This document provides details for a biology practical exam question on spotting. It includes descriptions of 10 spots (A-I for botany, G-J for zoology) that students must identify and comment on. Spot A involves identifying two plants (maize and salvia) and commenting on their floral adaptations for pollination. Spot B involves identifying and commenting on stages of meiosis. Spot C identifies and comments on techniques like emasculation, bagging, and tagging. Spot D identifies plants and comments on their xeric or aquatic adaptations. Spot E identifies plant pigments separated via paper chromatography. Spot F identifies and describes the vascular system of an anatropous ovule. Spots G-J identify
Spot A shows an entomophilous flower pollinated by insects. Spot B shows a blastula, a spherical mass of cells with an inner cell mass and central blastocoel. Spot C shows the section of an ovary consisting of an outer cortex containing ovarian follicles in various stages of development within the inner medulla.
Topics Covered:-
1 Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
2 Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
3 Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
4 Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
5 Study the effect of different temperatures or three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
6 Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya.
7 Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, and birds).
8 Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
9 Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
10 T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
11 Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, Widows peak and colour blindness.
12 Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
13 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
14 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
15 Appendix
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
The document discusses the evolutionary significance of the Ammocoete larva stage of lampreys. Some key points:
1. The Ammocoete larva exhibits many primitive chordate properties and some early vertebrate traits like a dorsal nerve chord.
2. The larva lives filter feeding in freshwater for 3-7 years, looking similar to lancelets, before undergoing dramatic changes to transform into the parasitic adult form and transition to saltwater.
3. The larval stage is important as it represents one of the most primitive and generalized vertebrate forms, showing traits intermediate between lancelets and vertebrates.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
Reproduction In Organisms-CBSE Class XII Biologyshivrajrath
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms for class 12 biology. It discusses the different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, spore formation, or vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, gamete transfer through processes like pollination, syngamy and fertilization to form a zygote, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can be external or internal, and in animals it can result in oviparous offspring that are laid as eggs or viviparous offspring that develop internally.
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
Frogs undergo a process called metamorphosis from egg to adult. Metamorphosis is regulated by hormones and allows the frog to transition from an aquatic tadpole with gills and tail to a terrestrial adult with lungs and legs. The life cycle begins with an egg that hatches into an embryo with forming organs; it then emerges as a tadpole that lives in water and feeds on algae. Over several weeks, limbs grow and organs like lungs develop as the tadpole transforms into a froglet. Finally, after 11 weeks, a fully developed frog with lungs and legs emerges from the water to live on land.
Spot A shows an entomophilous flower pollinated by insects. Spot B shows a blastula, a spherical mass of cells with an inner cell mass and central blastocoel. Spot C shows the section of an ovary consisting of an outer cortex containing ovarian follicles in various stages of development within the inner medulla.
Topics Covered:-
1 Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
2 Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
3 Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
4 Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
5 Study the effect of different temperatures or three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
6 Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya.
7 Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, and birds).
8 Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
9 Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
10 T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
11 Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, Widows peak and colour blindness.
12 Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
13 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
14 Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
15 Appendix
1) The body of the earthworm is divided into over 100 segments that are similar. It has a clitellum, a prostomium, and genital openings.
2) The digestive system includes a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut, and hindgut. The circulatory system is closed.
3) The excretory system includes nephridia and nephridiopores. Earthworms are hermaphrodites with both male and female reproductive organs.
The document discusses the evolutionary significance of the Ammocoete larva stage of lampreys. Some key points:
1. The Ammocoete larva exhibits many primitive chordate properties and some early vertebrate traits like a dorsal nerve chord.
2. The larva lives filter feeding in freshwater for 3-7 years, looking similar to lancelets, before undergoing dramatic changes to transform into the parasitic adult form and transition to saltwater.
3. The larval stage is important as it represents one of the most primitive and generalized vertebrate forms, showing traits intermediate between lancelets and vertebrates.
Are we not lucky that plants reproduce sexually? The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at, the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours that attract us, are all there as an aid to sexual reproduction. Flowers do not exist only for us to be used for our own selfishness. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
in this slide the chapter explanation is according to NCERT Syllabus which would be helping students in every field..
Reproduction In Organisms-CBSE Class XII Biologyshivrajrath
This document summarizes reproduction in organisms for class 12 biology. It discusses the different types of reproduction including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through fission, budding, spore formation, or vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves gametogenesis, gamete transfer through processes like pollination, syngamy and fertilization to form a zygote, and post-fertilization development of the zygote into an embryo. Sexual reproduction can be external or internal, and in animals it can result in oviparous offspring that are laid as eggs or viviparous offspring that develop internally.
Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that first began living on land. They are cold-blooded with scaly skin and lay eggs on land. Their skin is covered in scales, scutes, or bony plates instead of hair or fur. They have lungs with a large surface area, a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles), and shed their skin through moulting.
