1/29/21, 6(51 AMPrint
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1Juvenile Delinquency:
Background and
Measurement
ncognet0/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish
the following objectives:
Explain the complexity of defining juvenile
delinquency.
Summarize the different types of juvenile
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Page 2 of 62https://content.ashford.edu/print/Johnson.5439.18.1?sections=ch01…ontent&clientToken=840e5552-9e5f-c60d-4b27-ceadc733ab34&np=cover
During the summer of 1999, 6-year-old Tiffany Eunick was staying with a friend of her mother. The friend's
12-year-old son, Lionel Tate, and Tiffany were playing while Lionel's mother was in another part of the home.
Two hours later, Lionel told his mother that Tiffany had stopped breathing. Lionel indicated that they were
playing a wrestling game. He admitted that he had had the little girl in a headlock and her head had hit the
table. Tiffany later died of her injuries. The autopsy indicated that Tiffany's injuries included a lacerated
spleen, fractured rib cage and skull, and damage to her liver (Canedy, 2001).
Lionel Tate became the youngest person in U.S. history to be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility
of parole. Eventually the case was overturned, allowing him to serve three years in prison; however, he
continued to have trouble with the law and currently resides in prison on an armed robbery conviction. The
case of Lionel Tate captured national attention not only because of the nature of the crime but also because of
the young age of the defendant.
Although violent crime among juveniles is cause for serious concern, other forms of delinquency, such as drug
and alcohol use among teens, can be equally concerning. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) asserts that alcohol and drug use among teens is a significant public health issue. The CDC
monitors drug and alcohol use among teenagers with a national school-based survey (visit
http://www.cdc.gov/yrbsshttp://www.cdc.gov/yrbss (http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss) (http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss) for more information). According to the survey, in
2017, 29.8% of high school students reported having at least one drink during the last 30 days before the
survey, 19.8% of students reported using marijuana one or more times during the 30 days before the survey,
and 6.2% had sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled paints or sprays to get high
one or more times during their life (Kann et al., 2018).
delinquency.
Describe how states attempt to define juvenile
delinquency in relation to age.
Evaluate the rates of delinquency and the three
primary techniques for measuring delinquency.
Analyze the benefits of using the three crime
measurements together.
http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss
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Page 3 of 62https:// ...
21921, 10(36 am print page 1 of 63httpscontent.ashford.abhi353063
The document discusses the history and current state of residential placement of juveniles. It describes how the number of juveniles in residential facilities has declined significantly in recent years due to reforms aimed at reducing the use of confinement. The document also provides data on the types of residential facilities that exist and the numbers of juveniles placed in each state.
Chapter 5 5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000,.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5
5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000, sells its units for $66, and has variable costs of $36 per unit.
Break-even analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute the break-even point.
b. Ms. Eaton comes up with a new plan to cut fixed costs to $200,000. However, more labor will now be required, which will increase variable costs per unit to $39. The sales price will remain at $66. What is the new break-even point?
c. Under the new plan, what is likely to happen to profitability at very high volume levels (compared to the old plan)?
10. The Sterling Tire Company’s income statement for 2013 is as follows:
Degree of leverage
(LO5-2 & 5-5)
STERLING TIRE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales (20,000 tires at $60 each)
$1,200,000
Less: Variable costs (20,000 tires at $30)
600,000
Fixed costs
400,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
$ 200,000
Interest expense
50,000
Earnings before taxes (EBT)
$ 150,000
Income tax expense (30%)
45,000
Earnings after taxes (EAT)
$ 105,000
Given this income statement, compute the following:
a. Degree of operating leverage.
b. Degree of financial leverage.
c. Degree of combined leverage.
d. Break-even point in units.
14. International Data Systems information on revenue and costs is only relevant up to a sales volume of 105,000 units. After 105,000 units, the market becomes saturated and the price per unit falls from $14.00 to $8.80. Also, there are cost overruns at a production volume of over 105,000 units, and variable cost per unit goes up from $7.00 to $8.00. Fixed costs remain the same at $55,000.
Nonlinear breakeven analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute operating income at 105,000 units.
b. Compute operating income at 205,000 units.
Chapter 6
Short-term versus longer-term borrowing
(LO6-3)
Intermediate Problems
9. Sauer Food Company has decided to buy a new computer system with an expected life of three years. The cost is $150,000. The company can borrow $150,000 for three years at 10 percent annual interest or for one year at 8 percent annual interest.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
9. Analyze violence, crime, and vandalism in schools.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 11:
Community Policing and Drugs
Chapter 12:
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
Unit Lesson
There are many correlations to crime. Correlations of crime include factors such as poverty, unemployment,
mental illness, IQ, and substance abuse. Many studies have been devoted to looking specifically at the
connection between drugs and crime. Youth throughout the entire United States are surveyed annually to
assess their initial and continued exposure to drugs through self, friends, and/or family use. Data describing
drug use across age groups report alarming trends. For example, more than half of young adults will have
tried at ...
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE 1
JUVENILE JUSTICE 21
Title of Project: Juvenile Justice System
XXXXXXX E. XXXX
Mentor: Prof. Christine Hansen
Liberal Arts Capstone (LIB-495-OL008)
State University
11 January 2018
Abstract
The Juvenile Justice Systems has been established with a significant aim of diverting adolescent offender’s destructive punitive actions of criminal courts as well as encouraging youth rehabilitation that is based on the needs of an individual juvenile. This system differs from adult criminal courts in numbers of ways. It looks at an adolescent as a person who needs assistance, instead of looking at the act that made him or her appearance before the court. The judge ought to act in the best suitable interests of the child. Juvenile court proceedings were always closed to the public. Juvenile records were also to remain very confidential so that they do not to interfere with the ability of the child or adolescent to be rehabilitated and merged back into the society. Juveniles are never charged with any crimes, instead of with delinquencies. They are never found guilty but instead, are considered delinquent. They are never sent to prison, but rather to training schools or reformatories. Treatment that incorporates the provision of educational facilities for juvenile offenders, counseling, and guidance, etc. are far better off than punishments that involve prison sentences or fines. This is so because a child would feel loved and cared for. This element plants a seed of love into the juvenile offender’s heart making him or her better person. On the other hand, however, punishment makes them more aware of their criminal character because it gives them what they deserve. They live in self-condemnation.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Chapter 1 5
Introduction 5
Background of the Topic 5
Problem Statement 6
Significance of the Study 6
Methodology 6
Definition of Terms 8
Chapter 2 9
Literature review 9
Introduction 9
History of the Juvenile Justice 9
Risk Factors that Escalate Juvenile Crime 10
Chapter 3 15
Research Design and Methodology 15
Introduction 15
Triangulation 15
Sampling 15
Plan of Action 16
Main Research Question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 17
Sub research question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 17
Conclusion 18
Chapter 4 19
Results of the Study 19
Introduction 19
Findings 20
Main Research question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 20
Sub-question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 22
Discussion from Questionnaires Responses 23
Summary 23
Chapter 5 25
Summary and Discussion 25
Introduction 25
Statement of Problem 26
Explanation of Project 27
Re ...
