle passes to
lungs through pulmonary artery.
 Oxygenation of impure blood takes place in lungs
where alveoli are the functional units.
 The oxygenated blood is then transferred to left auricle
by pulmonary vein
 It then passes to left ventricle from where the blood is
circulated to the systemic circulation through aorta
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9.  Properties of blood itself that affect its flow:
1. Viscosity
2. Inertial mass (mass of an object measured by its resistance
to acceleration)
3. Volume of blood to be moved
 Factors that affect the motion of blood through the vascular
channels include:
1. Size of blood vessel
2. Condition of blood vessel
3. Smoothness of lumen
4. Elasticity of muscular layer (tunica media)
5. Destination of blood (distal vascular bed)
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10. Cardiac Output
 Flow of blood is usually measured in L/min
 Total amount of blood flowing through the circulation Cardiac Output
(CO)
 Cardiac Output = Stroke Vol. x Heart Rate
= 5 L/min
 Influenced by Blood Pressure & Resistance
 Force of blood -Blood viscosity
 against vessel wall -Vessel Length
 ↑ with water retention
with dehydration, haemorrhage -Vessel Elasticity
-Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation
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Electrophysiology of Heart

12. 12
Conduction System of Heart

13. 13

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 The heart is able to contract on its
own because it contains specialized
cardiac muscle tissue that
spontaneously forms impulses and
transmits them to the myocardium to
initiate contraction.
• The conducting system of the heart is
composed of the following 5 components:
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
2. Atrioventricular node (AV node)
3. Atrioventricular bundle of His)
4. Left and right branches of bundle (of
His)
5. Subendocardial Purkinje fibers.
Components

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• The sequence of electrical events during one
full contraction of the heart muscle:
• An excitation signal (an action potential) is
created by the sinoatrial (SA) node.
• The wave of excitation spreads across the atria,
causing them to contract.
• Upon reaching the atrioventricular (AV) node,
the signal is delayed.
• It is then conducted into the bundle of His,
down the interventricular septum.
• The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers
spread the wave impulses along the ventricles,
causing them to contract.
Conduction System of Heart

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Electro Cardio Graph (ECG)

17. 17
• ECG is defined as “recording
of electrical activity of heart
on a graph paper.”
Or
• Graphical representation of
electrical activity of heart.

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• ECG gives information about rate and
rhythm of the heart.
• The physical orientation of heart i.e. axis.
• Its a diagnostic tool for various heart
conditions like hypertrophies, ischemia,
infarction, arrhythmias conduction.
problems and pace maker activity.
• ECG does not provide information about
mechanical activity.
Significance of ECG

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Normal ECG

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• P wave-Atrial depolarization
• QRS complex-Ventricular
depolarization
• T wave-Ventricular repolarization
Wave Forms

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• P Wave shows atrial
depolarization.
• Its duration is 0.1 sec (2 and half
small sqr) and height is 2.5 mv
(2 and half small sqr).
• Presence of p waves in ECG
strip shows the sinus rhythm.
P- Wave

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• QRS complex represent the ventricular
depolarization.
• its normal duration is about 0. 08
seconds.(less than 2 small sqr) and
height is about 5 to 20 small sqrs.
• It is a wide complex because it mask the
atrial repolarization.
• Q wave is first wave of this complex but
often absent.
QRS-Complex

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• It represent the ventricular repolarization.
• It is repolarizing wave but shows the upward deflection
because the part depolarized in the last is first to be
repolarized,, that is base of heart depolarized in the last
but is first to be repolarized.
T- Wave
• T wave should not be more than one third of R
wave.
• T wave inversion represent ischemia of heart.
• Tall and peaked R wave is present in
hyperkalemia.
• Flattened R waves in pericarditis and
myocarditis.

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