Frogs undergo a process called metamorphosis from egg to adult. Metamorphosis is regulated by hormones and allows the frog to transition from an aquatic tadpole with gills and tail to a terrestrial adult with lungs and legs. The life cycle begins with an egg that hatches into an embryo with forming organs; it then emerges as a tadpole that lives in water and feeds on algae. Over several weeks, limbs grow and organs like lungs develop as the tadpole transforms into a froglet. Finally, after 11 weeks, a fully developed frog with lungs and legs emerges from the water to live on land.
Chapter 5 principles of inheritance and variationmohan bio
- Mendelian genetics deals with the study of heredity and variation through experiments in pea plants by Gregor Mendel.
- Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance through experiments showing traits are inherited in dominant and recessive patterns.
- His work was later combined with the chromosomal theory of inheritance which showed genes are located on chromosomes and segregate during gamete formation according to Mendel's laws.
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures and processes of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, which produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis. The microspores develop into pollen grains, and the megaspore develops into the embryo sac. Fertilization occurs when a pollen tube delivers sperm to the embryo sac, resulting in the fusion of gametes and formation of a zygote. The document contrasts the differences between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and discusses self-incompatibility and techniques like emasculation and bagging used to facilitate controlled pollination.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
Reproduction in sycon, Asexual & Sexual reproduction, Gemmule processSoniaBajaj10
Sycon shows both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through budding and regeneration. Budding involves small projections growing from the basal region that later separate and attach to form new individuals. Regeneration allows cut pieces to regrow into complete sponges. Sexually, Sycon is hermaphroditic, producing both sperm and eggs from choanocytes or archaeocytes. Fertilization is internal, with sperm entering with water currents and fertilizing eggs. Development proceeds through cleavage, blastula, stomoblastula, and gastrulation stages to form a young sponge called an olynthus. Some sponges also form resistant gemmules for asexual reproduction during unfavor
1. Reproduction is essential for the continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction - asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and sexual reproduction which involves two parents of opposite sex.
2. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction through structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers etc. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of haploid gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
3. In plants, sexual reproduction occurs through flowers which contain male stamens and female pistils. Fertilization results in the formation of seeds and fruits. In animals, fertil
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
1. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA act as genetic material in living organisms, with DNA serving as the primary genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed on to offspring.
2. Early experiments established that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material through transformation and infection experiments.
3. DNA was shown to be stable and able to replicate, with base-pairing allowing for the duplication of genetic information. While RNA also replicates, it is less stable than DNA due to its structure.
1. The document describes the structure of Herdmania pallida, a species of ascidian.
2. It has an oblong body up to 13 cm long that is divided into a body proper and foot, both covered by a leathery test.
3. The test contains cells, fibrils, calcareous spicules, and branching blood vessels that end in bulb-like ampullae, giving the test a pink color with red patches.
This document provides information about Rajveer Atal's 12th class biology investigatory project on microbes. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction on microbes. It then discusses various uses of microbes in areas like food, water treatment, energy production, chemical and enzyme production, and science. It also briefly mentions uses of microbes in warfare. The conclusion summarizes that microbes play an important role in ecology and various industries through functions like decomposition, and production of enzymes, antibiotics, fuels and more.
Reproduction ensures continuity of species generation after generations as the older individuals undergo senescence and die. Flowering plants shows sexual mode of reproduction and bears complex reproductive units as male and female reproductive units along with accessary structures.
Flower is a modified stem which functions as a reproductive organ and produces ova and/or pollen. A typical angiospermic flower consists of four whorls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium (male reproductive organ consisting of stamens) and gynoecium (composed of ovary, style and stigma) .
Table of Contents:
a. Structure
b. Reproductive Structure
c. Androecium
d. Microsporogenesis
e. Gynoecium
f. Megasporogenesis
g. Pollination
h. Fertilization
i. Functions
Explore sexual reproduction in flowering plants notes to learn about the reproductive structure of the flower and the process of pollination.
The excretory system of pila consists of a single large kidney located on the left side of the body. The kidney contains two chambers - an anterior renal chamber and a larger posterior renal chamber. The anterior renal chamber communicates with the posterior chamber on one end and the branchial chamber through a nephridiopore on the other. The posterior renal chamber communicates with the anterior chamber and the pericardium through an opening called the nephrostome. Primary urine is formed from the filtration of blood in the pericardial cavity and passes through the nephrostome into the kidney where it is modified before being discharged through the nephridiopore and removed by outgoing water currents.
