This document introduces several common physics instruments: - Resistors limit electrical current flow in circuits and can regulate voltage for devices like transistors. Capacitors store energy in an electrostatic field through separated conducting plates. Transistors regulate current/voltage flow and act as switches for electronic signals using three layers of semiconductor material. - Transformers transform electrical energy between circuits through mutual induction between windings without direct connection, and can be step-up transformers with more primary coil turns or step-down transformers with less primary coil turns. - Other instruments include rheostats for adjusting circuit resistance without interrupting current, potentiometers for measuring voltage using a voltage divider, and LEDs which emit light when current passes

1. Welcome

3. Physics instruments

4. Introduction
Sir Isaac Newton is considered as one of the greatest scientists and
Mathematicians of all time. He was born on the christmas morning in 1642 at
Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire . It was also the year in which the famous scientist
Galileo died.

5. A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the
flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be
used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
Resister

7. A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores
energy in the form of an electrostatic field. In its simplest
form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulating material called the dielectric
Capacitor

8. A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage
flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor
material, each capable of carrying a current.
Transister

9. Electrical power transformer is a static device which
transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another
without any direct electrical connection and with the
help of mutual induction between two windings.
Transformer

10. Transformers can be of two types:
Step-up Transformer
On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary
coil than the primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary
coil is greater than the applied voltage across the primary coil or in
other words the voltage has been “stepped-up”.

11. Step-down Transformer
A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the
primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the applied
voltage across the primary coil or in other words the voltage is “stepped-down”.

12. A variable resistor for changing the resistance of an electrical
circuit without interrupting the circuit, used as for regulating the
brightness of electric lights
Rheostat

13. The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage
divider used for measuring electric potential(voltage); the component is an
implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometer

14. A light-emitting diode (LED) is
a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an
electric current passes through it.
LED