This document provides an overview of the key concepts in computer communication networks including:
- The OSI model which defines 7 layers of network communication from physical to application layers.
- Layered architecture principles like each layer depending on the layer above and performing specific duties.
- Network protocols which establish rules for communication through syntax, semantics and timing.
- Standards which ensure interconnectivity through de facto and de jure standards set by organizations.
- Data transfer modes like simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex and how they determine data flow direction.
Learning Guide of Determine Best Fit Topology LO 2.pptxaytenewbelay1
1. The document discusses data transmission modes, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes.
2. It also covers topics like parallel and serial transmission, synchronous and asynchronous transmission, and circuit switching and packet switching for transferring data.
3. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model breaks network communication into seven layers to standardize how different devices connect and exchange information.
This chapter provides an introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data, information to the definition of communication and computer networks.
This document introduces a simple model of communication that includes a source that generates data, a transmitter that converts the data into transmittable signals, a transmission system that carries the data, a receiver that converts the received signal back into data, and a destination that receives the data. It then provides more details about each component of the model and their functions.
The document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a network is and examples like the Internet. It then covers topics such as the uses of networks for communication, accessing resources, centralizing data, transferring files, and more. The document also discusses different types of networks categorized by size, connectivity, and design. Additionally, it covers networking protocols, data transmission methods, network architectures, and models like OSI and TCP/IP.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and data communication. It defines key terms like data, information, data communication and its components. It describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), and protocols (TCP/IP, OSI model). It discusses network structure, applications, and risks. The document is serving as an introduction to the topic of computer networks and data communication for a course.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document provides information about a course on computer networks being offered by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Hirasugar Institute of Technology. The course is for the 7th semester and covers Module 1 which includes introductions to data communications, network models, and the data link layer. It discusses fundamental characteristics of data communication systems including delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter. It also describes components of data communication systems such as the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. Finally, it covers topics on data representation, data flow in simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex modes, physical structures including connection types and physical topologies.
Learning Guide of Determine Best Fit Topology LO 2.pptxaytenewbelay1
1. The document discusses data transmission modes, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes.
2. It also covers topics like parallel and serial transmission, synchronous and asynchronous transmission, and circuit switching and packet switching for transferring data.
3. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model breaks network communication into seven layers to standardize how different devices connect and exchange information.
This chapter provides an introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data, information to the definition of communication and computer networks.
This document introduces a simple model of communication that includes a source that generates data, a transmitter that converts the data into transmittable signals, a transmission system that carries the data, a receiver that converts the received signal back into data, and a destination that receives the data. It then provides more details about each component of the model and their functions.
The document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a network is and examples like the Internet. It then covers topics such as the uses of networks for communication, accessing resources, centralizing data, transferring files, and more. The document also discusses different types of networks categorized by size, connectivity, and design. Additionally, it covers networking protocols, data transmission methods, network architectures, and models like OSI and TCP/IP.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and data communication. It defines key terms like data, information, data communication and its components. It describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), and protocols (TCP/IP, OSI model). It discusses network structure, applications, and risks. The document is serving as an introduction to the topic of computer networks and data communication for a course.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document provides information about a course on computer networks being offered by the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Hirasugar Institute of Technology. The course is for the 7th semester and covers Module 1 which includes introductions to data communications, network models, and the data link layer. It discusses fundamental characteristics of data communication systems including delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter. It also describes components of data communication systems such as the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. Finally, it covers topics on data representation, data flow in simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex modes, physical structures including connection types and physical topologies.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document then discusses networks, defining them as connected devices and discussing LANs (local area networks), MANs (metropolitan area networks), and WANs (wide area networks). It also covers network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the following key points:
- Data communication systems have five components: a sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
- A computer network connects devices like computers and allows them to share resources and information. Common network types include local area networks and the Internet. Networks use distributed processing and must meet criteria for performance, reliability, and security.