The document discusses biodiversity at three hierarchical levels - genetic, species, and ecological diversity. It provides examples of genetic diversity within different species. Species diversity depends on the number and richness of species in a region. Ecological diversity includes different ecosystem types. Tropical regions generally have higher biodiversity than temperate or polar areas. Species richness increases with area up to a limit based on species-area relationships. The document outlines threats to biodiversity from habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinctions.
There are three main types of metamorphosis in insects: ametabolous, gradual (incomplete), and complete. Ametabolous insects like springtails undergo simple growth without morphological changes between immature and adult stages. Gradually metamorphosing insects like grasshoppers change gradually through nymph stages that resemble adults. Completely metamorphosing insects like butterflies undergo a dramatic transformation through distinct larva and pupa stages before emerging as adults. The production and cessation of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata gland controls whether an insect remains immature or undergoes metamorphosis into an adult form.
Peripatus is a genus of nocturnal, carnivorous velvet worms found in Central and South America. They live under rocks and wood in tropical regions. Peripatus have cylindrical, segmented bodies with 14 pairs of appendages along their sides. They exhibit traits linking them to both annelid worms and arthropods, making them an important example in evolutionary biology.
This document discusses polymorphism in siphonophores, which are hydrozoan organisms. Siphonophores exhibit polymorphism, where different individuals take on specialized forms and functions. Some of the polymorphic forms seen in siphonophores include cormidia, siphonoglyphs, tasters, bracts, pneumatophores, trichters, and gonophores. The document poses questions about what polymorphism is, why it developed in siphonophores, and the different polymorphic forms among their polyps and medusae.
Snakes have well-formed biting apparatuses coupled with toxic venoms produced by poison glands. Their fangs are long, pointed, and hollow, allowing venom to be injected. The biting mechanism involves opening the mouth through muscle contraction, rotating the maxilla bone to erect the fangs, and then closing the mouth to inject venom. Snake venoms contain complex chemical mixtures including enzymes and proteins that can be neurotoxic, causing paralysis, or haemotoxic, resulting in tissue damage and hemorrhaging. The first aid treatment for a snake bite involves remaining calm, immobilizing the bitten area, seeking medical help, and avoiding actions like cutting the wound or sucking out venom.
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,AffinitiesSoniaBajaj10
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
This document provides information about metamorphosis and frog development. It defines metamorphosis and describes the indirect development process that frogs undergo, starting as an egg laying tadpole and transforming through developmental stages into an adult frog. Key stages in a frog's life cycle are outlined, and the role of hormones like thyroxine in facilitating metamorphosis is explained. The document aims to teach students about these concepts through text, videos and a suggested hands-on art activity using modeling or mosaics.
1. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants that contain male and female parts.
2. Leaves take in carbon dioxide and water, and through photosynthesis, produce oxygen and sugars to fuel plant growth. Specialized structures called stomata allow for gas exchange.
3. Plants can reproduce both sexually, through pollination and fertilization to produce seeds, and asexually through methods like bulbs, rhizomes, cuttings, and tissue culture.
Chapter 5 principles of inheritance and variationmohan bio
- Mendelian genetics deals with the study of heredity and variation through experiments in pea plants by Gregor Mendel.
- Mendel discovered the laws of inheritance through experiments showing traits are inherited in dominant and recessive patterns.
- His work was later combined with the chromosomal theory of inheritance which showed genes are located on chromosomes and segregate during gamete formation according to Mendel's laws.
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures and processes of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, which produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis. The microspores develop into pollen grains, and the megaspore develops into the embryo sac. Fertilization occurs when a pollen tube delivers sperm to the embryo sac, resulting in the fusion of gametes and formation of a zygote. The document contrasts the differences between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and discusses self-incompatibility and techniques like emasculation and bagging used to facilitate controlled pollination.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
DENTITION IN MAMMALS
The study of arrangement structure and number of types of teeth collectively is called as dentition. Teeth are present in the foetal as well as in adults of mammals, based on the presence of teeth Mammals are two types.
Edentata : In some animals teeth are absent hence called as edentate. e.g., Echidna or spiny ant-eater (Tachyglossus) the teeth are absent in all stages of life.
Dentata : Teeth are present in all mammals though a secon¬dary toothless condition is found in some mammals. Modern turtles and birds lack teeth. The adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus) bears epidermal teeth but no true teeth are present. In platypus embryonic teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth in adult.
Classification According to the Shape and Size of the Teeth:
Homodont:
Homodont or Isodont type of teeth is a condition where the teeth are all alike in their shape and size in the toothed whales e.g., Pinnipedians. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles and in the extinct toothed birds.
Heterodont
Heterodont condition is the usual feature in mammals, i.e. the teeth are distinguished according to their shape, size and function. The function is also different at different parts of the tooth row.
