Antonio Regalado is a science and technology reporter based in São Paulo, Brazil who writes about energy topics including renewables. Researchers are developing artificial leaves that can mimic photosynthesis by using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen fuel rather than glucose. Nathan Lewis, a chemist at Caltech, argues that a radical breakthrough in solar fuel technology is needed to power civilization and avoid global warming, by generating over 10 trillion watts of clean energy by 2050 through artificial leaves that can produce fuel directly from sunlight.
Zhenan Bao and her team at Stanford are creating a "super skin" that will be self-powered by flexible polymer solar cells that can stretch and harvest renewable solar energy. The super skin will be highly sensitive and able to power itself through clean energy sources.
The document provides a high-level history of solar energy technology development from the 1950s to present day. It discusses key milestones such as the creation of the first solar cell, decreases in solar cell production costs over time, increases in solar cell efficiency, and the use of solar power for applications such as powering vehicles and buildings. It also promotes switching to solar power to gain energy independence.
The document describes a proposed "solar tree" design that uses nanowire solar cells arranged like leaves on a tree to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. The design is intended to mimic how trees expose their leaves to maximize sunlight absorption for photosynthesis. Nanowire solar cells could concentrate sunlight up to 15 times and significantly increase solar cell efficiency compared to traditional designs. The document outlines the components and operation of the proposed solar tree, including long stems supporting solar panel "branches," LED lights, batteries, and other parts. Its goal is to provide a more efficient urban lighting solution through a nature-inspired design.
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. The document discusses various types of renewable energy - solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity via photovoltaic cells or to heat water in solar water heating systems. Renewable energy is important because it has environmental benefits, creates jobs, and increases energy security by reducing dependence on foreign oil.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources that can help reduce carbon emissions, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and hydrogen power. It provides details on how these different technologies work to generate electricity and explains their benefits in addressing climate change over carbon-based fuels. The document also notes that continued development is needed for alternative energies to meet more of the world's growing energy demands.
The document is a report about solar trees that is submitted to the head of the civil department. It includes an index, introduction on choosing solar energy as a topic, and sections on the history of solar energy technology, what a solar tree is, how it works, its applications, advantages like reduced land usage and clean energy, and disadvantages like high costs and potential hazards to wildlife. The conclusion states that solar trees can help meet increasing energy demands while saving land and providing reliable electricity without power cuts, with excess energy going to the grid.
The document discusses the benefits and potential of solar power. It notes that the sun provides enough energy in one day to power the world for twelve years. Solar power is renewable and produces no pollution. While current solar panel efficiency is improving, scientists have created a dye that could increase efficiency by 50%. Large solar power plants provide electricity for thousands of homes using otherwise unused land.
Zhenan Bao and her team at Stanford are creating a "super skin" that will be self-powered by flexible polymer solar cells that can stretch and harvest renewable solar energy. The super skin will be highly sensitive and able to power itself through clean energy sources.
The document provides a high-level history of solar energy technology development from the 1950s to present day. It discusses key milestones such as the creation of the first solar cell, decreases in solar cell production costs over time, increases in solar cell efficiency, and the use of solar power for applications such as powering vehicles and buildings. It also promotes switching to solar power to gain energy independence.
The document describes a proposed "solar tree" design that uses nanowire solar cells arranged like leaves on a tree to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity. The design is intended to mimic how trees expose their leaves to maximize sunlight absorption for photosynthesis. Nanowire solar cells could concentrate sunlight up to 15 times and significantly increase solar cell efficiency compared to traditional designs. The document outlines the components and operation of the proposed solar tree, including long stems supporting solar panel "branches," LED lights, batteries, and other parts. Its goal is to provide a more efficient urban lighting solution through a nature-inspired design.
Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are replenished, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. The document discusses various types of renewable energy - solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity via photovoltaic cells or to heat water in solar water heating systems. Renewable energy is important because it has environmental benefits, creates jobs, and increases energy security by reducing dependence on foreign oil.
This document discusses various alternative energy sources that can help reduce carbon emissions, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and hydrogen power. It provides details on how these different technologies work to generate electricity and explains their benefits in addressing climate change over carbon-based fuels. The document also notes that continued development is needed for alternative energies to meet more of the world's growing energy demands.
The document is a report about solar trees that is submitted to the head of the civil department. It includes an index, introduction on choosing solar energy as a topic, and sections on the history of solar energy technology, what a solar tree is, how it works, its applications, advantages like reduced land usage and clean energy, and disadvantages like high costs and potential hazards to wildlife. The conclusion states that solar trees can help meet increasing energy demands while saving land and providing reliable electricity without power cuts, with excess energy going to the grid.
The document discusses the benefits and potential of solar power. It notes that the sun provides enough energy in one day to power the world for twelve years. Solar power is renewable and produces no pollution. While current solar panel efficiency is improving, scientists have created a dye that could increase efficiency by 50%. Large solar power plants provide electricity for thousands of homes using otherwise unused land.
This document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower. It provides details on usage levels in the United States and abroad for each energy source. The key renewable energy sources are wind power, which produces over 150 gigawatts globally; solar power, which has significant potential in the western US; geothermal power, with the US and Philippines as top producers; and hydropower, which accounts for 81% of US renewable electricity and 19% globally. Each source has both economic and environmental pros and cons.