- Physical network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. A topology defines how devices are linked together physically in a network.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
The document discusses computer networks and data communication. It defines a computer network as a group of interconnected computers that allows sharing of resources and information. The key components of a data communication system are sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex depending on the direction of data flow. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) encompass large geographic areas or the entire world. The Internet is an example of interconnected networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
chapter6 intro to telecommunications.pptTakudzwaM1
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It then covers topics such as modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, the OSI model, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
The document outlines the units and topics to be covered in a course on computer networks. Unit 1 will cover introductions to data communications, networks, protocols and standards, as well as the physical layer and transmission media. Unit 2 focuses on the data link layer, including error detection, error correction, framing, and flow control. Unit 3 discusses design issues like routing algorithms, while Unit 4 examines congestion control and internetworking. The final units cover protocols like TCP and UDP, as well as application layer topics such as DNS and name servers.
This document provides an overview of computer communication networks and data communications. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission media, and protocols. It also describes different types of data representation, data flow, network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, basic network types such as LANs and WANs, and physical network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various media like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Protocols provide rules for communication between nodes and multiplexing allows sharing channels. Error detection and correction ensure accurate data transfer. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches control data flow.
This document provides an introduction to basics of data communications. It discusses key topics such as:
- The three main characteristics of effective data communication are delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transfer.
- The five basic components of any data communication system are messages, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols.
- There are three main transmission modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Common network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations.
- Encoding and modulation techniques are used to convert digital data into signals for transmission.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It explains basic networking concepts such as local and wide area networks, protocols, network topologies, and network devices. It also covers topics like cabling, wireless networks, error detection, and network management.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key benefits include better communication, greater efficiency, and improved access to data. Data can be transmitted either serially or in parallel. Computer networks connect devices together to share resources and data. Networks rely on hardware, software, protocols, and various transmission mediums like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow across networks.
1) The document outlines a course on data communication and networks across 5 units. It covers topics such as network fundamentals, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and applications.
2) The objectives are to understand basic network concepts, components for data communication, analyze functions of various layers, and acquire knowledge of application protocols and internet technologies.
3) The outcomes are to understand how information flows through a network, identify components for different network types, understand the layered approach to data communication, and choose appropriate functionality for applications.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, networks, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network devices, cabling, and wireless networks. The document provides an overview of how telecommunications and computer networks work at a high level.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key aspects include modes of data transfer (parallel, serial), network topologies (bus, star, ring), protocols which establish communication rules, and different types of cabling and wireless options. Networks can be local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) and involve hardware, software, and channels to transmit data packets between nodes using standards like the OSI model.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. It consists of hardware, software, and communication channels. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and hierarchical configurations. Protocols and standards ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are examples of communication media that transmit signals over physical channels.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document then discusses networks, defining them as connected devices and discussing LANs (local area networks), MANs (metropolitan area networks), and WANs (wide area networks). It also covers network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It covers the following key points:
- Data communication systems have five components: a sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex.
- A computer network connects devices like computers and allows them to share resources and information. Common network types include local area networks and the Internet. Networks use distributed processing and must meet criteria for performance, reliability, and security.
- Physical network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations. A topology defines how devices are linked together physically in a network.
Computer Networks Unit 1 Introduction and Physical Layer Dr. SELVAGANESAN S
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via transmission medium. A data communication system has five components: sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. The document also defines networks, explaining that a network allows interconnected devices to communicate and share resources. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are described as the main categories of networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
The document discusses computer networks and data communication. It defines a computer network as a group of interconnected computers that allows sharing of resources and information. The key components of a data communication system are sender, receiver, message, medium, and protocol. Communication can be simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex depending on the direction of data flow. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) encompass large geographic areas or the entire world. The Internet is an example of interconnected networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
chapter6 intro to telecommunications.pptTakudzwaM1
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It then covers topics such as modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, the OSI model, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
The document outlines the units and topics to be covered in a course on computer networks. Unit 1 will cover introductions to data communications, networks, protocols and standards, as well as the physical layer and transmission media. Unit 2 focuses on the data link layer, including error detection, error correction, framing, and flow control. Unit 3 discusses design issues like routing algorithms, while Unit 4 examines congestion control and internetworking. The final units cover protocols like TCP and UDP, as well as application layer topics such as DNS and name servers.
This document provides an overview of computer communication networks and data communications. It discusses the basic components of a data communication system including messages, senders, receivers, transmission media, and protocols. It also describes different types of data representation, data flow, network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite, basic network types such as LANs and WANs, and physical network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various media like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Protocols provide rules for communication between nodes and multiplexing allows sharing channels. Error detection and correction ensure accurate data transfer. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches control data flow.