According to the Mode of Attachment of Teeth:
Thecodont : The teeth are lodged in bony sockets or alveoli of the jaw bone and capillaries and nerves enter the pulp cavity through the open tips of the hollow roots e.g., mammals, crocodiles and in some fishes.
Acrodont: The teeth are fused to the surface of the underlying jawbone. They have no roots and are attached to the edge of the jawbone by fibrous membrane e.g., fishes, amphibians and some reptiles.
Pleurodont:
The teeth are attached to the inner-side of the jawbone. The tooth touches the bone only with the outer surface of its root. In acrodont and pleurodont types of dentition, there are no roots, and nerves and blood vessels do not enter the pulp cavity at the base, e.g., Necturus (Amphibia) and some reptiles.
According to the Succession or Replace¬ment of Teeth:
Reproduction in sycon, Asexual & Sexual reproduction, Gemmule processSoniaBajaj10
Sycon shows both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs through budding and regeneration. Budding involves small projections growing from the basal region that later separate and attach to form new individuals. Regeneration allows cut pieces to regrow into complete sponges. Sexually, Sycon is hermaphroditic, producing both sperm and eggs from choanocytes or archaeocytes. Fertilization is internal, with sperm entering with water currents and fertilizing eggs. Development proceeds through cleavage, blastula, stomoblastula, and gastrulation stages to form a young sponge called an olynthus. Some sponges also form resistant gemmules for asexual reproduction during unfavor
1. Reproduction is essential for the continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction - asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and sexual reproduction which involves two parents of opposite sex.
2. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction through structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers etc. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of haploid gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
3. In plants, sexual reproduction occurs through flowers which contain male stamens and female pistils. Fertilization results in the formation of seeds and fruits. In animals, fertil
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
1. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA act as genetic material in living organisms, with DNA serving as the primary genetic material that is faithfully copied and passed on to offspring.
2. Early experiments established that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material through transformation and infection experiments.
3. DNA was shown to be stable and able to replicate, with base-pairing allowing for the duplication of genetic information. While RNA also replicates, it is less stable than DNA due to its structure.
1. The document describes the structure of Herdmania pallida, a species of ascidian.
2. It has an oblong body up to 13 cm long that is divided into a body proper and foot, both covered by a leathery test.
3. The test contains cells, fibrils, calcareous spicules, and branching blood vessels that end in bulb-like ampullae, giving the test a pink color with red patches.
This document provides information about Rajveer Atal's 12th class biology investigatory project on microbes. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction on microbes. It then discusses various uses of microbes in areas like food, water treatment, energy production, chemical and enzyme production, and science. It also briefly mentions uses of microbes in warfare. The conclusion summarizes that microbes play an important role in ecology and various industries through functions like decomposition, and production of enzymes, antibiotics, fuels and more.
Reproduction ensures continuity of species generation after generations as the older individuals undergo senescence and die. Flowering plants shows sexual mode of reproduction and bears complex reproductive units as male and female reproductive units along with accessary structures.
Flower is a modified stem which functions as a reproductive organ and produces ova and/or pollen. A typical angiospermic flower consists of four whorls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle: calyx, corolla, androecium (male reproductive organ consisting of stamens) and gynoecium (composed of ovary, style and stigma) .
Table of Contents:
a. Structure
b. Reproductive Structure
c. Androecium
d. Microsporogenesis
e. Gynoecium
f. Megasporogenesis
g. Pollination
h. Fertilization
i. Functions
Explore sexual reproduction in flowering plants notes to learn about the reproductive structure of the flower and the process of pollination.
The excretory system of pila consists of a single large kidney located on the left side of the body. The kidney contains two chambers - an anterior renal chamber and a larger posterior renal chamber. The anterior renal chamber communicates with the posterior chamber on one end and the branchial chamber through a nephridiopore on the other. The posterior renal chamber communicates with the anterior chamber and the pericardium through an opening called the nephrostome. Primary urine is formed from the filtration of blood in the pericardial cavity and passes through the nephrostome into the kidney where it is modified before being discharged through the nephridiopore and removed by outgoing water currents.
The document discusses biodiversity at three hierarchical levels - genetic, species, and ecological diversity. It provides examples of genetic diversity within different species. Species diversity depends on the number and richness of species in a region. Ecological diversity includes different ecosystem types. Tropical regions generally have higher biodiversity than temperate or polar areas. Species richness increases with area up to a limit based on species-area relationships. The document outlines threats to biodiversity from habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinctions.
There are three main types of metamorphosis in insects: ametabolous, gradual (incomplete), and complete. Ametabolous insects like springtails undergo simple growth without morphological changes between immature and adult stages. Gradually metamorphosing insects like grasshoppers change gradually through nymph stages that resemble adults. Completely metamorphosing insects like butterflies undergo a dramatic transformation through distinct larva and pupa stages before emerging as adults. The production and cessation of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata gland controls whether an insect remains immature or undergoes metamorphosis into an adult form.