This document summarizes several emerging energy technologies that could help reduce carbon emissions, including wireless power transmission using Tesla's designs, gyroscopic propulsion for satellites, piezoelectric road generators, long-life betavoltaic batteries, laser-driven transmutation of nuclear waste, atmospheric electrostatic motors, biomass gasification, and electron charge clustering. It discusses the promising aspects of these technologies but notes that the U.S. Department of Energy has been slow to support development of future energy options.
Hi everyone my name is suraj patil. I upload solar tree ppt to this slideshare webpage and main points of topic are included in the slide .But their description are not inserted because from the tittle we can speak about that topic.You can reccieve all about information with the help of internet.Hence for seminar you must be study about this topic.And finally starts the presentation........thank you..!!!
The document argues that increased funding for nuclear energy development and waste management in the US would lead to a more sustainable energy future. Nuclear energy produces less greenhouse gas emissions than coal and can meet society's large energy needs. While nuclear waste and safety concerns have hindered nuclear energy, reprocessing nuclear waste, as done in France, could reduce hazardous waste from 3% to 97%. Increased investment could make nuclear energy economically competitive long-term and less dependent on subsidies compared to renewable energy. This would positively impact energy security but face opposition from groups like the coal industry. Changing public perceptions of nuclear energy is important to gain support.
Solar trees are a decorative way to produce solar energy and electricity using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like structure on a tall pole. They have advantages like requiring less land, being efficient energy producers, and potentially collecting energy from wind. However, solar trees also have disadvantages like high costs and potential hazards to birds, insects, and eyesight from solar reflectors. In the future, solar trees could help meet increasing energy demands while saving land and providing reliable off-grid electricity along with feeding extra power back to the main grid.
SOLAR TREE technical seminar PPT(by mohsin khan)Mohsin Khan
The document discusses solar trees, which are a decorative way to produce solar energy and electricity using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like structure on a tall pole. Solar trees offer advantages over traditional solar panels like requiring less land and being able to generate energy from both sunlight and wind. However, solar trees also have disadvantages such as high costs and potential hazards to wildlife. The document outlines potential applications of solar trees for street lighting and industrial power supply and envisions a future where solar trees help meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable way.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that generates renewable energy through solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It has five main components: solar panels, a long tower, LEDs, batteries, and stems. A solar tree works like a real tree through photosynthesis, producing energy from the sun for society through its solar panel "leaves". It requires less land than traditional solar systems, and can be used for street lights, household power, and industrial applications. Advantages include no air pollution and access to electricity in poorer areas, while disadvantages are the upfront cost and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that produces solar energy in an efficient manner using solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It requires less land area than traditional solar panel systems to generate the same amount of energy. The key components of a solar tree are the solar panels, a tall tower, batteries, LED lights, and connecting stems. The solar panels are arranged in a spiralling pattern up the tower to maximize sunlight exposure. Solar trees provide clean energy with less space and have applications for street lighting, household power supply, and charging electric vehicles. However, they also have some disadvantages relating to cost, safety, and impacts on wildlife.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key
The document discusses Derwick Associates' perspective on nuclear power as a potential future energy source. It outlines some of the key advantages of nuclear power, such as producing no carbon emissions, being very energy dense, and being able to generate power continuously regardless of weather conditions. However, it also notes disadvantages like producing radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and high construction costs. The document concludes that nuclear power has equal advantages and disadvantages and that future leaders will need to decide if it is a reliable energy option.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a decorative structure that produces solar energy using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like shape on a tall tower. It summarizes the key components, including solar panels, tower, batteries, and connecting stems. The document explains that a solar tree is an efficient use of space compared to traditional solar panels and can generate electricity from both sunlight and wind using a spiralling phyllataxy design. Solar trees have applications for street lights, household power, and industrial power supply, and are presented as a viable renewable energy solution for India's growing population and energy demands.
Solar powered water pumping systems have become the interest of many people in the recent years. Acknowledging that nature has provided a bounty of energy which can be converted into electrical energy has created innovative ways of discovering materials that can be used to make a system that supports turning heat into electricity. In this regard, the paper presented different concepts that relate to how the whole energy creation process is done and discusses useful ways of turning heat into useful energy. Furthermore, the recommendations dictate that while advancements in the technology are given attention, the issue of the investment cost and how it will thrive in the market is still a question. Nevertheless, many developing and developed countries continue to express interest in this area, and most are actively using and exploring how solar power can be used in other ways. Photovoltaic systems which are used to pump water for people, livestock and plants are an important move for technology and use of solar energy. Pumping water system using this PV technology has shown that is simple and that it does not require a lot of maintenance. In this regard, the idea gained the interest of farmers whose main concern is providing sufficient water not only for themselves but also for their plants and crops and livestock. The only major difference to this is that the system relies on solar energy as a power source for the pumps.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure shaped like a tree that uses multiple solar panels to efficiently produce solar energy and electricity. A solar tree is compared to a natural tree because, like trees use photosynthesis to produce food, a solar tree uses its solar panels like leaves to produce energy. It has advantages like producing pollution-free energy while requiring little land, but disadvantages include high costs and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document describes an artificial leaf that can turn sunlight directly into chemical fuel by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. When placed in water and exposed to sunlight, the artificial leaf uses silicon, cobalt, and nickel to generate streams of oxygen and hydrogen bubbles on either side. The gases can be collected and stored to deliver power through burning or fuel cells. Key advantages are storing energy chemically like leaves and using abundant, inexpensive materials. Challenges include safely storing hydrogen gas and improving efficiency. Research continues to boost efficiency and explore cheaper photovoltaic materials than silicon. The goal is powering each home directly with this technology.