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency in the Higher Secondary School Studentsiosrjce
The present investigation aims at studying the contribution of the areas related to causes of juvenile
delinquency in higher secondary school students of Imphal West District of Manipur. From the results of the
research the causes of juvenile delinquency are-personal factors contribute the development of juvenile
delinquency, social factor also contributes the development of juvenile delinquency, psychological factors also
contribute the development of juvenile delinquency and academic factors also contribute to the development of
juvenile delinquency. The findings may help to improve the solution of the problems requires preventive as well
as curative measures of juvenile delinquency in our society
Recent studies have revealed common risk factors for adolescent drug abuse and deliquency. The relationship between substance abuse and juvenile deliquency sketches a bleak portrait of juvenile justice system overwhelmed by drug and alcohol abusing and addicted 10 "“ to -17- years old. Juvenile crime is one of the nation' serious problems. Government policy on juvenile deliquency must often struggle with the balance of concern over the healthy developments of children and adolescents who violate the law and public desire to punish the criminals. Neverthless, children and adolescents who commit criminal acts must be educated and supported in a growth process. A number of cognitive and social features of childhood and adolescene influence the context of juvenile crime policy. They were likely to have been neglected and abuse by parents. Many had grown up in impoverished and dangerous neighborhoods. Schools, teachers, and administrators had been unable to engage them. The provider' had failed to diagnose their problems. It further gives the high rate of drug use among deliquents, drug-abuse intervention and treatment programs clearly needed for deliquent populations. This paper explores the linking about adolescent drug ue and deliquency, distinguihing factors, implications for preventions and treatment. Simran Chhallani"Juvenile and the Abuse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17027.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17027/juvenile-and-the-abuse/simran-chhallani
Classroom Observation Free Essay Example. Writing a First-Class Observation Essay - FreshEssay.net. Observation and analysis essay. ️ Example of child observation paper. Observation and Child free essay .... observation summary Preschool Teachers. Dissertation observation Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Observation Analysis Essay Example StudyHippo.com. How to write an introduction for an observation essay - mfawriting811 .... Classroom Power Observation Essay Classroom Reading Comprehension. 003 Preschool Child Observation Examples 133947 Essay Example Thatsnotus. Well Written Essays Examples Best Professionally Designed Templates. Class Observation Report Classroom Teachers. Examples Of Student Observation Essays. Observation Essay - 10 Examples, Format, Pdf Examples. 006 Observational Essay Classroom Observation Preschool Paper Example .... How To Write A Formal Observation Essay For Childcare - Aiden
Crime causation is a complex field that involves multiple factors. Common causes of crime include peer influence, as young people may turn to criminal gangs for respect and status if they do not fit in with peers or have adequate support systems. Drugs and alcohol also commonly influence criminal behavior by impairing judgment and reducing inhibitions. Regarding youth violence specifically, poor parental relations such as abuse, neglect, or growing up in an antisocial home environment can increase the likelihood of criminal or violent behavior later in life, as this pattern of abuse may repeat across generations.
21921, 10(36 am print page 1 of 63httpscontent.ashford.abhi353063
The document discusses the history and current state of residential placement of juveniles. It describes how the number of juveniles in residential facilities has declined significantly in recent years due to reforms aimed at reducing the use of confinement. The document also provides data on the types of residential facilities that exist and the numbers of juveniles placed in each state.
Chapter 5 5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000,.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5
5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000, sells its units for $66, and has variable costs of $36 per unit.
Break-even analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute the break-even point.
b. Ms. Eaton comes up with a new plan to cut fixed costs to $200,000. However, more labor will now be required, which will increase variable costs per unit to $39. The sales price will remain at $66. What is the new break-even point?
c. Under the new plan, what is likely to happen to profitability at very high volume levels (compared to the old plan)?
10. The Sterling Tire Company’s income statement for 2013 is as follows:
Degree of leverage
(LO5-2 & 5-5)
STERLING TIRE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales (20,000 tires at $60 each)
$1,200,000
Less: Variable costs (20,000 tires at $30)
600,000
Fixed costs
400,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
$ 200,000
Interest expense
50,000
Earnings before taxes (EBT)
$ 150,000
Income tax expense (30%)
45,000
Earnings after taxes (EAT)
$ 105,000
Given this income statement, compute the following:
a. Degree of operating leverage.
b. Degree of financial leverage.
c. Degree of combined leverage.
d. Break-even point in units.
14. International Data Systems information on revenue and costs is only relevant up to a sales volume of 105,000 units. After 105,000 units, the market becomes saturated and the price per unit falls from $14.00 to $8.80. Also, there are cost overruns at a production volume of over 105,000 units, and variable cost per unit goes up from $7.00 to $8.00. Fixed costs remain the same at $55,000.
Nonlinear breakeven analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute operating income at 105,000 units.
b. Compute operating income at 205,000 units.
Chapter 6
Short-term versus longer-term borrowing
(LO6-3)
Intermediate Problems
9. Sauer Food Company has decided to buy a new computer system with an expected life of three years. The cost is $150,000. The company can borrow $150,000 for three years at 10 percent annual interest or for one year at 8 percent annual interest.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
9. Analyze violence, crime, and vandalism in schools.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 11:
Community Policing and Drugs
Chapter 12:
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
Unit Lesson
There are many correlations to crime. Correlations of crime include factors such as poverty, unemployment,
mental illness, IQ, and substance abuse. Many studies have been devoted to looking specifically at the
connection between drugs and crime. Youth throughout the entire United States are surveyed annually to
assess their initial and continued exposure to drugs through self, friends, and/or family use. Data describing
drug use across age groups report alarming trends. For example, more than half of young adults will have
tried at ...
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE 1
JUVENILE JUSTICE 21
Title of Project: Juvenile Justice System
XXXXXXX E. XXXX
Mentor: Prof. Christine Hansen
Liberal Arts Capstone (LIB-495-OL008)
State University
11 January 2018
Abstract
The Juvenile Justice Systems has been established with a significant aim of diverting adolescent offender’s destructive punitive actions of criminal courts as well as encouraging youth rehabilitation that is based on the needs of an individual juvenile. This system differs from adult criminal courts in numbers of ways. It looks at an adolescent as a person who needs assistance, instead of looking at the act that made him or her appearance before the court. The judge ought to act in the best suitable interests of the child. Juvenile court proceedings were always closed to the public. Juvenile records were also to remain very confidential so that they do not to interfere with the ability of the child or adolescent to be rehabilitated and merged back into the society. Juveniles are never charged with any crimes, instead of with delinquencies. They are never found guilty but instead, are considered delinquent. They are never sent to prison, but rather to training schools or reformatories. Treatment that incorporates the provision of educational facilities for juvenile offenders, counseling, and guidance, etc. are far better off than punishments that involve prison sentences or fines. This is so because a child would feel loved and cared for. This element plants a seed of love into the juvenile offender’s heart making him or her better person. On the other hand, however, punishment makes them more aware of their criminal character because it gives them what they deserve. They live in self-condemnation.
Table of Contents
Abstract 2
Chapter 1 5
Introduction 5
Background of the Topic 5
Problem Statement 6
Significance of the Study 6
Methodology 6
Definition of Terms 8
Chapter 2 9
Literature review 9
Introduction 9
History of the Juvenile Justice 9
Risk Factors that Escalate Juvenile Crime 10
Chapter 3 15
Research Design and Methodology 15
Introduction 15
Triangulation 15
Sampling 15
Plan of Action 16
Main Research Question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 17
Sub research question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 17
Conclusion 18
Chapter 4 19
Results of the Study 19
Introduction 19
Findings 20
Main Research question: What should be done to curb the increasing violent crimes committed by youthful offenders? 20
Sub-question: What are the underlying social issues that lead to delinquent and criminal behavior in adolescents? 22
Discussion from Questionnaires Responses 23
Summary 23
Chapter 5 25
Summary and Discussion 25
Introduction 25
Statement of Problem 26
Explanation of Project 27
Re ...