Peripatus is a genus of nocturnal, carnivorous velvet worms found in Central and South America. They live under rocks and wood in tropical regions. Peripatus have cylindrical, segmented bodies with 14 pairs of appendages along their sides. They exhibit traits linking them to both annelid worms and arthropods, making them an important example in evolutionary biology.
This document discusses polymorphism in siphonophores, which are hydrozoan organisms. Siphonophores exhibit polymorphism, where different individuals take on specialized forms and functions. Some of the polymorphic forms seen in siphonophores include cormidia, siphonoglyphs, tasters, bracts, pneumatophores, trichters, and gonophores. The document poses questions about what polymorphism is, why it developed in siphonophores, and the different polymorphic forms among their polyps and medusae.
Snakes have well-formed biting apparatuses coupled with toxic venoms produced by poison glands. Their fangs are long, pointed, and hollow, allowing venom to be injected. The biting mechanism involves opening the mouth through muscle contraction, rotating the maxilla bone to erect the fangs, and then closing the mouth to inject venom. Snake venoms contain complex chemical mixtures including enzymes and proteins that can be neurotoxic, causing paralysis, or haemotoxic, resulting in tissue damage and hemorrhaging. The first aid treatment for a snake bite involves remaining calm, immobilizing the bitten area, seeking medical help, and avoiding actions like cutting the wound or sucking out venom.
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,AffinitiesSoniaBajaj10
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
This document provides information about metamorphosis and frog development. It defines metamorphosis and describes the indirect development process that frogs undergo, starting as an egg laying tadpole and transforming through developmental stages into an adult frog. Key stages in a frog's life cycle are outlined, and the role of hormones like thyroxine in facilitating metamorphosis is explained. The document aims to teach students about these concepts through text, videos and a suggested hands-on art activity using modeling or mosaics.
1. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants that contain male and female parts.
2. Leaves take in carbon dioxide and water, and through photosynthesis, produce oxygen and sugars to fuel plant growth. Specialized structures called stomata allow for gas exchange.
3. Plants can reproduce both sexually, through pollination and fertilization to produce seeds, and asexually through methods like bulbs, rhizomes, cuttings, and tissue culture.
The document summarizes the morphology of flowering plants. It describes the main parts of a flowering plant - roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. It discusses the different root systems and modifications of roots, stems and leaves. It also explains the structures and modifications of flowers including the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Inflorescence patterns and symmetry of flowers are also summarized.
- The document is about angiosperms and provides information over 3 paragraphs.
- It defines angiosperms as flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits and have flowers, fruits, and seeds. They make up the majority of plant species.
- It describes the basic structures of angiosperms including their root systems of taproots and fibrous roots, and shoot systems of stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- Key details are provided about the morphology and functions of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive parts of flowers.
This document provides an overview of plant biology, including:
- The general characteristics of plants including their eukaryotic, multicellular nature and ability to perform photosynthesis.
- The vital functions of plants including nutrition through photosynthesis, interaction through tropisms and nastic movements, and reproduction both asexually through spores and fragments and sexually through gametes and seeds.
- A classification of plants into those with and without seeds and those that are deciduous or evergreen.
The document then provides more details on the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, transport within plants, reproduction and the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and the hierarchical classification system used for living organisms. It discusses the five kingdom system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and describes some key characteristics of each kingdom. Within the kingdoms, there are further classifications into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The classification system aims to systematically organize all of Earth's life in a way that solves naming confusions and groups organisms with similar traits. Scientific names are written in Latin and follow specific formatting rules to uniquely identify each species.
This document discusses plants, including their characteristics, types, and life cycles. It begins by defining plants and describing some key plant structures. It then separates plants into two main groups: nonvascular and vascular plants. For nonvascular plants, it describes characteristics and provides examples like liverworts and mosses. It explains the alternation of generations life cycle. For vascular plants, it notes the presence of xylem and phloem tissue and describes seedless vascular plant divisions like whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails and ferns.
This document summarizes plant reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods discussed include vegetative propagation through roots, stems, runners, and leaves. Artificial methods like cuttings, grafting, and budding are also covered. Sexual reproduction involves flowers and pollination, with descriptions of floral parts and structures. Both self-pollination and cross-pollination are discussed. Various pollination mechanisms like wind, water, insect, bird and other animal pollination are described along with associated floral adaptations. Microsporogenesis and development of male and female gametophytes are summarized.