The document is a research paper about solar energy written by Josh Christopherson. It discusses some of the issues with adopting solar energy more widely, such as many people being unwilling to switch from fossil fuels to solar. However, it argues that with technological advances in solar energy production and storage, as well as the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, solar power has a promising future if these challenges can be addressed. The paper provides examples of new solar technologies under development that could help make solar energy more competitive and appealing to a wider segment of the population.
Solar tree is a tree in structure and the panels are like leaves of the tree which produces energy. The tree consists of numerous solar panels connected to one another in series and parallel connections in Fibonacci sequence. The solar tree consists of number of branches welded to a stem and each stem has a solar panel mounted on it. Flat or roof top mountings of PV systems require large area or land. Scarcity of land is greatest problem in cities and even in villages in India. Load or energy requirement of small house in India is estimated to 1.75kWhr/day. Tracking system can be easily employed in Solar Tree hence its performance is better than flat mountings of solar PV system. The total cost of Solar Tree is about Rs.60000 /-. The overall cost can be reduced using simple and innovative designs of Solar Tree. It can be installed on the sides of heavy traffic roadways and on roof top buildings.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that produces solar energy in an efficient manner using less land area than traditional solar panel systems. A solar tree consists of multiple solar panels arranged like leaves on a tall pole or tower. It uses a technique called "spiralling phyllataxy" to minimize shadowing between panels and maximize energy collection. Solar trees have applications for street lighting, household power supply, and industrial use. Their advantages include reduced pollution, lower land usage, and ability to provide electricity to more people. Disadvantages are higher initial costs and potential hazards to birds and eyesight.
This document summarizes several emerging renewable and alternative energy sources being researched and developed, including antimatter, fuel cells, nuclear, ocean thermal, hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar energies. It provides brief descriptions of each technology, highlighting their working principles, current development status, challenges, and examples of real-world applications. The overall tone is one of optimism around the progress being made to develop greener and more sustainable energy solutions to address issues of environmental protection and fossil fuel dependence.
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Modern alternative energy sources like hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal each have limitations that prevent them from being the sole solution for energy needs. While hydroelectric currently generates the most renewable energy, it is not suitable in all locations due to environmental impacts. Wind generation, the second largest source, cannot match electricity demand fluctuations as wind speed varies. A diverse portfolio of alternative energy sources is needed to develop a reliable smart grid that can meet energy demands.
Governor Schwarzenegger wants to build a network of 200 hydrogen filling stations in California within the next 5 years as part of a plan to create a "hydrogen highway" stretching from Vancouver to Baja California. Hydrogen fuel cells could provide a clean energy solution if the hydrogen is produced from low-emission sources, but challenges remain around producing enough green hydrogen and developing efficient hydrogen storage for vehicles. Honda's new FCX Concept fuel cell vehicle is capable of driving 350 miles on a full tank of hydrogen, demonstrating progress being made in fuel cell technology.
This document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including wind, solar, geothermal, and hydropower. It provides details on usage levels in the United States and abroad for each energy source. The key renewable energy sources are wind power, which produces over 150 gigawatts globally; solar power, which has significant potential in the western US; geothermal power, with the US and Philippines as top producers; and hydropower, which accounts for 81% of US renewable electricity and 19% globally. Each source has both economic and environmental pros and cons.
This document summarizes several emerging energy technologies that could help reduce carbon emissions, including wireless power transmission using Tesla's designs, gyroscopic propulsion for satellites, piezoelectric road generators, long-life betavoltaic batteries, laser-driven transmutation of nuclear waste, atmospheric electrostatic motors, biomass gasification, and electron charge clustering. It discusses the promising aspects of these technologies but notes that the U.S. Department of Energy has been slow to support development of future energy options.
Hi everyone my name is suraj patil. I upload solar tree ppt to this slideshare webpage and main points of topic are included in the slide .But their description are not inserted because from the tittle we can speak about that topic.You can reccieve all about information with the help of internet.Hence for seminar you must be study about this topic.And finally starts the presentation........thank you..!!!
The document argues that increased funding for nuclear energy development and waste management in the US would lead to a more sustainable energy future. Nuclear energy produces less greenhouse gas emissions than coal and can meet society's large energy needs. While nuclear waste and safety concerns have hindered nuclear energy, reprocessing nuclear waste, as done in France, could reduce hazardous waste from 3% to 97%. Increased investment could make nuclear energy economically competitive long-term and less dependent on subsidies compared to renewable energy. This would positively impact energy security but face opposition from groups like the coal industry. Changing public perceptions of nuclear energy is important to gain support.
