Slides on Tourism Development Evolution

1. 1.2. Evolution of Development Concepts

2. Learning Outcome
• By end of this section, you will be able
to:
1. Explain the history of development.
2. State the connection of
development to tourism concepts.
3. Identify several models of tourism
development.

3. History
• Traditionally, development has been
defined in terms of western-style
modernisation achieved through
economic growth
(Redclift, 1987 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
• Role of economic forces to bring about
the development of a society.
(Mabogunje, 1980 as cited in Telfer, 2002)

4. History
• 1950s and 1960s, the path of development
relates to the series of economic steps or stages
(Rostow, 1960 as cited in Telfer, 2002 )
• As a result, development came to be defined
according to economic measurements ; eg: GNP
or per capita GNP, or according to economic
structural criteria.
(Telfer, 2002)
• Same goes to social, economic and political
structures.

5. History
• Late 1960s, many countries economic growth was failed
to solve social and political problems (Seers, 1969 as
cited in Telfer, 2002) and some countries had realised
their economic growth targets, but ‘the levels of living of
the masses of people remained for the most part
unchanged’ (Todaro, 2000: 14 as cited in Telfer, 2002).
• Although at this point, the aims of development had
become more broadly defined with investment in
education, housing and health facilities.

6. History
• During the 1970s, the widespread of
poverty and unemployment cause a
new view to consider broader
definition of development concept.
• Social objectives has contribute to
enhance the concept of development
which include total human needs,
values and standards of the good life.

7. History
• 1980s realise the emergence of the concept of global sustainable
development according to Brundtland Report
(WCED, 1987)
• 1990s, the United Nations Development Programme’s on Human
Development Report defines development as the enlargement of
people’s choices, the most critical being to lead a long, healthy
life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources
needed for a decent standard of living.
(UNDP, 1990)

8. History
• 2015 – Millennium Development Goals.
(United Nations Foundations, 2015)

9. History
• 2020s – Sustainable
Development Goals,
Transforming our
World: the 2030
Agenda for
Sustainable
Development
(United Nations, 2015)

10. History
• The evolution of development concept is
a complex, multidimensional process
which not only embraces economic
growth, but include other indicators
towards a positive change of social,
political, cultural, human condition and
ecology.

11. Tourism Development Concept
• Tourism development is being viewed
through three stages:
1. Discovery of an area by tourists.
2. Tourists flows increase and host
societies respond to the economic
activity.
3. Fully institutionalized.
(Noronha, 1976 as cited in Gartner, 1996)

12. Tourism Development Concept
• Miossec (1977) as cited in Gartner
1996, identify destination evolution
through physical change based on four
levels:
1. Development of facilities
( eg: resort)
2. Development of Transport
3. Development of Tourists Behavior
4. Attitudes of decision makers and
population of receiving regions.

13. Tourism Development Concept
Phases Resorts Transportation Tourist ‘s
Behavior
The attitude of
the local
decision factors
and of the host
population
0 The area is
unknown to
tourists
The area is
isolated,
transportation
network is
missing
Lack of
interest and
of knowledge
Oscillates
between mirage
and refusal
1 In the area
appear a first
resort
Opening the
connections to
other areas
Vague local
perception
Observation

14. Tourism Development Concept
Phases Resorts Transportation Tourists’
behaviour
The attitude
of the local
decision
factors and of
the host
population
2 Multiplying resorts The development
of the
transportation
network between
resorts
Progress in the
perception of
the places and
itinerary
The
preoccupation
for improving
the
infrastructure
that serves the
resorts

15. Tourism Development Concept
Phases Resorts Transportation Tourist’s
Behavior
The attitude
of the local
decision
factors and of
the host
population
4 Hierarchic
specialisation’s
saturation
Diverse system of
connections
The
disintegration
of the space
of perception;
populating the
area;
saturation and
crisis
Total tourism;
planned
development;
measures for
ecologic
protection
Sources: adapted from Miossec (1976).

16. Tourism Development Concept
 Butler (1980), portrays
tourism development
through six stages:
1. Exploration
2. Involvement
3. Development
4. Consolidation
5. Stagnation
6. Decline

17. Tourism Development Concept
 Gartner (1996) conclude tourism
development concept as an
evolutionary process
encompassing noticeable
economic, physical or social
restructuring.
 The process of increasing quality
of life for tourists and host
societies.

18. Conclusion
• Traditionally, the western ideology still
dominates the way people clarify the
meaning of development.
• Tourism development models are being
introduced to evaluate a tourism
destination in a way to sustain it for future
generation.