This document provides an introduction to basics of data communications. It discusses key topics such as:
- The three main characteristics of effective data communication are delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transfer.
- The five basic components of any data communication system are messages, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols.
- There are three main transmission modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Common network topologies include mesh, star, bus, and ring configurations.
- Encoding and modulation techniques are used to convert digital data into signals for transmission.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It explains basic networking concepts such as local and wide area networks, protocols, network topologies, and network devices. It also covers topics like cabling, wireless networks, error detection, and network management.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key benefits include better communication, greater efficiency, and improved access to data. Data can be transmitted either serially or in parallel. Computer networks connect devices together to share resources and data. Networks rely on hardware, software, protocols, and various transmission mediums like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow across networks.
1) The document outlines a course on data communication and networks across 5 units. It covers topics such as network fundamentals, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and applications.
2) The objectives are to understand basic network concepts, components for data communication, analyze functions of various layers, and acquire knowledge of application protocols and internet technologies.
3) The outcomes are to understand how information flows through a network, identify components for different network types, understand the layered approach to data communication, and choose appropriate functionality for applications.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, networks, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network devices, cabling, and wireless networks. The document provides an overview of how telecommunications and computer networks work at a high level.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key aspects include modes of data transfer (parallel, serial), network topologies (bus, star, ring), protocols which establish communication rules, and different types of cabling and wireless options. Networks can be local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) and involve hardware, software, and channels to transmit data packets between nodes using standards like the OSI model.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. It consists of hardware, software, and communication channels. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and hierarchical configurations. Protocols and standards ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are examples of communication media that transmit signals over physical channels.
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
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- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
1. 18ECC303J – Computer
Communication Networks
Course Credit : 4
Theory : 9 Hours
1. Behrouz A. Fehrouzan, “Data communication & Networking”, Mc-Graw Hill, 5th Edition Reprint,
2014.
2. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, Pearson Education India, 5th Edition, 2013.
3. William Stallings, “Data & Computer Communication”, Pearson Education India, 10th Edition, 2014.
2. Unit 1 – Data Communication and Networking
Basics
Introduction to Data Communication and Networking
Data transfer modes-Serial and Parallel transmission
Protocols & Standards
Layered Architecture; Principles of Layering & Description
Brief description of concepts in OSI & TCP/IP model
Switching Types: Circuit & Packet switching, Message switching,
Comparison of switching types
LAN, MAN & WAN
Network topologies-Types, Comparison of topologies
IEEE standards for LAN-Ethernet; Types of Ethernet
Token Bus, Token Ring and FDDI
3. Unit 1 – Week 1
Session 1
Introduction to
Data
Communication
and Networking
Data transfer
modes-Serial and
Parallel
transmission
Reference Text Books:
1. Behrouz A. Fehrouzan, “Data communication & Networking”, Mc-Graw Hill, 5th Edition
Reprint, 2014.
2. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”, Pearson Education India, 5th Edition, 2013.
Session 2
Protocols &
Standards
Layered Architecture
Session 3
Principles of Layering
& Description
Brief description of
concepts in OSI &
TCP/IP model
4. Introduction to Data Communication and
Networking
Objectives :
To Introduce the students to data communication,
networking and its fundamentals
To understand the concept of layered
architechture
The main objective of data communication and networking
is to enable seamless exchange of data between any two
points in the world.
This exchange of data takes place over a computer
network.
5. Introduction
Data Representation
Example:
When result of a particular test is declared it
contains data of all students, when you find
the marks you have scored you have the
information that lets you know whether you
have passed or failed.
Data & Information
Data refers to the raw facts that are
collected while information refers to processed
data that enables us to take decisions.
The word data refers to any information which is
presented in a form that is agreed and accepted
upon by is creators and users.
Data
Text
Numbers
Image
Audio
Video
6. Data Representation
Text
• Combination of alphabets in small case/ upper case
• Stored as a pattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : ASCII, Unicode
Numbers
• Combination of digits from 0 to 9.
• Stored as a pattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : ASCII, Unicode
Image
• An image is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements).
• Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern. The size and the value of the pattern depend on
whether the image is binary, gray or color.
Audio
• Data can also be in the form of sound which can be recorded and broadcasted.
• Audio data is continuous, not discrete.
Video
• Video refers to broadcasting of data in form of picture or movie
• Video can either be produced as a continuous entity, or it can be a combination of
images in motion
7. Data Communication and its Components
In case of computer networks this exchange is done
between two devices over a transmission medium.
This process involves a communication system which
is made up of hardware and software.
Hardware part involves the sender and receiver
devices and the intermediate devices through which
the data passes.
Software part involves certain rules which
specify what is to be communicated, how it is to be
communicated and when. It is also called as a
Protocol.
Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information.
Components:
Message: Information/ data to be communicated. (texts,
numbers, pictures, audio, and video)
Sender: Device that sends the data message. (video
camera, computer, workstation, telephone handset, etc.)
Receiver: Device that receives the message. (TV,
computer, workstation, telephone handset, etc.)
Transmission medium: Physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver. (twisted-pair
wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radio waves).
Protocol: Set of rules that govern data communications
between the communicating devices. ( Key elements
of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing)
Without a protocol, two devices may be
connected but not communicating.
Components of Data Communication Systems
8. Characteristics of Data Communication
Characteristics
of Data
Communication
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
Jitter
The data should be delivered to
the correct destination and
correct user.
Variation in the packet arrival
time. Uneven Jitter may affect
the timeliness of data being
transmitted.
The communication system
should deliver the data
accurately, without
introducing any errors.
The data may get corrupted
during transmission.
affecting the accuracy
Audio and Video data has to be
delivered in a timely manner
without any delay; such a data
delivery is called real time
transmission of data.
The effectiveness of any data communications system depends upon the following four
fundamental characteristics
9. Data Transfer Modes
Data Transmission mode defines the direction of the flow of information
between two communication devices. It is also called Data Communication or
Directional Mode.
It specifies the direction of the flow of information from one place to
another in a computer network.
Direction of exchange
of information
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
Synchronization
between the transmitter
and the receiver
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Number of bits sent
simultaneously in the
network
Serial
Parallel
10. Data Transfer Modes: Exchange of Information
Simplex – data can flow only in
one direction (unidirectional)
Half-Duplex or Semi-Duplex - data
can flow in both directions but in
one direction at a time.
Full-Duplex - data can flow
in both directions at the
same time. It is bi-directional
in nature.
Ex: Radio and TV transmission, keyboard,
mouse, monitor
Ex. Telephone Network,
Ex. Walkie-Talkie
Advantages:
* Utilizes full capacity of the communication
channel
* No data traffic issues as data flows only in
one direction.
Disadvantages
*Unidirectional- having no
intercommunication between devices and no
mechanism for acknowledging back to the
Advantages:
* Facilitates the optimum use of the
communication channel.
* Provides two-way communication.
Disadvantages
* Two-way communication cannot be
established simultaneously at the same time.
* Delay in transmission may occur as only one
way communication can be possible at a time.
Advantages:
* The two-way communication can be
carried out simultaneously in both
directions.
* Fastest mode of communication
between devices.
Disadvantages
* The capacity of the communication
channel is divided. Also, no dedicated
11. Data Transfer Modes: Synchronization
Synchronous Transmission:
Mode of communication in which the bits are
sent one after another without any start/stop
bits or gaps between them.
(Ex. communication in CPU, RAM )
Advantages: Transmission speed is fast as there is no gap
between the data bits.
Disadvantages : Very Expensive
Asynchronous Transmission:
Mode of communication in which a start and
the stop bit is introduced in the message
during transmission.
(Ex. Data input from a keyboard to the computer)
Advantages: Cheap and effective mode of transmission.
Data transmission accuracy is high due to the presence of start
and stop bits.
Disadvantages : Data transmission can be slower due to the
12. Data Transfer Modes: No. of bits Transmitted
Serial Transmission:
Mode of transmission in which the data bits
are sent serially one after the other at a time
over the transmission channel.
(Ex. Data transmission between two computers using serial
ports )
Advantages.
* long-distance data transmission as it is reliable.
* Number of wires and complexity is less.
* cost-effective.