Solar trees are a decorative way to produce solar energy and electricity using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like structure on a tall pole. They have advantages like requiring less land, being efficient energy producers, and potentially collecting energy from wind. However, solar trees also have disadvantages like high costs and potential hazards to birds, insects, and eyesight from solar reflectors. In the future, solar trees could help meet increasing energy demands while saving land and providing reliable off-grid electricity along with feeding extra power back to the main grid.
SOLAR TREE technical seminar PPT(by mohsin khan)Mohsin Khan
The document discusses solar trees, which are a decorative way to produce solar energy and electricity using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like structure on a tall pole. Solar trees offer advantages over traditional solar panels like requiring less land and being able to generate energy from both sunlight and wind. However, solar trees also have disadvantages such as high costs and potential hazards to wildlife. The document outlines potential applications of solar trees for street lighting and industrial power supply and envisions a future where solar trees help meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable way.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that generates renewable energy through solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It has five main components: solar panels, a long tower, LEDs, batteries, and stems. A solar tree works like a real tree through photosynthesis, producing energy from the sun for society through its solar panel "leaves". It requires less land than traditional solar systems, and can be used for street lights, household power, and industrial applications. Advantages include no air pollution and access to electricity in poorer areas, while disadvantages are the upfront cost and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that produces solar energy in an efficient manner using solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It requires less land area than traditional solar panel systems to generate the same amount of energy. The key components of a solar tree are the solar panels, a tall tower, batteries, LED lights, and connecting stems. The solar panels are arranged in a spiralling pattern up the tower to maximize sunlight exposure. Solar trees provide clean energy with less space and have applications for street lighting, household power supply, and charging electric vehicles. However, they also have some disadvantages relating to cost, safety, and impacts on wildlife.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key
The document discusses Derwick Associates' perspective on nuclear power as a potential future energy source. It outlines some of the key advantages of nuclear power, such as producing no carbon emissions, being very energy dense, and being able to generate power continuously regardless of weather conditions. However, it also notes disadvantages like producing radioactive waste that remains dangerous for thousands of years and high construction costs. The document concludes that nuclear power has equal advantages and disadvantages and that future leaders will need to decide if it is a reliable energy option.
The document describes a solar tree, which is a decorative structure that produces solar energy using multiple solar panels arranged in a tree-like shape on a tall tower. It summarizes the key components, including solar panels, tower, batteries, and connecting stems. The document explains that a solar tree is an efficient use of space compared to traditional solar panels and can generate electricity from both sunlight and wind using a spiralling phyllataxy design. Solar trees have applications for street lights, household power, and industrial power supply, and are presented as a viable renewable energy solution for India's growing population and energy demands.
Solar powered water pumping systems have become the interest of many people in the recent years. Acknowledging that nature has provided a bounty of energy which can be converted into electrical energy has created innovative ways of discovering materials that can be used to make a system that supports turning heat into electricity. In this regard, the paper presented different concepts that relate to how the whole energy creation process is done and discusses useful ways of turning heat into useful energy. Furthermore, the recommendations dictate that while advancements in the technology are given attention, the issue of the investment cost and how it will thrive in the market is still a question. Nevertheless, many developing and developed countries continue to express interest in this area, and most are actively using and exploring how solar power can be used in other ways. Photovoltaic systems which are used to pump water for people, livestock and plants are an important move for technology and use of solar energy. Pumping water system using this PV technology has shown that is simple and that it does not require a lot of maintenance. In this regard, the idea gained the interest of farmers whose main concern is providing sufficient water not only for themselves but also for their plants and crops and livestock. The only major difference to this is that the system relies on solar energy as a power source for the pumps.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure shaped like a tree that uses multiple solar panels to efficiently produce solar energy and electricity. A solar tree is compared to a natural tree because, like trees use photosynthesis to produce food, a solar tree uses its solar panels like leaves to produce energy. It has advantages like producing pollution-free energy while requiring little land, but disadvantages include high costs and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document describes an artificial leaf that can turn sunlight directly into chemical fuel by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. When placed in water and exposed to sunlight, the artificial leaf uses silicon, cobalt, and nickel to generate streams of oxygen and hydrogen bubbles on either side. The gases can be collected and stored to deliver power through burning or fuel cells. Key advantages are storing energy chemically like leaves and using abundant, inexpensive materials. Challenges include safely storing hydrogen gas and improving efficiency. Research continues to boost efficiency and explore cheaper photovoltaic materials than silicon. The goal is powering each home directly with this technology.
The document is a research paper about solar energy written by Josh Christopherson. It discusses some of the issues with adopting solar energy more widely, such as many people being unwilling to switch from fossil fuels to solar. However, it argues that with technological advances in solar energy production and storage, as well as the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, solar power has a promising future if these challenges can be addressed. The paper provides examples of new solar technologies under development that could help make solar energy more competitive and appealing to a wider segment of the population.