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency in the Higher Secondary School Studentsiosrjce
The present investigation aims at studying the contribution of the areas related to causes of juvenile
delinquency in higher secondary school students of Imphal West District of Manipur. From the results of the
research the causes of juvenile delinquency are-personal factors contribute the development of juvenile
delinquency, social factor also contributes the development of juvenile delinquency, psychological factors also
contribute the development of juvenile delinquency and academic factors also contribute to the development of
juvenile delinquency. The findings may help to improve the solution of the problems requires preventive as well
as curative measures of juvenile delinquency in our society
Recent studies have revealed common risk factors for adolescent drug abuse and deliquency. The relationship between substance abuse and juvenile deliquency sketches a bleak portrait of juvenile justice system overwhelmed by drug and alcohol abusing and addicted 10 "“ to -17- years old. Juvenile crime is one of the nation' serious problems. Government policy on juvenile deliquency must often struggle with the balance of concern over the healthy developments of children and adolescents who violate the law and public desire to punish the criminals. Neverthless, children and adolescents who commit criminal acts must be educated and supported in a growth process. A number of cognitive and social features of childhood and adolescene influence the context of juvenile crime policy. They were likely to have been neglected and abuse by parents. Many had grown up in impoverished and dangerous neighborhoods. Schools, teachers, and administrators had been unable to engage them. The provider' had failed to diagnose their problems. It further gives the high rate of drug use among deliquents, drug-abuse intervention and treatment programs clearly needed for deliquent populations. This paper explores the linking about adolescent drug ue and deliquency, distinguihing factors, implications for preventions and treatment. Simran Chhallani"Juvenile and the Abuse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17027.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17027/juvenile-and-the-abuse/simran-chhallani
Classroom Observation Free Essay Example. Writing a First-Class Observation Essay - FreshEssay.net. Observation and analysis essay. ️ Example of child observation paper. Observation and Child free essay .... observation summary Preschool Teachers. Dissertation observation Essay Example Topics and Well Written Essays .... Observation Analysis Essay Example StudyHippo.com. How to write an introduction for an observation essay - mfawriting811 .... Classroom Power Observation Essay Classroom Reading Comprehension. 003 Preschool Child Observation Examples 133947 Essay Example Thatsnotus. Well Written Essays Examples Best Professionally Designed Templates. Class Observation Report Classroom Teachers. Examples Of Student Observation Essays. Observation Essay - 10 Examples, Format, Pdf Examples. 006 Observational Essay Classroom Observation Preschool Paper Example .... How To Write A Formal Observation Essay For Childcare - Aiden
Crime causation is a complex field that involves multiple factors. Common causes of crime include peer influence, as young people may turn to criminal gangs for respect and status if they do not fit in with peers or have adequate support systems. Drugs and alcohol also commonly influence criminal behavior by impairing judgment and reducing inhibitions. Regarding youth violence specifically, poor parental relations such as abuse, neglect, or growing up in an antisocial home environment can increase the likelihood of criminal or violent behavior later in life, as this pattern of abuse may repeat across generations.
13022 1 BIOL 315 Salmonella and Typhoid fever CicelyBourqueju
1/30/22
1
BIOL 315: Salmonella and
Typhoid fever
Dr. Sean Murray
Western Blot
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever
• Salmonella Typhi: only infects humans
• CDC estimates 21 million cases per year world wide
with 200,000 deaths
• 400 cases per year in USA (most traveled to developing
countries)
Gastroenteritis
• Salmonella Typhimurium: broad host range
• CDC estimates 6.5 million cases a year in USA
with ~9,000 deaths from gastroenteritis
• 1/3 of all gastroenteritis infections caused by
Salmonella
• CDC: 15 Salmonella infections per 100,000
people in USA
Typhoid Fever
• Salmonella Typhi
• Fecally contaminated food/water
• 1-4 weeks post-ingestion for symptoms
• Multiply in spleen, liver
• High fever, chills, convulsions, delirium, and
anorexia for 2-3 weeks
• Pass from liver to gall bladder to intestine,
where it may ulcerate the intestinal mucosa
(fatal)
• Treatment: antibiotics
1/30/22
2
Typhoid Mary, early 1900s
• Salmonella can persist in the gall
bladder, and may be shed in feces
• Chef Typhoid Mary was a carrier
• She infected many people as she
worked at hotels, restaurants, hospitals
• Arrested twice, spent the rest of her life
in prison after the second arrest
Gastroenteritis
• Salmonella Typhimurium
• Contaminated poultry/eggs
– Caesar salad, raw eggs
• Nausea, vomiting 6-24 hours post ingestion
• Followed by abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever
• Symptoms last 1 week
• Shed Salmonella in feces for up to 3 months
• 1-3% of people shed for 1 year
• If enters bloodstream, septic shock (rare)
• Antibiotics not normally prescribed
Species infected by Salmonella
• Humans (Typhi)
• Humans, mice, cows, most mammals,
C. elegans (Typhimurium)
Salmonella Invasion of intestinal epithelium
1/30/22
3
TIIISS injects proteins into mammalian
cells that are NOT normally phagocytic to
induce phagocytosis of bacterium
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Type III-secretion system (TIIISS)
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Secretion protein complex is sequentially assembled
starting with the inner membrane, outer membrane,
periplasm, and finally the extracellular domains
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Invasion of intestinal epithelium
1/30/22
4
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Invading
macrophages
Paul (Ed.), Fundamental Immunology, 2003
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Salmonella
Containing
Vacuoles
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands SPI-1 and SPI-2
encode two different TIIISS that were horizontally
acquired (different GC content than chromosome);
pSLT is self-transmissible
pSLT
Spi-1
Spi-2
Salmonella
chromosome
Genome = chromosome plus plasmid
How does Salmonella adapt to
being inside or outside host cells?
In bacterial
membrane:
In bacterial
cytoplasm:
PhoQ
PhoP
(sensor)
(transcription factor)
1/30/22
5
PhoQ is activated by molecular signals inside ...
12620, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for FeCicelyBourqueju
1/26/20, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for Female Genital Cutting - The New York Times
Page 1 of 2https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/world/europe/female-genital-mutilation-conviction-britain.html?searchResultPosition=4
https://nyti.ms/2UzfDiq
By Palko Karasz and Anna Schaverien
Feb. 1, 2019
LONDON — A woman in London was convicted on Friday over the genital cutting of her daughter, becoming
the first person to be successfully prosecuted under the country’s law banning the practice.
The 37-year-old woman was found guilty of committing female genital cutting in August 2017, when her
daughter was 3. The girl’s father, 43, was cleared of charges. Neither parent was identified because of
reporting restrictions placed on the case.
“Female genital mutilation has an appalling physical and emotional impact on victims that usually lasts their
entire life,” said Lynette Woodrow, a deputy chief crown prosecutor, in a statement. “A 3-year-old has no power
to resist or fight back.”
A jury in London heard the girl was “deliberately cut and her injuries amounted to F.G.M.,” the statement from
prosecutors said, referring to female genital cutting, the practice of a girl’s genitalia being cut and removed.
The mother, originally from Uganda, where the practice is also illegal, claimed her daughter’s injuries were
caused when she fell from a kitchen counter onto an open metal lined cupboard door. None of the medical
experts who testified supported that assessment, the prosecutors said. The statement did not describe the
woman’s possible motives.
The girl was taken to a hospital and lost a significant amount of blood because of her injuries, jurors were told,
according to the BBC.
“I come before thee today with tears in my eyes, fear in my heart,” the woman wrote in her diary, according to
prosecutors. “My mother, I made a choice in my life. With that choice I could be going to jail.”
Aisha Gill, a professor of criminology at the University of Roehampton, said in a phone interview that the
verdict was “significant because it sends out a message to affected communities that these kinds of harmful
practices will not be tolerated.”
Calling it “a landmark case,” she added, “We need to see that the law will be operational and effective to
enable victims to come forward when necessary.”
British Jury Delivers First Conviction
for Female Genital Cutting
https://www.nytimes.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/by/palko-karasz
https://www.nytimes.com/by/anna-schaverien
https://www.cps.gov.uk/london-north/news/mother-first-be-convicted-female-genital-mutilation
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47094707
1/26/20, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for Female Genital Cutting - The New York Times
Page 2 of 2https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/world/europe/female-genital-mutilation-conviction-britain.html?searchResultPosition=4
Female genital cutting has been illegal in Britain since 1985, but previous prosecutions have l ...