Disadvantages : The Data transmission rate is slow due to a
single transmission channel
Parallel Transmission:
Mode in which the data bits are sent parallelly
at a time
(Ex. Data transmission between computer and printer.)
Advantages:
Easy to program or implement.
Data transmission speed is high due to the n-transmission
channel.
Disadvantages :
Requires more transmission channels, and hence cost-
ineffective.
13. Selection of data transmission mode
Parameters need to be considered when selecting a data
transmission mode:
Transmission Rate
The Distance that it covers
Cost and Ease of Installation
The resistance of environmental conditions
14. Review Questions
Q1. Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________
transmission.
Q2. The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the ________.
Q3. In _______ transmission, the channel capacity is shared by both communicating devices at
all times.
Q4. Computer Network is __________.
(a) Sharing of resources and information
(b) Collection of hardware components and computers
(c) Interconnected by communication channels
(d) All of the above
Q5. A _______ is the physical path over which a message travels.
15. Answers
1. Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves Simplex
transmission.
2. The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the
Message.
3. In full-duplex transmission, the channel capacity is shared by both communicating
devices at all times
4. Computer Network is (option d: All the above)
5. A medium is the physical path over which a message travels.
16. Protocols
A protocol: the rules that both the sender and receiver and all intermediate
devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively.
When communication is simple, it needs only one simple protocol; when the
communication is complex, it needs a protocol at each layer, or protocol layering
A protocol consists of a set of rules that govern data communications.
It determines what is communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated.
Refers to the structure or
format of the data, that is the
order in which they are
Key
elements
of
Protocols
Semantics
Timing
Syntax
Refers to two characteristics:
When data should be sent
and how fast they can be
Interprets the meaning of the bits
How each pattern is interpreted
and what action to be taken
based on that interpretation.
18. Standards
Standards are necessary in networking to ensure interconnectivity and
interoperability between various networking hardware and software
components.
Concept of Standard
Standards provide guidelines to product manufacturers and vendors to
ensure national and international interconnectivity.
Without standards we would have proprietary products creating isolated
islands of users which cannot interconnect.
19. Standards
QWERTY Keyboard, MP3, HTML, PDF
.
Data communications standards are classified into two categories:
1. De facto Standard
These are the standards that have been traditionally used and mean by fact
or by convention
These standards are not approved by any organized body but are adopted
by widespread use.
2. De jure Standard
It means by law or by regulation.
These standards are legislated and approved by an body that is officially
recognized.
20. Standards Organizations in Networking Field
.
Standards are created by standards creation committees, forums, and government
regulatory agencies.
Examples of Standard Creation Committees :
1. International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
2. International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standard (ITU-T)
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
4. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
5. Electronic Industries Associates (EIA)
Examples of Regulatory Agencies:
Federal Communications Committee
(FCC)
Examples of Forums
1. ATM Forum
2. MPLS Forum
3. Frame Relay Forum
21. Layered Architecture
.
Computer networks are operated by network models; most prominently the Open
System Interconnect Reference Model (OSIRM) and the TCP/ IP Model.
Concept of Layered Task
The main objective of a computer network is to be able to transfer the data
from sender to receiver. This can be done by breaking it into small sub tasks,
each of which are well defined.
Each subtask will have its own process or processes to do and will take specific
inputs and give specific outputs to the subtask before or after it.
(In more technical terms we can call these sub tasks as layers)
In general, every task or job can be done by dividing it into sub task or layers.
22. Principles of Protocol Layering
.
Two principles of protocol layering.
The first principle dictates that if bidirectional communication, is required, then
each layer is made responsible to perform two opposite tasks, one in each
direction.
The second principle that to be followed in protocol layering is that the two
objects under each layer at both sites should be identical.
23. Layered Architecture
.
Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSIRM)
The OSIRM or OSI Model was developed by International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
ISO is the organization, OSI is the model.
It was developed to allow systems with different platforms to communicate with
each other. Platform could mean hardware, software or operating system.
It is a network model that defines the protocols for network communications.
It is a hierarchical model that groups its processes into layers. It has 7 layers.
Each layer has specific duties to perform and has to cooperate with the layers
above and below it.