Solar tree is a tree in structure and the panels are like leaves of the tree which produces energy. The tree consists of numerous solar panels connected to one another in series and parallel connections in Fibonacci sequence. The solar tree consists of number of branches welded to a stem and each stem has a solar panel mounted on it. Flat or roof top mountings of PV systems require large area or land. Scarcity of land is greatest problem in cities and even in villages in India. Load or energy requirement of small house in India is estimated to 1.75kWhr/day. Tracking system can be easily employed in Solar Tree hence its performance is better than flat mountings of solar PV system. The total cost of Solar Tree is about Rs.60000 /-. The overall cost can be reduced using simple and innovative designs of Solar Tree. It can be installed on the sides of heavy traffic roadways and on roof top buildings.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure that produces solar energy in an efficient manner using less land area than traditional solar panel systems. A solar tree consists of multiple solar panels arranged like leaves on a tall pole or tower. It uses a technique called "spiralling phyllataxy" to minimize shadowing between panels and maximize energy collection. Solar trees have applications for street lighting, household power supply, and industrial use. Their advantages include reduced pollution, lower land usage, and ability to provide electricity to more people. Disadvantages are higher initial costs and potential hazards to birds and eyesight.
This document summarizes several emerging renewable and alternative energy sources being researched and developed, including antimatter, fuel cells, nuclear, ocean thermal, hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar energies. It provides brief descriptions of each technology, highlighting their working principles, current development status, challenges, and examples of real-world applications. The overall tone is one of optimism around the progress being made to develop greener and more sustainable energy solutions to address issues of environmental protection and fossil fuel dependence.
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Modern alternative energy sources like hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal each have limitations that prevent them from being the sole solution for energy needs. While hydroelectric currently generates the most renewable energy, it is not suitable in all locations due to environmental impacts. Wind generation, the second largest source, cannot match electricity demand fluctuations as wind speed varies. A diverse portfolio of alternative energy sources is needed to develop a reliable smart grid that can meet energy demands.
Governor Schwarzenegger wants to build a network of 200 hydrogen filling stations in California within the next 5 years as part of a plan to create a "hydrogen highway" stretching from Vancouver to Baja California. Hydrogen fuel cells could provide a clean energy solution if the hydrogen is produced from low-emission sources, but challenges remain around producing enough green hydrogen and developing efficient hydrogen storage for vehicles. Honda's new FCX Concept fuel cell vehicle is capable of driving 350 miles on a full tank of hydrogen, demonstrating progress being made in fuel cell technology.
Alternative energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, geothermal and wind energies can be used to conserve limited natural resources and avoid burning fossil fuels. Solar energy can power cars and buildings, hydroelectric energy can power small towns, and geothermal energy can heat buildings by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Wind energy can also generate electricity and pump water. These alternative energy sources provide cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels and help reduce pollution.
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process, it is biomimetic. The term, artificial photosynthesis, is commonly used to refer to any scheme for capturing and storing the energy from sunlight in the chemical bonds of a fuel (a solar fuel). Photocatalytic water splitting converts water into hydrogen ions and oxygen and is a major research topic in artificial photosynthesis. Light-driven carbon dioxide reduction is another process studied, that replicates natural carbon fixation.
This Artificial Photosynthesis ppt covers all the processes involved in Artificial Photosynthesis, current researchers on Artificial Photosynthesis, key issues, challenges in artificial photosynthesis
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Kentucky currently relies mainly on coal for energy, which pollutes and contributes to global warming. Geothermal energy is a cleaner alternative that involves using heat from within the Earth. It can be used to generate electricity without pollution and also heat homes directly. Switching from coal to geothermal energy in Kentucky would reduce pollution, allow coal to be sold elsewhere, and be a more sustainable option overall.
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This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
This document discusses various topics related to renewable energy sources and reducing energy consumption, including:
1) Estimates of new jobs that could be created from renewable energy types like high mileage cars, which still need improvements but are becoming more popular.
2) Issues with non-renewable fuels under current technology and the need for more electricity in the future.
3) Simple conservation measures individuals can take now to reduce energy usage and air pollution.
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission. They have several advantages like producing no greenhouse gases, but also pose risks like nuclear waste and accidents. A nuclear power plant has several key parts including a nuclear reactor to produce heat from uranium fission and machines to convert this heat into electricity.
Greener Power for More Electric VehiclesPaul H. Carr
GREENER POWER FOR THE INCREASING NUMBER OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV)
by Paul H. Carr
Charge EVs at Night
- Electricity demand from 12 PM to 6 AM is very low.
Install PV charging stations for daytime charging.
More electricity by using the waste heat of present generators.
-Coal, nuclear 32% efficient
- Natural gas turbines 44% efficient
Replace carbon emitting coal and gas with nuclear.
The document discusses various energy sources including fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas which were formed from ancient plants. It also discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric and geothermal energy as well as nuclear energy. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable since they are being used faster than they can be replaced, while solar is considered an inexhaustible source since the sun will provide energy for billions of years. The document provides information on how different energy sources work and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses various power plant options for generating electricity, including coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear, and alternative energy sources. It provides pros and cons of each option. Coal and oil power plants are low cost but produce more greenhouse gas emissions and have environmental impacts from mining and disposal of waste. Natural gas produces less emissions than coal or oil but reserves are limited. Nuclear energy has low fuel costs but high capital costs, safety and waste disposal concerns. Alternative energy sources like solar, wind and hydro are renewable but have limitations in scale of production. An optimal solution needs to consider costs, environmental impacts, sustainability and safety.