12621, 1000 PMOriginality ReportPage 1 of 6httpsclasCicelyBourqueju
1/26/21, 10:00 PMOriginality Report
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%%63
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NURS-6521D-5/NURS-6521N-5/NURS-6521A-5-Adv… • SafeAssign Drafts
%%63Total ScoreTotal Score:: High risk
Dera Ogudo
Submission UUID: ee4ea50b-fd85-24bc-6924-a746b0154e78
Total Number of ReTotal Number of Re……
1
Highest MatchHighest Match
63 %
WK8Assgn_Ogudo.docx
Average MatchAverage Match
63 %
Submitted onSubmitted on
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09:48 PM CST
Average Word CountAverage Word Count
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Highest: WK8Assgn_Ogud…
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1
3
Alzheimer’s Case Study Analysis
Dera Ogudo
Walden University
January 26, 2021
Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study It can be a daunting task for a skilled practitioner to carry a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Diagnosis of
dementia must have at least two major cognitive functions for it to be affected sufficiently to impede daily routines. These entail the capacity
to reason, language skills, memory, visual protection, and ability to solve problems. Diagnosis of dementia does not have a definite test, thus,
there is a need for clinicians to conduct several assessments like neurophysiological and cognitive tests in order to determine judgment, cogni-
tion, memory, attention, vocabulary, and thinking. The case study entails a seventy-six-year-old man who is suspected of having Alzheimer’s
disease. The case conclusion is derived on the information that is presented by his son and there lacked organic illness process during inspec-
tion. His behavioral changes began 2 years ago, which comprised of apathy, changes in his personality, which was later followed by diffi-
culties when speaking and loss of memory. When conducting a clinical interview, confabulation was also detected, self-ascertained eu-
thymic mood and speech. The patient also showed signs of impaired insight and judgment and also lacked impulse control. The pa-
tient does not show signs of suicide ideation and he is diagnosed with a condition called neurocognitive disorder that is linked to Alzheimer’s
11
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33 44
https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-BBLEARN/originalityReport?attemptId=e560c6e4-8f80-47de-ba1e-bf571388590b&course_id=_16782097_1&download=true&includeDeleted=true&print=true&force=true
1/26/21, 10:00 PMOriginality Report
Page 2 of 6https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/mdb-sa- ...
1302 Notes – 06 – February 4, 2021 Writing about Fiction (& CicelyBourqueju
1302 Notes – 06 – February 4, 2021
Writing about Fiction (& Exam)
1. Putting the “Composition” into Composition II
(how to start and end paragraphs with your topic sentence)
2. The Academic Paragraph—with an Example
(it starts and ends with the same topic sentence)
3. Analyze First
4. Let’s Practice Topic Sentences (which will start and end the paragraphs)
5. Let’s Practice Finding Support (for the topic sentences which go where?)
6. Drafting the Paragraph Assignment (establishes today’s attendance)
7. Homework Help (Paragraph & Exam 1: Fiction)
8. Checklist of Graded Assignments, Week 3
HOMEWORK for NEXT TIME: 1- ANALYZE a short story. 2-DRAFT an
academic paragraph of 8-24 sentences, communicating one writing technique in that
story. 3-REVISE the paragraph, then UPLOAD it by Sunday night. 4-TAKE Exam 1:
Fiction any time until next Wednesday (note: no new readings).
1. Putting the “Composition” into Composition 2
• You are LEARNING ABOUT FICTION in order to WRITE ABOUT FICTION
• The skills you use to write about fiction, you can then use in real life
to write about incident reports, peer reviews, etc.
• We will start by writing an ACADEMIC PARAGRAPH
• Next week, we will write an ESSAY, which will include:
• An introductory paragraph
• 2 or more academic paragraphs, and
• A concluding paragraph
2. The Academic Paragraph (with an Example)
ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS, in literary analysis, exist to communicate ONE (1) specific
insight about a story, poem, or play. This time, we’re doing short stories.
WHY WRITE? Consider Comic-Con, book clubs, and fandoms (like Trekkers or
Browncoats). Also, this develops your ability to look at evidence and build a theory
based on that evidence—a good skill to have in law, in medicine, in business, etc.
HOW & WHEN TO WRITE? Use today’s class time to write an academic paragraph
explaining one (1) insight about one (1) short story. You will then have a chance to
The paragraph starts and ends
with the same point. This "topic
sentence" is the whole reason
the paragraph exists. Be sure to
name the author & title. If you
think a reader may need a
reminder about the term you
are using, define it. If you don't
use your own words, you must
use quotation marks and cite
your source! It's a good idea,
toward the start, to give a one-
line summary of the story in
your own words—name the
main characters. You should
have points to make that
support your topic sentence. Put
them before the quotes that
support them. Support can be
given as quotes and as facts
from the story. If you use a story
with page numbers, remember
to put the page number of the
quote in parentheses after the
quote. Make sure you proved
your point, by the end, even if
you feel you're stating the
obvious, because you probably
are not stating the obvious.
Finish with a restatement of the
topic sentence.
revise and fix any glitches before uploading by Sunday night ...
13-1 Final Project Milestone One IntroductionCicelyBourqueju
1
3-1 Final Project Milestone One: Introduction
January 19,2022
Sierra Club
Sierra Club is an environmental organization that operates in all the US states, promoting the importance of preserving the environment. The environment is primarily polluted, and Sierra Club is doing all it can to bring people together to develop solutions for protecting the environment. Sierra Club has organized over four thousand rallies and events for different causes like racism, mainly focusing on environmental issues (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Sierra Club, over recent years, they have been lobbying the government to promote environmentally friendly practices by implementing policies that promote environmental conservation (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Sierra Club focuses on promoting environmental sustainability, solving and preventing further global warming and its effects, and using coal by large manufacturing companies. Sierra Club does not only deal with ecological protests; they organize outdoor activities like rock climbing, camping, and wilderness excursions for its members. Sierra Club’s vision states that they envision themselves being an inclusive, diverse, and knowledgeable movement that has achieved a sustainable environment making their achievement an inspiration to other communities (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Its mission includes exploring and protecting the wild areas of the earth, promoting effective and responsible use of the environment and its resources, and educating people on protecting and restoring the natural environment (About the Sierra Club, n.d.).
Disney Corporation
The Walt Disney Company, popularly known as Disney corporation, is a multinational entertainment company that aims at entertaining and inspiring its viewers. Disney began as an animation production company, and with time it grew its products and services. Disney products and services include Walt Disney Pictures, responsible for several film production companies (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). The products and services also include the ABC broadcast network, several cable services like Disney Chanel, Live streaming services like Disney+, several theme parks in the country hotels and cruise ship lines (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). Disney focuses on innovation to create new and customized products for its customers due to the high competition in the film production industry and live streaming services. The vision of Disney is to be among the leading producers, entertainers, and information in the world (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). Disney’s mission is to entertain and inform its users through storytelling using innovation and technology, making Disney the premium entertainment company globally (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.).
Miami-Dade County Florida
Miami-Dade County in southeastern Florida is the largest county in Florida State. Miami-Dade County has more than two million five hundred people makin ...
