This document discusses three approaches to persuasive technology design: external shaping of behavior, self-managed behavior change, and self-shaping. It presents three formative studies on self-tracking and behavior change, user-generated self-shaping designs, and features that support self-shaping. The studies found that self-shaping is a function of the individual rather than the tool; self-shaping designs are more personalized with clearer behavioral intentions; and tools vary in flexibility of self-shaping use and how salient self-shaping features are. The conclusion is that self-shaping and commitment devices are not clearly conceptualized, and users attribute behavior change primarily to self-discipline rather than tools.

1. The Role of
Commitment Devices
and Self-shaping in
Persuasive Technology
+ CHI EA ’11
-Neema Moraveji et al.
/최진한
x 2014 Winter

2. The Role of
Commitment Devices and Self-shaping
in Persuasive Technology
Neema Moraveji
Learning Sciences and Tech Design Stanford University
Rio Akasaka
Human-Computer Interaction Stanford University
Roy Pea
Learning Sciences and Tech Design Stanford University
BJ Fogg
Persuasive Technology Lab Stanford University
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CHI 2011 Work-in-Progress
최진한
1/8/2014

3. Overview
Goal
First explore the role of self-shaping in the minds of expert users
Identify how they use self-shaping
Provide a framework for explaining different kinds of self- shaping
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Contents
Three approaches to persuasive technology design
Self-shaping through persuasive systems
Three formative studies
Discussion and Conclusion

4. Three approaches to persuasive technology design
1. External shaping of behavior
2. Self-managed behavior change
3. Self-shaping: A blended approach

5. > 1. External shaping of behavior
Supply-side / demand-side
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Concerned with shaping the user’s behavior (O)
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Training or instructing users to change their own behavior (X)
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Suggestion, Perception cues, Peer Influence

6. > 2. Self-managed behavior change
Train users to manage their own behavior change
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Informing, Enabling, Motivating, Guiding
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Personal Informatics tools

7. > 3. Self-shaping: A blended approach
Self-shaping
blend both media-managed and self-managed behavior change
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Self-shaping tools
미래의 행동 변화를 형성하는 기술을 유발하는 사용자를 활성화 시키는 것들
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User actions could be in the form of creating commitment devices or introducing
persuasion strategies.
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Commitment device
더 실질적인 미래 행동을 위한 현재의 의도를 만드는 방법
way to change one's own incentives to make an otherwise empty promise
credible

8. Self-shaping through persuasive systems
가능한 시스템 디자인
leveraging cognitive biases
granular control of peer influence
reputation management
hiding future choices
context-specific punishment/reward
more..
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Default choices are extremely important design decisions.
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9. Three formative studies
Study 1: Self-tracking to behavior change
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Study 2: User-generated self-shaping designs
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Study 3: Features that support self-shaping
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10. > Study 1: Self-tracking to behavior change
Goal
identify how expert users see the role of self-shaping in the tools they use
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Web-based survey participant
18 Quantified Self interest group, 5 비전문가 (30.5세, 여성 13명)
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행동 변화에 툴(e.g. food diaries, pedometers)을 사용함으로 self-discipline의 요구가 높
아졌는지 낮아졌는지 질문
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7점 likert scale(1: no self-discipline)
Self-discipline required to implement a desired behavior: 4.4 (SD=0.8)
With the right tool, 3.4 (SD=0.9)
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Self-discipline is required regardless of tool use

11. > Study 2: User-generated self-shaping designs
41 experts posted 65 self-shaping designs on website.
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Self-shaping ability/paths
force myself to, make it easier to, make it harder to, so I can’t,
Self-shaping triggers
remind, attention, tells me to
Self-shaping motivation
force myself to, guilt me, motivate me, look forward

12. > Study 2: User-generated self-shaping designs
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Result 1. The practice of self-shaping is a function of the individual, not the
tool or technology
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Result 2. The clearer the intention of a future concrete behavior is, the more
personalized the self-shaping design was.
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Result 3. Salience of self-shaping features differs greatly between tools
(computer printer / alarm clock)
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Result 4. Tools vary widely in how flexible their self-shaping use is
(online calendar / pedometer)

13. > Study 3: Features that support self-shaping
Reviewed 67 tools
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Flexible
Appliances
Flexible
Self-shapers
Fixed-use
Appliances
Fixed-use
Self-shapers

14. Conclusion
Self-shaping and commitment devices are not clearly conceptualized of in the minds
of even expert users.
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By the fundamental attribution error, users attribute behavior change to self-discipline.
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15. Discussion
Motivation
6%
Self-shapers