This document contains three annotated bibliographies related to Tourette's syndrome. The first discusses a research article about accurately classifying tic disorders in the DSM-5. The second summarizes a study finding that tics usually begin between ages 6-8 and are associated with conditions like stress and relieved by relaxation. It also notes that 90% of children with Tourette's have comorbid disorders like ADHD or OCD. The third annotated bibliography reviews a study on using the drug topiramate to treat Tourette's syndrome in children, finding promising initial results but noting the need for higher quality placebo-controlled trials.
Tourette syndrome is a complex nervous system disorder characterized by involuntary tics that usually begin in childhood between ages 6-8. Studies show the syndrome is more common in boys and often disappears by adulthood. While the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role. Treatments aim to manage tics and associated disorders like ADHD or OCD when tics interfere with daily life. Further high-quality research is still needed to better understand Tourette syndrome and potential treatments.
Professor Felix M. Rivas Rivera synthesized antibacterial peptides called cicadapeptins. Cicadapeptins are isolated from a fungus that infects cicadas and have a unique amino acid composition. They have demonstrated antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, and Escherichia coli. Rivas synthesized fragments of cicadapeptin using solid phase peptide synthesis and plans to couple the fragments together to fully synthesize cicadapeptins I and II to further study their antibacterial properties. A career in research and academia is possible through education and with help from mentors.
This document discusses Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder involving both vocal and motor tics that typically begins in childhood between ages 6-8. It affects boys more than girls and often disappears with age. While the cause is unknown, genetics may play a role. Many children with Tourette syndrome also have conditions like ADHD or OCD. The document reviews several studies on treatments for Tourette syndrome in children like topiramate, though more research is still needed.
This curriculum vitae outlines the education and experience of Ingrid M. Melendez Nieves. She received high school diplomas from Miguel Melendez Muñoz High School in 2014 and Ramon E. Betances Secondary School in 2011. She is currently studying biology at the University of Puerto Rico Cayey, where she maintains a 4.0 GPA. Melendez Nieves has won several awards for her academic and research accomplishments, including first place wins at science fairs, and has served in leadership roles for student organizations. Her research experience includes characterizing viral infections and isolating bacteriophages.
The artificial photosynthesis seminar provided information about converting light energy to chemical fuel using solar cells. Dr. Ivonne Ferrer and Jesus Velazquez discussed how this process of producing artificial energy could benefit humanity by providing an alternative energy source if other resources become depleted. The process requires dedication and time but would be a major scientific advancement if successfully developed. Students also participated in a lab demonstration of artificial energy production involving mixing fruit juice and other ingredients, requiring precision and management of time. The results of these processes were shown using connected devices and computers.
This document provides guidance on writing a personal statement. It defines a personal statement as a snapshot of who you are, an invitation for the reader to get to know you, and a reflection of your priorities and judgment. The document discusses characteristics of effective personal statements such as being reflective, unique, and showing confidence. It also outlines things to avoid like cliches, unnecessary details, and lies. Finally, it offers strategies for gathering information like brainstorming strengths and experiences, and developing paragraphs that introduce yourself and discuss your academic background and skills.
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The document summarizes a trip to El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico led by Drs. Enríquez Rodríguez- Borrero and Félix Velázquez-Soto. The group measured environmental conditions like soil temperature, pH, and wind speed at various locations. They observed plant and animal species. Key findings included acid soil throughout, lower temperatures at higher elevations, and the presence of endangered Puerto Rican parrots. The trip provided data on the forest's diverse ecosystems and gave guidance on safely exploring the rainforest.
1. Antonio Regalado is a science and technology reporter and the Latin
America contributor to Science magazine. He lives in São Paulo, Brazil,
where he writes about energy topics, including renewables.
ENERGYR
einventing
the Leaf
The ultimate fuel may come not from corn or
algae but directly from the sun itself
LBy Antonio Regalado ike a fire-and-brimstone preacher, nathan s.
Lewis has been giving a lecture on the energy
crisis that is both terrifying and exhilarating.
To avoid potentially debilitating global warm-ing,
the chemist from the California Institute
of Technology says civilization must be able to
generate more than 10 trillion watts of clean,
carbon-free energy by 2050. That level is three times the U.S.’s
average energy demand of 3.2 trillion watts. Damming up every
lake, stream and river on the planet, Lewis notes, would provide
only five trillion watts of hydroelectricity. Nuclear power could
manage the feat, but the world would have to build a new reac-tor
every two days for the next 50 years.
Before Lewis’s crowds get too depressed, he tells them there is
one source of salvation: the sun pours more energy onto the earth
every hour than humankind uses in a year. But to be saved, Lewis
says, humankind needs a radical breakthrough in solar-fuel tech-nology:
artificial leaves that will capture solar rays and churn out
chemical fuel on the spot, much as plants do. We can burn the fuel,
as we do oil or natural gas, to power cars, create heat or generate
electricity, and we can store the fuel for use when the sun is down.
Lewis’s lab is one of several that are crafting prototype leaves,
not much larger than computer chips, designed to produce
hydrogen fuel from water, rather than the glucose fuel that nat-ural
leaves create. Unlike fossil fuels, hydrogen burns clean.