13.7TearViscosityPressurePlate Gap0.00350.00180.000.000.00350.00170.000.000.45319.00186.001.800.85380.00174.001.800.35350.00180.000.000.30300.00180.000.000.70400.00180.000.001.90350.00190.000.000.25350.00180.000.000.10319.00186.00-1.800.15380.00186.00-1.803.90350.00180.003.000.00380.00174.00-1.800.55350.00180.000.000.00350.00180.00-3.000.05319.00174.00-1.800.40319.00174.001.804.30380.00186.001.800.00350.00180.000.00
13.9Size (Square feet) Rent ($)65519756631581718142966513507151633903180770816327851528955180052512066301421731187069418586851782675175075014406101212531117675012706751503725159582017956609985351080628133743410757751574707155670213008721400578120047014507701590784152587215756751478768145079717506001150660185092516506501275550110066513989161600850135075015509001300690160057413008001500775140087316508141575739160082014256651270
13.10MovieOpening Weekend Gross ($mil)YouTube Trailer Views (millions)The Mummy32.24657.897It Comes At Night6.00110.785Megan Leavey3.76810.099Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie23.8528.725Wonder Woman103.25184.205Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales62.98334.990Baywatch18.50421.764Everything, Everything11.7275.550Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul7.1263.836Alien: Covenant36.16145.615Snatched19.5427.791King Arthur: Legend of the Sword15.37128.187Lowriders2.4044.496Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2146.51057.324How to Be a Latin Lover12.2527.394The Circle9.03411.145Sleight1.70211.175Born in China4.7900.508Free Fire0.9941.061Unforgettable4.7855.387The Promise4.0966.354Phoenix Forgotten1.8167.714The Fate of the Furious98.78730.870The Case for Christ3.9680.280Going in Style11.9322.645Smurfs: The Lost Village13.2108.124The Boss Baby50.19952.292The Zookeeper's Wife3.2893.886Ghost in the Shell18.67631.055CHIPS7.7237.081Life12.50213.550Power Rangers40.30059.296Beauty and the Beast174.75180.077The Belko Experiment4.1375.546Kong: Skull Island61.02535.309The Shack16.1722.532Logan88.41244.196Before I Fall4.6904.989Get Out33.3776.630Rock Dog3.7050.942Collide1.5132.258The Great Wall18.47011.327Fist Fight12.2028.966A Cure for Wellness4.35715.177John Wick: Chapter 230.43613.714The LEGO Batman Movie53.00331.231Fifty Shades Darker46.60752.612Rings13.00316.235The Space Between Us3.7766.884A Dog's Purpose18.22311.698Gold3.4712.827Resident Evil: The Final Chapter13.60223.075Split40.01112.60620th Century Women1.3850.826xXx: Return of Xander Cage20.13027.536The Founder3.4047.273The Resurrection of Gavin Stone1.2073.323Monster Trucks10.9514.267Sleepless8.3443.790Patriots Day11.6147.597The Bye Bye Man13.50112.912Live By Night5.1067.067Silence1.9855.020Hidden Figures22.8007.739Underworld: Blood Wars13.68916.795A Monster Calls2.0807.643
MGMT 101
DISSCISSON QUESTIONS- 200 WORDS EACH AND BE SURE TO PUT THE REFRENCES UNDER EACH ANSWER.
W1: Roles, Responsibilities and General Duties of Supervisors
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12622, 935 PM Module Four Assignment Guidelines and Rubric CicelyBourqueju
1/26/22, 9:35 PM Module Four Assignment Guidelines and Rubric - ACC-201-R3909 Financial Accounting 22EW3
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/le/content/957682/viewContent/16293699/View 1/3
Overview
Internal controls are methods and strategies used to keep informa�on and inventory safe from the� and to easily tell if something is compromised or missing. In this assignment, you
will recommend internal controls for safeguarding inventory from an accoun�ng perspec�ve and explain which financial statements are affected by missing inventory.
Scenario
One of your friends has opened a new wholesale electronics business and wants your help figuring out some inventory issues they are facing.
One night last week, there seemed to be fewer HD televisions in the warehouse than they expected. The last �me they were in the warehouse was a week earlier, and they hadn’t
no�ced anything amiss.
As they looked around, they saw that the evening warehouse worker was filling the last orders of the day. The delivery driver and day warehouse worker were gone for the day, and the
delivery van keys were on the desk that the warehouse workers shared. The doors to the loading dock were open, as was the door to the office area where the accountant, two
customer service specialists, and the owner worked.
Knowing that you are familiar with accoun�ng principles, they asked for your help in figuring out how to prevent this in the future.
Prompt
Based on what you have learned about internal controls, provide recommenda�ons on what controls the business owner should put in place to prevent loss of inventory and ensure
that any losses are reported immediately. Also, specify which parts of the financial statements are affected by these losses.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
Role of Internal Controls
Explain the role of internal controls in business se�ngs. Also explain how not having internal controls in place may impact the accurate analysis of any wrongdoing.
Recommenda�ons
Recommend at least two internal controls that should be put in place to prevent inventory from going “missing,” no�ng any assump�ons you are making about the root
cause of the missing products and how your recommenda�ons will help address them.
Recommend at least one control that should be put in place to alert the owner if something is actually missing.
Financial Statements
If you found that two $400 HD televisions were missing, explain which financial statements you would correct and how. Be specific as to accounts and amounts.
Guidelines for Submission
Submit a 1- to 2-page Word document with 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and one-inch margins. Sources should be cited according to APA style.
Module Four Assignment Rubric
Criteria Exemplary (100%) Proficient (85%) Needs Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value
https://app.readspeaker.com/cgi-bin/rsent?customerid=9568&url=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.snhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fenforced%2F957682-ACC-20 ...
1
2
3
CLC Assignment: COMPANY ANALYSIS
Group 3
Professor Stephen Weiss
ACC. 371
January 31, 2021
Introduction
The GAAP provided new guidelines regarding revenue recognition, in order to simplify the financial statements. The objective of the new guidance is to establish the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. This paper will discuss the revenue recognition criteria of various companies and how they comply with rules of FASB codification.
The Analysis
Microsoft Corporation: Microsoft corporation is the largest company that deals with the manufacturing and sale of electronic devices like iPhones, iPads, laptops and other extra devices in the world. It is the leading company in the production of personal computer software. Its financial statements signify a good performance in the investment sector. From the balance sheet, the short-term investments in the financial year 2020 were $136,527, in 2019 the investments were $133,819 and in 2018 the investments totaled to $133,768 this can be estimated to be 2.02%, 0.04% and 0.59% percentage growth of the company from the previous years, (Warren et al,, 2020).
The notes show that the company has invested $150 in the production of more units of the electronic devices supplied. Investing in workforce and in the security exchange in the purchase of share in the stock exchange. An approximate amount of $100 was invested in the purchase of share and reinvestment of dividends in 2019, (Mayes, 2020).
FASB which refers to the financial accounting standards board has laid out new policies that ought to be followed by every company. For instance, Microsoft corporation follows the principle of impracticability in its operations as required by FASB as it believes excessive costs are included in the principle, (Tysiac, 2018, p.105). Additionally, the company follows the exchanges productive assets which states that the accounting of non monetary transactions should be based on fair values of the assets. According to Microsoft corporation when non-monetary transactions lack commercial substance, they are exempted in accordance with FASB standards. Therefore, Microsoft has made investments in the company in both short-term and long-term investments and follows the FASB standards correctly when preparing their financial statements.
Amazon: Amazon is the second most valuable company in the United States trailing Apple. The company is worth over $1.7 trillion and continues to grow. Amazon recognizes revenue when these four criteria are met, evidence of an arrangement or contract exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the selling price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is assured (sec.gov). From there they determine if they should report the revenue as gross sales and related costs or the net amount as commission sales. When discount offers a ...
12622, 930 AM Full article Strategic Management in the PubCicelyBourqueju
1/26/22, 9:30 AM Full article: Strategic Management in the Public Sector: How Tools Enable and Constrain Strategy Making
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10967494.2018.1427161 1/81
Volume 21, 2018 - Issue 5
International Public Management Journal
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Articles
Strategic Management in the Public
Sector: How Tools Enable and Constrain
Strategy Making
,Linda Höglund ,Mikael Holmgren Caicedo &Maria Mårtensson
Fredrik Svärdsten
Pages 822-849 | Accepted author version posted online: 24 Jan 2018, Published online: 01 Mar 2018
Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2018.1427161
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ABSTRACT
Strategic management (SM) has become prominent on the agenda in several public
organizations due to new public management (NPM) reforms. Nevertheless, there are
few studies investigating how public organizations apply SM in practice and what tools
are used. As a result, calls have been made for such studies. This article can be seen as
an attempt to meet this call by presenting a qualitative case study of how SM has been
applied in the Swedish Transport Administration (STA), a central government agency in
Sweden, and what tools it used in strategy making. By analyzing the micro processes of
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APA please
10%
SIMILARITY INDEX
6%
INTERNET SOURCES
0%
PUBLICATIONS
10%
STUDENT PAPERS
1 6%
2 2%
3 1%
Exclude quotes Off
Exclude bibliography Off
Exclude matches Off
PepsicoInternationalizationCulture.edited.docx
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to UK College of Business and
Computing
Student Paper
Submitted to Kaplan University
Student Paper
Submitted to Central Queensland University
Student Paper
FINAL GRADE
12/0
PepsicoInternationalizationCulture.edited.docx
GRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Comment 1
This is a very general statement
Sp. This word is misspelled. Use a dictionary or spellchecker when you proofread your
work.
