The document discusses various standing positions used in physical therapy and their effects on muscle work and balance. It details the specifics of each position, including close standing, toe standing, stride standing, and others, while explaining the muscle engagement and therapeutic uses associated with each. The content emphasizes the importance of body alignment and balance in functional movement and rehabilitation exercises.

2. Dr. Tooba Asif, PT
Lecturer
DPT (RIU), MS-OMPT (RIU)
Certified Kinesio Taping Practitioner (CKTP, USA)
Certified Dry Needling Practitioner (CDNP, UK)
DERIVED POSITIONS

3. BY ALTERATION OF LEGS
• Close standing
• Toe standing
• Stride standing
• Walk standing
• Half standing

4. CLOSE STANDING
• Legs are rotated inwards at hip so
that medial borders of feet are
adjacent
MUSCLE WORK
• Leg muscles work more strongly
than in the fundamental position.

5. EFFECTS & USES OF
CLOSE STANDING
• Size of the base is reduced & balance is more difficult
• Progression to standing
• Relaxation of the lateral rotators of hip often results
in a loss of bracing effect on whole leg Including
longitudinal arches of feet.

6. TOE STANDING
• Heels are pressed together & raised
from the floor.
MUSCLE WORK
• Plantarflexor of ankle joint work
strongly against gravity to keep heels
elevated.
• All leg muscles work more strongly
than in fundamental position to keep
balance

7. EFFECTS & USES OF
TOE STANDING
• Base is reduced &center of gravity is raised so used in
balance
• Strong work for foot muscles stretch
• Value in treatment of flat foot & posture training

8. STRIDE STANDING
• Legs are abducted so that the heels
are two foot lengths apart
• Feet remain same as in fundamental
position & weight is equally
distributed btw them.
MUSCLE WORK
• Adductors of hip may work to prevent
the legs from sliding further apart if
position is taken on a slippery floor

9. EFFECTS & USES OF
STRIDE STANDING
• Effective base is much enlarge laterally, making this
an easy & suitable position from which to perform
exercises especially in a frontal plane.

10. WALK STANDING
• One leg is placed directly forwards so that the heels
are two foot-lengths apart & are on same line.
• Body weight is equally distributed btw them.
MUSCLE WORK
• Tension on the structure anterior to hip & on calf
muscles of posterior leg,
• Extensors of hip & knee of this leg work strongly to
maintain position.

11. EFFECTS & USES OF
WALK STANDING
• Base is much enlarged in antero posterior direction
stabilizing body for exercises in sagittal plane.
• Rotation of pelvis towards side of forward leg is
prevented by position of back leg, so it used to
localize rotation to spine.
• Tension on hamstrings of forward leg likewise
prevents tilting of pelvis in trunk flexion exercises.

12. HALF STANDING
• Whole weight of the body is supported
on one leg, other may be free or
supported in a variety of position.
MUSCLE WORK
• Abductors of the hip of standing leg
work to maintain center of gravity over
the base by a Slight lateral tilting of
pelvis

13. • Lumber side flexors of opposite side work to bring
trunk into alignment
• All muscles of supporting leg work more strongly
than in standing to support additional weight &
preserve balance

14. EFFFECTS & USES OF
HALF STANDING
• Unsupporting leg is free to move
• Difficulty in balancing
• PROGRESSION IN HALF STANDING
• Leg free from body weight may rest in different
positions.

15. STEP STANDING
• on a stool with hip & knee bent

16. BY ALTERATION OF
THE TRUNK

17. LAX STOOP STANDING
• hips are flexed & trunk, head & arms
are relaxed so that they hang forwards
& downwards.
• Balance is maintained by a slight
plantar flexion at ankle joints causing a
backward inclination

18. EFFECTS & USES OF
LAX STOOP STANDING
• Amount of forward flexion is dictated by tension,
develops in hamstrings & lumbar ms,
• Position used to train relaxation of upper body & to
assist expiration.
• Position used prior to extension exercises of hips &
spine.

19. • Position is unsuitable for weak or elderly patients as
dependent position of body causes an increase
• Blood flow to head which maybe followed by
depletion on raising to upright position &
consequent feeling of giddiness.

20. STOOP STANDING
• Hip joints are flexed while trunk,
head & arms remain in alignment&
are inclined forwards.
• Angle to which trunk is inclined
usually about a right angle but
depends on tension of hamstrings
which control forward tilt of pelvis
when knees are straight.

21. MUSCLE WORK
• Extensor of knees may work to counteract tension of
hamstrings
• Longitudinal & transverse back muscles & extensors
of shoulder & elbows maintain position against pull
of gravity
• Posterior neck muscles controlled by pre-vertebral
muscles support head.

22. EFFECTS & USES
• Strong work for neck & back muscles with stretching
of spine, trains good posture of back muscles.
• Fixation in flexion of lumber spine localizes
movement to joints above this level, it is valuable but
difficult position to hold correctly.

23. BY ALTERATION OF
THE LEGS & TRUNK

24. FALLOUT STANDING
• One leg is placed directly forwards to a distance of
three foot-lengths & this knee is bent
• Back leg remains straight & body is inclined forward
in line with it.

25. MUSCLE WORK
• Extensors & foot muscles of forward leg work strongly to
support most of weight
• Extensors of back leg keep trunk & leg straight
• Dorsiflexor of this foot work to keep the heel on ground
• Head & trunk muscles work but there is a degree of
rotation & lateral tilt of pelvis away from forward
leg,balance is maintained by action of trunk rotators &
lumber muscles on this side.

26. EFFECTS & USES
• position used in treatment of spinal curvature
• When support is given to arms & shoulders,it is an
excellent position to utilize body weight either for
giving pressure or resistance in direction of fallout.