Other researchers are working on competing ideas for captur-ing
the sun’s energy, such as algae that has been genetically
altered to pump out biofuels, or on new biological organisms
engineered to excrete oil. All these approaches are intended to
turn sunlight into chemical energy that can be stored, shipped
and easily consumed. Lewis argues, however, that the man-made
leaf option is the most likely to scale up to the industrial
levels needed to power civilization.
Fuel from Photons
although a few lab prototypes have produced small amounts of
direct solar fuel—or electrofuel, as the chemicals are sometimes
called—the technology has to be improved so the fuel can be
in brief
Man-made leaf: Researchers are devis-ing
artificial leaves that could similarly
convert sunlight and water into hydro-gen
fuel, which could be burned to power
cars, create heat or generate electricity,
ending dependence on fossil fuels.
Nano solution: To be practical, this so-lar-
fuel technology would have to be
made cheaply in thin, flexible sheets, per-haps
from silicon nanowires, and use in-expensive
catalysts that help to generate
hydrogen efficiently.
Artificial leaves could use sunlight to produce hydrogen fuel for cars and power plants.
Natural energy: Plants produce their
own chemical fuel—sugar—from sun-light,
air and water, without producing
harmful emissions.
86 Scientific American, October 2010 Illustrations by Cherie Sinnen
3. manufactured on a massive scale, very inexpensively. To power
the U.S., Lewis estimates the country would need to manufacture
thin, flexible solar-fuel films, instead of discrete chiplike
devices, that roll off high-speed production lines the way newsprint
does. The films would have to be as cheap as wall-to-wall
carpeting and eventually cover an area the size of South Carolina.
Far from being a wild dream, direct solar-fuel technology has
been advancing in fits and starts ever since President Jimmy
Carter’s push for alternative energy sources during the 1970s oil
shocks. Now, with a new energy and climate crunch looming,
solar fuel is suddenly gaining attention. Researcher Stenbjörn
Styring of Uppsala University in Sweden, who is developing artificial
systems that mimic photosynthesis, says the number of consortiums
working on the challenge has ballooned from just two
in 2001 to 29 today. “There are so many we may not be counting
correctly,” he adds.
In July the Department of Energy awarded $122 million
over five years to a team of scientists at several labs, led by
Lewis, to develop solar-fuel technology, one of the agency’s three
new energy research priorities. Solar fuels “would solve the two
big problems, energy security and
carbon emissions,” says Steven E.
Koonin, the top science administrator
at the doe. Koonin thinks
sun-to-fuel schemes face “formidable”
practical hurdles but says
the technology
is worth investing
in because
“the prize is great
enough.”
In photosynthesis, green leaves
use the energy in sunlight to rearrange
the chemical bonds of water
and carbon dioxide, producing
and storing fuel in the form of
sugars. “We want to make something
as close to a leaf as possible,”
Lewis says, meaning devices
that work as simply, albeit producing a different chemical output.
The artificial leaf Lewis is designing requires two principal
elements: a collector that converts solar energy (photons) into
electrical energy (electrons) and an electrolyzer that uses the
electron energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. A catalyst—
a chemical or metal—is added to help achieve the splitting.
Existing photovoltaic cells already create electricity from sunlight,
and electrolyzers are used in various commercial processes,
so the trick is marrying the two into cheap, efficient solar films.
Bulky prototypes have been developed just to demonstrate
how the marriage would work. Engineers at Japanese automaker
Honda, for example, have built a box that stands taller than a
refrigerator and is covered with photovoltaic cells. An electrolyzer,
inside, uses the solar electricity to break water molecules.
The box releases the resulting oxygen to the ambient air and
compresses and stores the remaining hydrogen, which Honda
would like to use to recharge fuel-cell cars.
In principle, the scheme could solve global warming: only
sunlight and water are needed to create energy, the by-product is
oxygen, and the exhaust from burning the hydrogen later in a
fuel cell is water. The problem is that commercial solar cells contain
expensive silicon crystals. And electrolyzers are packed with
the noble metal platinum, to date the best material for catalyzing
88 Scientific American, October 2010
the water-splitting reaction, but it costs $1,500 an ounce.
That means Honda’s solar-hydrogen station will never power
the world. Lewis calculates that to meet global energy demand,
future solar-fuel devices would have to cost less than $1 per
square foot of sun-collecting surface and be able to convert 10
percent of that light energy into chemical fuel. Fundamentally
new, massively scalable technology such as films or carpets made
from inexpensive materials are needed. As Lewis’s Caltech colleague
Harry A. Atwater, Jr., puts it, “We need to think potato
chips, not silicon chips.”
Finding a Catalyst
the search for such technology remains at an early stage,
despite several decades of on-again, off-again work. One pioneering
experiment shows why. In 1998 John Turner of the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., built a device
about the size of a matchbook that when placed in water and
exposed to sunlight kicked out hydrogen and oxygen at a prodigious
rate and was 12 times as efficient as a leaf. But Turner’s creation
depended on rare and expensive materials, including platinum
as the catalyst. By one estimate, Turner’s solar-fuel cell cost
$10,000 per square centimeter. That might do for military or satellite
applications, but not to power civilization.
Noble metals, often the best catalysts, are in short supply.
“That’s the big catch in this game,” Styring says. “If we want to save
the planet, we have to get rid of all those noble metals and work
with cheap minerals like iron, cobalt or manganese.” Another
difficulty is that the water-splitting reaction is highly corrosive.