Article Error You may need to use an article before this word. Consider using the article
the.
P/V You have used the passive voice in this sentence. You may want to revise it using the
active voice.
Comment 2
(date)
Sp. This word is misspelled. Use a dictionary or spellchecker when you proofread your
work.
Comment 3
Which organisation?
Comment 4
The reader needs to know some background to a specific company and its operation in a
second country and the frameworks you will introduce to analyse the IHRM issues that
arise.
Article Error You may need to use an article before this word. Consider using the article
the.
Sp. This word is misspelled. Use a dictionary or spellchecker when you proofread your
work.
Comment 5
This is the first mention of the company you are analysing. Some background needed to
their operation is needed.
Sp. This word is misspelled. Use a dictionary or spellchecker when you proofread your
work.
Comment 6
Why are you introducing the Philippines here?
Comment 7
assumed?
Comment 8
Are you discussing China or the Philippines?
PAGE 2
Sp. This word is misspelled. Use a dictionary or spellchecker when you proofread your
work.
P/V You have used the passive voice in this sentence. You may want to revise it using the
active voice.
Article Error You may need to use an article before this word.
Article Error You may need to use an article before this word.
Comment 9
You really need to focus on one host country.
PAGE 3
QM
S/V This subject and verb may not agree. Proofread the sentence to make sure the subject
agrees with the verb.
PAGE 4
Strikethrough.
Comment 11
Reference
APA please
You must use APA version 6. Consider using Refworks or click HERE to read the guidance
provided by the library.
http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subject-guides/bus/topicguides/apa_for_business.htm
International Human Resource Management: BUSMGT 761
Week 3
5
th
July 2021
Sourcing human resources
for global markets
It can be concluded that an adequate understanding of the cultural context, as it impacts on the behavior of an organization’s employees, is of critical impo ...
13 Business and Global GovernanceMarc FudgeCase ScenCicelyBourqueju
13 Business and Global
Governance
Marc Fudge
Case Scenario: Zach and Zoey discuss their future 367
Introduction 369
Global Governance 369
Three Important IGOs Not Directly Related to Business 371
Three IGOs Related to Business 372
Criticisms of International Trade and Financial Organizations 379
Factors of Economic Growth and the Role of Governments
and Governance 382
Analytical Case: The BRICS Development Bank 392
Practical Skill: Leveraging international resources 393
Summary and Conclusion 394
CHAPTER CONTENTS
CASE 13 SCENARIO
Zach and Zoey discuss their future
Zach wanted to share something with Zoey and invited her out to dinner at Tyler’s
uncle’s restaurant on Main Street. As they leave Happy Paws and walk past the vet
office, Splurge jewelers, and the U Scream Ice Cream shop, Zach begins talking.
He mentions that he and Zoey are both busy running successful businesses. Zoey
has opened two more Happy Paws stores, one across the state line and the other
in Anyplace, the town next to the City of Somewhere. Zach has taken over all
operations of the Double Z Beauty product line and the Double Z pet product
line. His grandparents are enjoying their retirement years traveling and have even
been able to visit Zoey’s sister Zara in China. Tyler is full time now at Good Buddy
E-
Solution
s, watching over the websites and several employees himself. Between
the three of them, they have been able to hire a number of people. Profits are
up and life is looking pretty good. Zoey remarks that life is indeed good, and
there’s not much more she could ask for. But at the door of the restaurant, Zach
acts unsettled and says things could be better. Upon hearing that, Zoey raises
her eyebrows.
Tyler has been keeping stats on website traffic for both Happy Paws and the
Double Z Beauty products. He mentioned to Zach that a number of repeat clients
are from Asia and Europe and have increasingly expressed interest in Zach opening
distribution facilities, perhaps in Tokyo and Madrid. One customer has even offered
to work for Double Z in Japan. Tyler provides some reports from international
finance institutions such as the World Trade Organization and International Monetary
Fund on targeted countries, which are very informative and surprisingly easy to
read. Zach never envisioned that the beauty and pet product lines would ever grow
to the level they have and therefore had never considered opening any facilities
overseas. Until now.
Zach is intrigued about the growth prospects of opening facilities in other
countries. He recalled his former economics professor saying that recent global
economic growth has risen substantially, and while the US had improved, it was
Asia’s developing nations where the greatest increase occurred, at something like
6+ percent.
As they make their way to their table, Zoey remarks that she supposes things
could be better, but first they’d have to find out about the employment laws that
are in place for each ...
13-1 IntroductionThe Galleon Group was a privately owned hedge fCicelyBourqueju
13-1 Introduction
The Galleon Group was a privately owned hedge fund firm that provided services and information about investments such as stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. Galleon made money for itself and others by picking stocks and managing portfolios and hedge funds for investors. At its peak, Galleon was responsible for more than $7 billion in investor income. The company’s philosophy was that it was possible to deliver superior returns to investors without employing common high-risk tactics such as leverage or market timing. Founded in 1997, Galleon attracted employees from prestigious investment firms such as Goldman Sachs, Needham & Co., and ING Barings. Every month the company held meetings where executives explained the status and strategy of each fund to investors. In addition, Galleon told investors that no employee would be personally trading in any stock or fund the investors held.
In 2009 Raj Rajaratnam, the head of Galleon, was indicted on 14 counts of securities fraud and conspiracy, as well as sued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for insider trading. He and five others were accused of using nonpublic information from company insiders and consultants to make millions in personal profits. Rajaratnam’s trial began in 2011, and although he pleaded not guilty, he was convicted on all 14 counts, fined over $158 million in civil and criminal penalties, and is currently serving an 11-year sentence.13-2 Raj Rajaratnam
Rajaratnam, born in Sri Lanka to a middle-class family, received his bachelor’s degree in engineering from the University of Sussex in England. In 1983 he earned his MBA from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business. With a focus on the computer chip industry, he meticulously developed contacts. He went to manufacturing plants, talked to employees, and connected with executives who would later work with Galleon on their companies’ initial public offerings.
In 1985 the investment banking boutique Needham & Co. hired Rajaratnam as an analyst. The corporate culture at Needham & Co. profoundly influenced Rajaratnam and his business philosophy. George Needham was obsessive about minimizing expenses, making employees stay in budget hotel rooms and take midnight flights to and from meetings. The company also urged analysts to gather as much information as possible. They were encouraged to sift through garbage, question disgruntled employees, and even place people in jobs in target industries. Analysts went to professional meetings, questioned academics doing research and consulting, and set up clandestine agencies that collected information. At Needham & Co., Rajaratnam developed an aggressive networking and note-taking research strategy that enabled him to make accurate predictions about companies’ financial situations.
Rajaratnam rose rapidly through the ranks at Needham to become president of the company by 1991. Rajaratnam’s personality also began to impact the company’s cu ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
This document presents a research proposal assessing current approaches to childhood immunization. The study will use a community-based cross-sectional design to examine factors associated with partial immunization of children under five, such as mothers' knowledge, beliefs, religion, and education level. A sample of mothers will be surveyed using random stratified sampling. Correlation analyses will examine relationships between vaccination hesitancy and demographic factors. The results could help identify digital methods for tracking under-vaccinated children and inform future health policy. Limitations include potential recall bias and the time needed for data collection.
1
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Women Veterans Mental Healthcare during Pregnancy
Student Name
Student Affiliation (For Example, Department + Institute Name)
Course Name and Number
Instructor Name
Date
Women Veterans Mental Healthcare during Pregnancy
Pregnancy in women veterans is often associated with anxiety, depression, and other stress disorders. The incidence of these diseases is high in women veterans due to significant endeavors during military services (Creech et al., 2019). The implementation plan for pregnant veterans includes providing financial aids and sufficient resources to improve their mental health during pregnancy. The proposed change plan comprises certain strategic interventions to reduce the ongoing incidence of mental health problems during pregnancy in women veterans.