Plants and animals can reproduce both asexually and sexually. In asexual reproduction, offspring are identical clones of the parent, while sexual reproduction requires the fertilization of egg and sperm to produce offspring with unique combinations of traits. Plants undergo mitosis or meiosis and have structures like flowers, fruits, and spores to facilitate reproduction. Their life cycles and methods of asexual reproduction vary. Animals also use mitosis, meiosis, and sexual reproduction involving male and female gametes. Fertilization results in offspring with a mix of parents' traits. Both kingdoms pass genetic material to offspring through DNA and chromosomes.
The document discusses the structures and functions of plant organs and tissues, dividing plants into two main groups - bryophytes which lack specialized tissues for transport, and tracheophytes which have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Key plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures are described. The transport systems allow tracheophytes to grow larger by moving water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.
Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce food from carbon dioxide and water using chlorophyll and energy from sunlight. They have vascular tissues that transport water, minerals and food throughout the plant. Plants reproduce sexually through flowers that facilitate pollination and fertilization to produce fruits and seeds. Seeds contain embryos that germinate under the right conditions of water and temperature to form new plants.
Sexual reproduction in the Marchantia genus of plants is oogamous. The plants are dioecious, with male antheridia and female archegonia located on separate individuals. Antheridia and archegonia develop on specialized stalked structures called antheridiophores and archegoniophores, respectively. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the antheridia are splashed by water onto the female archegonia. This results in the fertilized egg or zygote, which will grow into the sporophyte generation. The sporophyte produces spores that will disperse and germinate to form a new gametophyte generation, completing the life cycle of
This is a Life Cycle of Shpagnum, A good content for Masters Students. (But this content is not made by me...but i thought that this will help many students who are in search for content)
Thank you 😊
The document describes the morphology and anatomy of flower parts, including the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses the structures, shapes, fusion, and other characteristics of each floral whorl. Key parts include the sepals, petals, stamens, pistil, ovary, style, and stigma. The summary provides high-level information on the flower parts and their defining features.
The document discusses the shoot apical meristem, which generates the aerial organs of plants. It has three layers (L1, L2, L3) that contribute to stem and organ formation. The meristem also contains zones - a central zone of stem cells, a peripheral zone where leaves form, and a rib zone that forms the stem. The meristem maintains a population of stem cells and generates organs through coordinated cell division and differentiation.
This document describes the key characteristics of the major plant kingdoms - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It covers their structures, life cycles, reproduction methods, and important examples. The major differences between plant kingdoms are summarized in tables, such as chlorophyll types, reserve foods, cell wall components, habitat, and economic uses. Classification systems from artificial to phylogenetic are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of plant structures and classifications. It discusses that plants are classified into kingdoms based on their tissues and reproductive structures. The main groupings discussed are non-vascular plants like mosses, vascular plants without seeds like ferns, and vascular plants with seeds which are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Key structures of plants mentioned include leaves, which perform photosynthesis, stems which transport water and nutrients, roots which absorb water and minerals, and flowers which produce seeds. The document also provides examples to illustrate plant tissues, leaf structures, root systems, and adaptations.
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2. H.S.C - BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
Q.4 IDENTIFICATION (10 marks)
1 mark for each spot A To I
½ mark – identify
½ mark – comment
(Botany: A To F & Zoology: G To J)
3. A. Name the plant and comment on the floral adaptation for
type of pollination.
Maize plant -
• It shows floral adaptation for wind
pollination/ Anemophily.
• The flowers are unisexual and plant
is monoecious. Male inflorescence is
terminal while female inflorescence
is axillary.
• Flowers are small, unattractive ,
odorless, nectar less. Perianth is
reduced to two lodicules.
• Anthers are versatile; pollens are
light in weight & large in number.
4. Salvia -
• Flowers are adapted to Insect
pollination/ Entomophily.
• They are bisexual attractive & have
bright colored petals
• The nectar and the nectar glands are
present in flower and they are
situated in such a way that when
insect tries to reach the nectar gland,
it wings and body parts will definitely
touch the anther and stigma.
• Salvia shows blipped corolla. The
larger lip encloses style and stigma.
There are two stamens located at the
mouth of corolla tube.
• The pollination mechanism in salvia is
A. Name the plant and comment on the floral adaptation for type
of pollination
5. B. Identify and comment on the stage of Meiosis
Anaphase –I
• It is an important stage of meiosis-I, as
reduction division takes place in this
stage i.e. chromosome number is
reduced to half of the total number.
• spindle fibers start condensing, become
shorter and pull chromosomes
(homologues) toward opposite poles.
• It results in the separation and dragging
of recombined homologous
chromosomes towards opposite poles.
6. B. Identify and comment on the stage of Meiosis
Telophase-I
• In this phase chromosomes reach
the opposite poles.
• Nucleolus gets reorganized and
then reappears.