Plants handle that by constantly rebuilding their photosynthetic
machinery. Turner’s solar-fuel cell lasted just 20 hours.
Today Turner’s research is consumed with devising successive
generations of catalysts that each are a bit cheaper and of
solar collectors that each last a little longer. At times the search
is agonizingly hit or miss. “I am wandering through the forest
looking for a material that does what I want,” Turner says. “Progress
has been minimal.”
Other teams are also chasing catalysts, including one led by
Daniel G. Nocera of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In
2008 Nocera and a colleague hit on an inexpensive combination
of phosphate and cobalt that can catalyze the production of oxygen—
one necessary part of the water-splitting reaction.
Even though the prototype device was just a piece of the
puzzle—the researchers did not find a better catalyst for creating
hydrogen,
the actual fuel—M.I.T. touted it as a “major leap”
toward “artificial photosynthesis.” Nocera began predicting
that Americans would soon be cooking up hydrogen for their
cars using affordable backyard equipment. Those bold claims
have not sat well with some solar-fuel experts, who maintain
that research has decades to go. Others are more bullish: the
doe and the venture capital firm Polaris Venture Partners are
supporting Nocera’s ongoing work at Sun Catalytix, a company
he created in Cambridge, Mass.
At Caltech, meanwhile, Lewis has been working on a way to
collect and convert the sun’s photons—the first step in any solar-fuel
device—that is much cheaper than conventional, crystalline
silicon solar cells. He has designed and fabricated a collector
made of silicon nanowires embedded in a transparent plastic film
that, when made larger, could be “rolled and unrolled like a blanket,”
he says [see box on opposite page]. His nanowires can convert
light into electric energy with 7 percent efficiency. That
If we want to
save the planet,
we have to get
rid of all those
noble metals
and work
with cheap
minerals like
iron to catalyze
reactions.
4. Solar Nanowires Mimic Nature
Natural Leaf Artificial Leaf
October 2010, ScientificAmerican.com 89
how it works
Plants harness the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water
into glucose—chemical fuel that can be used or stored (left). Research-ers
are devising artificial leaves that use sunlight to split water
pales in comparison to commercial solar cells, which are up to
20 percent efficient. But if the material could be made inexpen-sively
enough—those sheets rolling off a press like newsprint—
lower efficiency could be acceptable.
Researchers also debate whether hydrogen is the best choice
for solar fuel. Teams working with biological organisms that
produce liquid biofuels say these fuels are easier to store and
transport than hydrogen. But hydrogen gas is flexible, too: it can
be used in fuel-cell cars, burned in power plants to generate
electricity, and even serve as a feedstock in producing synthetic
diesel. Nevertheless, “the key is to make an energy-dense chemi-cal
fuel,” with minimal carbon emissions, Lewis says. “Let’s not
get hung up on which one.”
Real-life leaves prove that sunlight can be converted into
fuel
using only common elements. Can humankind imitate this pro-cess
to rescue the planet from global warming? The prognosis is
not clear. “The fact that we can’t solve the problem with off-the-shelf
components is why it’s an exciting time to be working in this
molecules, creating hydrogen fuel. Nathan Lewis’s group at the California
Institute of Technology is designing a small leaf with arrays of
silicon nanowires that could produce hydrogen (right).
Semiconductor
nanowire
Chloroplast
Photon
Thylakoid
Stroma
Glucose Hydrogen
Oxidation catalyst
Reduction catalyst
area,” Lewis says. But he is worried that society—including policy
makers, government funding agencies and even scientists—still
has not grasped the size of the energy problem or why revolution-ary
solutions are needed. That is why he spends so much time on
the lecture circuit, preaching solar salvation: “We are not yet
treating this problem like one where we can’t afford to fail.”
more to explore
Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization. Nathan S. Lewis and
Daniel G. Nocera in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 103, No. 43, pages
15729–15735; October 24, 2006.
In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Water Containing Phosphate
and Co2+. Matthew W. Kanan and Daniel G. Nocera in Science, Vol. 321, pages 1072–1075; August
22, 2008.
Powering the Planet with Solar Fuel. Harry B. Gray in Nature Chemistry, Vol. 1, No. 7; April 2009.
Energy-Conversion Properties of Vapor-Liquid-Solid-Grown Silicon Wire-Array Photocathodes.
Shannon W. Boettcher et al. in Science, Vol. 327, pages 185–187; January 8, 2010.
interactive version at www.ScientificAmerican.com/interactive
e–
Energy in. Solar photons are
absorbed by a photoactive material:
in plants, thylakoids inside a
chloroplast; in artificial water-splitting
arrays, semiconductor nanowires.
Oxidation. Absorbed photon
energy knocks electrons from
water molecules in the chloroplast
or array, which splits the molecules
into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen.
Reduction. In plants, H+ ions
combine with electrons and carbon
dioxide to form glucose in the
stroma. In the array, H+ ions move
through a membrane and
combine with electrons to form
hydrogen molecules.
Fuel out. Both processes create a
storable, transportable
fuel: glucose
in plants; hydrogen in arrays.
Semiconductor
nanowire
H2O
H+
O2
H2
CO2