24. Layered Architecture – OSI Layer
The OSI model has 7 layers each with its own dedicated task.. (Top to Bottom Layers)
Application Layer:
This layer is responsible for providing interface to the application user.
This layer encompasses protocols which directly interact with the user.
Presentation Layer:
This layer defines how data in the native format of remote host should be presented in the
native format of host.
Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts.
Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between hosts.
Network Layer:
This layer is responsible for address assignment and uniquely addressing hosts in a network.
Data Link Layer:
This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from and onto the line.
Link errors are detected at this layer.
Physical Layer: This layer defines the hardware, cabling wiring, power output, pulse rate etc.
27. Layered Architecture – OSI Layer
The responsibilities of the 7 layers of OSI model can be summarized as follows:
1. Application Layer To provide the users access to network
resources
2. Presentation Layer To provide the functions of translation, encryption
and compression.
3. Session Layer To establish, manage and terminate sessions
4. Transport Layer To provide process to process delivery of message
5. Network Layer To provide source to destination delivery of packets.
6. Datalink Layer To provide hop to hop delivery of frames
7. Physical Layer To transmit data over a bit stream from one hop to
the next and provide electrical and mechanical
specification.
28. Review Questions
Q1. OSI Stands for ______________.
Q2. List the key components of a Protocol.
Q3. _____________ and ____________ are two categories of Standards.
Q4. Which of the following is true with respect to layered architecture?
a) Each layer is allowed to depend on the layer above it being present and correct
b) A layer may call other layers above and below it, as long as it uses them
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
Q5. What are the drawbacks for Layers?
a) It is often necessary to pass data through many layers, which can slow performance significantly
b) Layers support information hiding
c) Multi-layered programs can be hard to debug because operations tend to be implemented through
a series of calls across layers
d) None of the mentioned
29. Answers
1. Open System Interconnection.
2. Syntax, Semantic and Timing.
3. De facto Standard and De Jure Standard
4. Option d: None of the above mentioned
5. Multi-layered programs can be hard to debug because operations tend to be
implemented through a series of calls across layers
Editor's Notes
Synchronous Transmission :
In this mode of transmission, both the sender and receiver are paced by the same system clock, thus synchronization is achieved.
In a Synchronous mode of data transmission, bytes are transmitted as blocks in a continuous stream of bits, as there is no start and stop bits in the message block. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits correctly. The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight bits unit. The receiver continuously receives the information at the same rate that the transmitter has sent it. It also listens to the messages even if no bits are transmitted.
In synchronous mode, the bits are sent successively with no separation between each character, so it becomes necessary to insert some synchronization elements with the message, this is called "Character-Level Synchronization".
Asynchronous Transmission:
The start and stop bits ensure that the data is transmitted correctly from the sender to the receiver.
Generally, the start bit is '0' and the end bit is '1'.Asynchronous here means 'asynchronous at the byte level', but the bits are still synchronized. The time duration between each character is the same and synchronized.n
In an asynchronous mode of communication, data bits can be sent at any point in time. The messages are sent at irregular intervals and only one data byte can be sent at a time. This type of transmission mode is best suited for short-distance data transfer.
Serial Transmission:
Needs a single transmission line for communication.
In serial data transmission, the system takes several clock cycles to transmit the data stream.
In this mode, the data integrity is maintained, as it transmits the data bits in a specific order, one after the other.
Best suited for long-distance data transfer, or the amount of data being sent is relatively small.
Parallel Transmission:
Multiple transmission lines are used in such modes of transmission. So, multiple data bytes can be transmitted in a single system clock.
This mode of transmission is used when a l arge amount of data has to be sent in a shorter duration of time. It is mostly used for short-distance communication.
For n-bits, we need n-transmission lines. So, the complexity of the network increases but the transmission speed is high.
If two or more transmission lines are too close to each other, then there may be a chance of interference in the data, degrading the signal quality.
A. Syntax
It means the structure or format of the data.
It is the arrangement of data in a particular order.
B. Semantics
It tells the meaning of each section of bits and indicates the interpretation of each section.
It also tells what action/decision is to be taken based on the interpretation.
C. Timing
It tells the sender about the readiness of the receiver to receive the data
It tells the sender at what rate the data should be sent to the receiver to avoid overwhelming the receiver.