Distinguish organizational strategies needed to implement and maintain the change plan.
The proposed change plan comprises certain modifications in the management of pregnant veterans by providing them with adequate funds, quick medical access, and paid pregnancy leaves. Similarly, the organization should pay attention to the fault lines of the already implemented plan. To maintain the change, there should be active leadership that prioritizes the success and sustenance of the change plan. The other strategy that can make the implementation plan easy and productive is empowering women veterans through effective communication and negotiation. This strategy will ultimately help to reduce the mental stress and grievances of pregnant veterans. Hence, the change plan can categorically operate.
Identify the stakeholders needed to support the implementation of the proposed plan.
The major stakeholders are healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, paramedical staff, and pregnant veterans as a patient of prime focus for this change plan. Additionally, hospital management and leadership also play a significant role in implementing the proposed change plan (Nillni et al., 2021). Similarly, there are certain private investors and NGOs that work for the mandate of the organization and patient care. Insurance companies are also one of the key stakeholders of the implementation plan. Similarly, pharmaceutical firms and government subsidies are also supportive elements for the implementation plan. All these stakeholders will provide affordable health care costs and quality medical care for pregnant veterans.
Explain how these stakeholders are vital to implementing the change plan.
Doctors and nurses are the first-line workers to assist the patient and provide the baseline for effective implementation. Efficient staff will introduce interventions that will improve the mental health of the veterans. Similarly, the insurance companies and other private investors directly fund the patient and hospital management to increase the plan's efficacy. This strategy will ensure the safe delivery and life of the child and mother (Nillni et al., 2021 ...
1234 Oak StreetComment by Author Good letter format that fCicelyBourqueju
1234 Oak Street Comment by Author: Good letter format that follows the sample.
Tyler, Texas 75703
October 6, 2015
Mayor Martin Heines
City of Tyler
P.O. Box 2039
Tyler, TX, 75710
Dear Mayor Haynes:
The continuance of America’s heritage hinges on the involvement of each generation in the political and civic spheres of society. Today, this hinge is rusty and in need of repair. Richard Fry, a senior researcher for Pew Research Center, writes that “this year, the ‘Millennial’ generation is projected to surpass the outsized Baby Boom generation as the nation’s largest living generation.” Yet the Millennial generation, aged eighteen to thirty-four years old this year, is cynical towards government and apathetic towards voting and civic involvement.
In a study released April 29th by Harvard University’s Institute of Politics entitled “Survey of Young Americans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public Service,” only 21% of young Americans view themselves as “politically engaged” and 34% “volunteer in community service.” These facts are troubling. As of this year, an overwhelming majority of this new largest generation of Americans is not politically involved and does not volunteer in the local community. It is time for local government to step in and do what it can to engage its new constituent majority. I suggest that a new city-wide initiative be adopted, targeted toward the Millennial generation’s age group as potential members, for which the City of Tyler may provide an executive committee, office and staff structure, and financial grants, with the mission of providing a way to bring together, activate, and empower Tyler’s young adults to become increasingly involved in their community and participate in the political sphere.
In order to achieve this proposal, the Tyler City Council must adopt an initiative to attract young leaders in the community and engage their involvement. This would include setting up an organizational structure consisting of an executive committee with a Tyler City Council member as chair. It might also be helpful to install you as an honorary co-chair in this committee. There would be standing committees governing specific departments necessary to the project such as a marketing committee, membership committee, and events committee. Temporary committees may be formed as needed. Full-time staff would be necessary to put the committee’s decisions into action, establishing partnerships within the community such as nonprofits and elected officials, and sponsoring education initiatives for political involvement. The staff would take full advantage of social media including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram—favorite outlets and sources of information for Millennials. These networks can be used to further spread the word about events and opportunities made available. Memberships would be granted free of charge to Tyler residents, and others who have a vested interest in Tyler. They must be willing to sign a pledge to be ...
1/25/2017 PlayPosit
Name: Date:
Francisco Gonzalez
Light
1. In what ways does Mr. Gonzalez monitor student progress?
2. Notice that Mr. Gonzalez has a firm understanding of the challenges of his content area. He recognizes that comparisons or connections to something familiar must be made in order to ensure understanding.
3. In what ways is Mr. Gonzalez using music in his lesson?
4. Take note how Mr. Gonzalez maximizes instructional time by gathering and passing out materials while students are engaged in academic conversations with their peers.
Also watch for how he regains their attention.
5. Mr. Gonzalez has demonstrated several ways of regaining student attention following peer collaboration. Explain how Mr. Gonzalez' attention getting strategies are implemented and why they are effective.
6. How has Mr. Gonzalez significantly increased the cognitive level at which his students are working?
7. Watch for Mr. Gonzalez' reference to vocabulary commonly used on the state assessment and how he relates the term to a topic outside of the topic of light.
8. Here Mr. Gonzalez addresses common misconceptions and provides real-time, immediate examples to illustrate his point.
9. How has Mr. Gonzalez extended the learning for his students?
10. Think back over the entire lesson. Describe the many ways Mr. Gonzalez has maintained student engagement throughout his lesson.
11. What just happened here? Why is it significant?
12. Consider the part of the lesson cycle. Did Mr. Gonzalez include all of the necessary lesson components in today's lesson? Explain.
13. Effective teachers always reflect on the lesson, and lesson outcomes. Go back to the beginning of the video and rewatch Mr. Gonzalez' reflection. Listen as the he reflects on this lesson, and compare it to the responses you have written on the observation worksheet. Use both the teacher’s reflections and your own observation when writing your overall observational reflection.
CLASSROOM OBSERVATION:
Francisco Gonzales is a science teacher who uses music to teach his science concepts. He is working in a high poverty, bilingual school. Watch as he gains student attention, uses strategies to increase critical thinking, and keeps students engaged by working together to complete a challenging activity.
TASK- View video and complete observation reflection
Effective teachers always reflect on the lesson, and lesson outcomes. Listen as the teacher reflects on this lesson, and compare it to the responses you have written on the observation worksheet. Use both the teacher’s reflections and your own observation when writing your overall observational reflection.
*****RECORD YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT – OBSERVATIONAL REFLECTION
>>>>> VIEW VIDEO HERE
...
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
13022 1 BIOL 315 Salmonella and Typhoid fever CicelyBourqueju
1/30/22
1
BIOL 315: Salmonella and
Typhoid fever
Dr. Sean Murray
Western Blot
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever
• Salmonella Typhi: only infects humans
• CDC estimates 21 million cases per year world wide
with 200,000 deaths
• 400 cases per year in USA (most traveled to developing
countries)
Gastroenteritis
• Salmonella Typhimurium: broad host range
• CDC estimates 6.5 million cases a year in USA
with ~9,000 deaths from gastroenteritis
• 1/3 of all gastroenteritis infections caused by
Salmonella
• CDC: 15 Salmonella infections per 100,000
people in USA
Typhoid Fever
• Salmonella Typhi
• Fecally contaminated food/water
• 1-4 weeks post-ingestion for symptoms
• Multiply in spleen, liver
• High fever, chills, convulsions, delirium, and
anorexia for 2-3 weeks
• Pass from liver to gall bladder to intestine,
where it may ulcerate the intestinal mucosa
(fatal)
• Treatment: antibiotics
1/30/22
2
Typhoid Mary, early 1900s
• Salmonella can persist in the gall
bladder, and may be shed in feces
• Chef Typhoid Mary was a carrier
• She infected many people as she
worked at hotels, restaurants, hospitals
• Arrested twice, spent the rest of her life
in prison after the second arrest
Gastroenteritis
• Salmonella Typhimurium
• Contaminated poultry/eggs
– Caesar salad, raw eggs
• Nausea, vomiting 6-24 hours post ingestion
• Followed by abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever
• Symptoms last 1 week
• Shed Salmonella in feces for up to 3 months
• 1-3% of people shed for 1 year
• If enters bloodstream, septic shock (rare)
• Antibiotics not normally prescribed
Species infected by Salmonella
• Humans (Typhi)
• Humans, mice, cows, most mammals,
C. elegans (Typhimurium)
Salmonella Invasion of intestinal epithelium
1/30/22
3
TIIISS injects proteins into mammalian
cells that are NOT normally phagocytic to
induce phagocytosis of bacterium
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Type III-secretion system (TIIISS)
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Secretion protein complex is sequentially assembled
starting with the inner membrane, outer membrane,
periplasm, and finally the extracellular domains
Galan and Wolf-Watz, Nature, 2006
Invasion of intestinal epithelium
1/30/22
4
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Invading
macrophages
Paul (Ed.), Fundamental Immunology, 2003
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Salmonella
Containing
Vacuoles
Holden, Traffic, 2002
Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands SPI-1 and SPI-2
encode two different TIIISS that were horizontally
acquired (different GC content than chromosome);
pSLT is self-transmissible
pSLT
Spi-1
Spi-2
Salmonella
chromosome
Genome = chromosome plus plasmid
How does Salmonella adapt to
being inside or outside host cells?