• Nuclear membrane gets
developed around each set of
chromosomes, forming two
daughter nuclei.
7. c. Identify and comment on the technique.
Emasculation -
• Emasculation is done to prevent self
pollination.
• Emasculation is the removal of young
anthers of stamens in the plant selected
female parents, Well be fore anthesis .i.e.
formation of pollen grains.
• Bisexual flower of a plant which is
selected female parent is emasculated.
• Buds are opened and stamens removed
mechanically by forceps are or by giving
hot water treatment.
8. c. Identify and comment on the technique.
Bagging –
• Emasculated flowers are then
bagged in polythene bags or sterile
paper bags to prevent pollination
by undesired pollens. This is called
as bagging.
• The desired pollen grains are
dusted on the mature stigma of
emasculated flower by opening the
bag temporarily.
9. c.Identify and comment on the technique.
Tagging -
• Tag is tied to the bag. The tag
carries brief in information
about the names selected
parent varieties.
• Day, date and time of
emasculation, anthesis and
actual crossing are recorded on
the tag.
10. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation.
Calotropis procera (Rui)
• It is a non succulent xerophyte.
• The leaves are thick and
leathery.
• The plant contains milky latex.
11. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation.
Acacia arabica (Babool)
• It is a non succulent xerophyte
• Leaves are bipinnately compound,
leaflets are very small in size to
reduce transpiration.
• The stipules are modified into
spines to reduce transpiration and
also to protect the plant against
grazing animals.
12. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation.
Opuntia dilleni (Nagphani)
• It is a succulent xerophyte.
• Leaves are modified into spines
to reduce transpiration
• Stem is modified into
phylloclade to perform
photosynthesis and store water.
13. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation.
Hydrilla
• It is a submerged hydrophyte.
• The stem is soft, slender without
mechanical tissue.
• Leaves are arranged in whorls.
Cuticle and stomata are absent.
• The entire plant is covered by
mucilage.
14. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation.
Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth)
• It is a free floating hydrophyte
• Stem is modified into offset, it is
spongy due to aerenchyma.
• The petioles are swollen due to
air chambers.
• Roots are adventitious and have
root pockets.
• Root hair is absent.
15. D. Name the plant and comment on its xeric/ aquatic
adaptation
Typha (Cat tail)
• It is an amphibious anchored
hydrophyte.
• Stem is rhizome with adventitious
roots.
• The leaves are long, linear, soft and
spongy.
• Leaves have mechanical tissue hence
stand erect.
• Cuticle and stomata also present on
the leaves.
16. E. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography.
• Aim- To study the separation of plant pigments by paper
chromatography.
• Observation- The chromatography paper strip shows four
different color distinct bands from the loaded spot up to
the top in the following sequence:
i. Yellow green
ii. Blue green
iii. Yellow
iv. Orange
• Conclusion-
The pigments travel at different rates along the
chromatography paper on the basis of their molecular
weight and solubility in the solvent.
Chloroplast of Spinach leaves contain four different pigments.
• Chlorophyll b- yellowish green
• Chlorophyll a- bluish green
• Xanthophyll- yellow
• Carotene – orange
These four pigments are found in all higher plants.
17. E. Rate of transpiration by four leaf experiment
• Aim- To study the comparative rate of transpiration in upper and lower
surface of leaf by using four leaf experiment.
• Observation-
Sr. no. Type of leaf Observation
1 A looks fresh & green
2 B Slightly dry
3 C Drier than leaf B
4 D Dries completely
18. • Conclusion-
Leaf A: Vaseline is applied on both the
surfaces therefore no transpiration
occurs and leaf is fresh.
Leaf B: Vaseline is applied on lower
surface, so very less transpiration
occurs as number of stomata are less
on upper surface. Therefore the leaf is
slightly dry.
Leaf C: Vaseline is applied on upper
surface so more transpiration occurs
as number of stomata are more on
lower surface. Thus the leaf is more
dry than leaf B
Leaf D: Vaseline is not applied to any
surface. So transpiration occurs from
both surfaces and the leaf dries
completely.
19. F. Identify and describe.
V.S OF ANATROPOUS OVULE:
• It is the most common type of ovule in
Angiosperms.
• Anatropous ovule has bent axis with
micropyle directed downwards.
• It is covered by two integuments
• It consists of embryo sac (female
gametophyte)
• Embryo sac consists of egg apparatus, 2
polar nuclei and 3 antipodal cells.
20. G. Identify the disease causing organism and comment
on the symptoms of the disease caused.
Plasmodium
• Plasmodium causes Malaria
• Symptoms of Malaria include fever,
shivering caused by the release of
hemozoin arthralgia (joint pain),
vomiting, anemia(caused by
hemolysis).
• Cyclic occurrence of sudden coldness
followed by rigor and then fever ,
sweating , lasting for 4 to 6 hours,
occurring every two days.
21. G. Identify the disease causing organism and comment
on the symptoms of the disease caused.
Entamoeba histolytica
• It causes amoebiasis in man.
• Symptoms include amoebic
dysentery, abscess in liver, lungs
& brain.
• Passing out of stool with blood
and mucus
• Abdominal pains, nausea and
bowel irregularity
22. G. Identify the disease causing organism and
comment on the symptoms of the disease caused.
Ascaris -
• The disease caused by Ascaris is
called Ascariasis.
• The common symptom is vague
abdominal pain.
• In severe cases, the patient may
experience restlessness, weight
loss, anorexia, distended abdomen,
intermittent loose stool &
occasional vomiting.
23. G. Identify the disease causing organism and
comment on the symptoms of the disease caused.
Ringworm -
• It is a fungus which infects hair
and feed on keratin.
• It causes dermatomycosis.
• Symptoms of ringworm are red
ring patches lesions on the skin.
• Intense itching and scaly skin.
24. H. Name the part of the brain and mention its function.
CEREBRUM- Largest part of the brain.
• 4 lobes
i. Frontal lobe- controls voluntary
activities , it is related with memory,
intelligence, problem solving,
judgement, reasoning etc.
ii. Parietal lobe- controls sensation of
touch, pressure, pain & temperature.
iii. Temporal lobe- control centers of
smell, hearing & speech.
iv. Occipital lobe- control sense of
vision.
25. H. Name the part of the brain and mention its function.
CEREBELLUM-
• Second largest part of brain.
• Maintains equilibrium, posture,
balancing etc.
• It is center for neuromuscular
activities like walking, running
etc.
26. H. Name the part of the brain and mention its function.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA -
• Controls involuntary vital
functions such as heart beat,
respiration, peristalsis.
• Controls non vital activities such
as coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, vomiting, yawning.
27. I. Identify and describe the permanent slide
T.S of Testis -
• Each testis contains 200-300 seminiferous
tubules.
• Seminiferous tubule is lined by cuboidal
germinal epithelium.
• It shows different stages of
spermatogenesis which are
spermatogonium, primary and secondary
spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms.
• Few large pyramidal cells called
Sertoli/Nurse cells are present interrupting
the germinal epithelium. These provide
nourishment to the sperms till maturation.
29. I. Identify and describe the permanent slide
T.S of Ovary –
• Internally the ovary shows compact
structure with outer cortex and inner
medulla.
• The medulla shows connective tissue called
stroma. The cortex is lined by germinal
epithelium.
• Different stages of developing ovarian
follicles are seen in the cortex.
• As the follicle grows, it forms secondary
and mature Graafian follicle.
• One ovum from the mature follicle is
released from an ovary in every menstrual
cycle after which mass of yellow cells called
corpus luteum (CL), formed in the cavity of
empty Graafian follicle .If the ovum is not
fertilized, the CL degenerates into a white
body called Corpus Albicans.
31. I. Identify and describe the permanent slide
V.S of Blastula –
• It shows outermost, small, flattened
cell layer called Trophoblast.
• It encloses a cavity called blastocoel
and an inner cell mass/ embryonal
knob
• The inner cell mass is attached to the
trophoblast on one side. The
trophoblast cells in contact with the
inner cell mass are called cells of
Rauber.
33. J. Identify the animal and comment on its xeric/aquatic
adaptation.
CAMEL -
• It is a xerocole animal, adapted to
desert conditions
• It excretes concentrated urine in order
to conserve water.
• It accumulates fat in the hump so that
heat flows away from the body and
inward flow of heat is prevented.
• It has long eye-lashes that protect eye
from sand dunes/ strong winds.
34. J. Identify the animal and comment on its
xeric/aquatic adaptation
KANGAROO RAT –
• It is a xerocole rodent, nocturnal
in habit to avoid heat of the day
and to have humid air inside.
• Kangaroo rat neither sweat nor
pant to keep itself cool.
35. J. Identify the animal and comment on its
xeric/aquatic adaptation
ROHU -
• It is a fresh water fish.
• Body is laterally compressed and
streamlined in order to minimize
resistance of water and thus reduce
friction with water.
• Presence of gills for respiration which
help in exchange of gases in water.
• Body is covered by scales to prevent
osmotic entry of water into the body.
36. J. Identify the animal and comment on its
xeric/aquatic adaptation
DOLPHIN -
• It is an aquatic mammal.
• Body is streamlined, smooth and
furless to reduce friction.
• The position of nostrils near the top
of the head facilitates easy breathing
when animal reaches the surface of
water for breathing.
• Flippers for steering, slowing and
going up & down or out of water.