In bacterial
membrane:
In bacterial
cytoplasm:
PhoQ
PhoP
(sensor)
(transcription factor)
1/30/22
5
PhoQ is activated by molecular signals inside ...
12620, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for FeCicelyBourqueju
1/26/20, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for Female Genital Cutting - The New York Times
Page 1 of 2https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/world/europe/female-genital-mutilation-conviction-britain.html?searchResultPosition=4
https://nyti.ms/2UzfDiq
By Palko Karasz and Anna Schaverien
Feb. 1, 2019
LONDON — A woman in London was convicted on Friday over the genital cutting of her daughter, becoming
the first person to be successfully prosecuted under the country’s law banning the practice.
The 37-year-old woman was found guilty of committing female genital cutting in August 2017, when her
daughter was 3. The girl’s father, 43, was cleared of charges. Neither parent was identified because of
reporting restrictions placed on the case.
“Female genital mutilation has an appalling physical and emotional impact on victims that usually lasts their
entire life,” said Lynette Woodrow, a deputy chief crown prosecutor, in a statement. “A 3-year-old has no power
to resist or fight back.”
A jury in London heard the girl was “deliberately cut and her injuries amounted to F.G.M.,” the statement from
prosecutors said, referring to female genital cutting, the practice of a girl’s genitalia being cut and removed.
The mother, originally from Uganda, where the practice is also illegal, claimed her daughter’s injuries were
caused when she fell from a kitchen counter onto an open metal lined cupboard door. None of the medical
experts who testified supported that assessment, the prosecutors said. The statement did not describe the
woman’s possible motives.
The girl was taken to a hospital and lost a significant amount of blood because of her injuries, jurors were told,
according to the BBC.
“I come before thee today with tears in my eyes, fear in my heart,” the woman wrote in her diary, according to
prosecutors. “My mother, I made a choice in my life. With that choice I could be going to jail.”
Aisha Gill, a professor of criminology at the University of Roehampton, said in a phone interview that the
verdict was “significant because it sends out a message to affected communities that these kinds of harmful
practices will not be tolerated.”
Calling it “a landmark case,” she added, “We need to see that the law will be operational and effective to
enable victims to come forward when necessary.”
British Jury Delivers First Conviction
for Female Genital Cutting
https://www.nytimes.com/
https://www.nytimes.com/by/palko-karasz
https://www.nytimes.com/by/anna-schaverien
https://www.cps.gov.uk/london-north/news/mother-first-be-convicted-female-genital-mutilation
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47094707
1/26/20, 10(28 AMBritish Jury Delivers First Conviction for Female Genital Cutting - The New York Times
Page 2 of 2https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/01/world/europe/female-genital-mutilation-conviction-britain.html?searchResultPosition=4
Female genital cutting has been illegal in Britain since 1985, but previous prosecutions have l ...
12621, 1000 PMOriginality ReportPage 1 of 6httpsclasCicelyBourqueju
1/26/21, 10:00 PMOriginality Report
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%%63
SafeAssign Originality Report
NURS-6521D-5/NURS-6521N-5/NURS-6521A-5-Adv… • SafeAssign Drafts
%%63Total ScoreTotal Score:: High risk
Dera Ogudo
Submission UUID: ee4ea50b-fd85-24bc-6924-a746b0154e78
Total Number of ReTotal Number of Re……
1
Highest MatchHighest Match
63 %
WK8Assgn_Ogudo.docx
Average MatchAverage Match
63 %
Submitted onSubmitted on
01/26/21
09:48 PM CST
Average Word CountAverage Word Count
813
Highest: WK8Assgn_Ogud…
%%63Attachment 1
Inst itut ional databaseInst itut ional database ( (77))
Student paperStudent paper Student paperStudent paper Student paperStudent paper
Student paperStudent paper Student paperStudent paper Student paperStudent paper
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View Originality Report - Old Design
Word Count: 813
WK8Assgn_Ogudo.docx
22 55 44
11 66 33
77
22 Student paperStudent paper 55 Student paperStudent paper 44 Student paperStudent paper
1
3
Alzheimer’s Case Study Analysis
Dera Ogudo
Walden University
January 26, 2021
Alzheimer’s Disease Case Study It can be a daunting task for a skilled practitioner to carry a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Diagnosis of
dementia must have at least two major cognitive functions for it to be affected sufficiently to impede daily routines. These entail the capacity
to reason, language skills, memory, visual protection, and ability to solve problems. Diagnosis of dementia does not have a definite test, thus,
there is a need for clinicians to conduct several assessments like neurophysiological and cognitive tests in order to determine judgment, cogni-
tion, memory, attention, vocabulary, and thinking. The case study entails a seventy-six-year-old man who is suspected of having Alzheimer’s
disease. The case conclusion is derived on the information that is presented by his son and there lacked organic illness process during inspec-
tion. His behavioral changes began 2 years ago, which comprised of apathy, changes in his personality, which was later followed by diffi-
culties when speaking and loss of memory. When conducting a clinical interview, confabulation was also detected, self-ascertained eu-
thymic mood and speech. The patient also showed signs of impaired insight and judgment and also lacked impulse control. The pa-
tient does not show signs of suicide ideation and he is diagnosed with a condition called neurocognitive disorder that is linked to Alzheimer’s
11
22
33 44
https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-BBLEARN/originalityReport?attemptId=e560c6e4-8f80-47de-ba1e-bf571388590b&course_id=_16782097_1&download=true&includeDeleted=true&print=true&force=true
1/26/21, 10:00 PMOriginality Report
Page 2 of 6https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/mdb-sa- ...
1302 Notes – 06 – February 4, 2021 Writing about Fiction (& CicelyBourqueju
1302 Notes – 06 – February 4, 2021
Writing about Fiction (& Exam)
1. Putting the “Composition” into Composition II
(how to start and end paragraphs with your topic sentence)
2. The Academic Paragraph—with an Example
(it starts and ends with the same topic sentence)
3. Analyze First
4. Let’s Practice Topic Sentences (which will start and end the paragraphs)
5. Let’s Practice Finding Support (for the topic sentences which go where?)
6. Drafting the Paragraph Assignment (establishes today’s attendance)
7. Homework Help (Paragraph & Exam 1: Fiction)
8. Checklist of Graded Assignments, Week 3
HOMEWORK for NEXT TIME: 1- ANALYZE a short story. 2-DRAFT an
academic paragraph of 8-24 sentences, communicating one writing technique in that
story. 3-REVISE the paragraph, then UPLOAD it by Sunday night. 4-TAKE Exam 1:
Fiction any time until next Wednesday (note: no new readings).
1. Putting the “Composition” into Composition 2
• You are LEARNING ABOUT FICTION in order to WRITE ABOUT FICTION
• The skills you use to write about fiction, you can then use in real life
to write about incident reports, peer reviews, etc.
• We will start by writing an ACADEMIC PARAGRAPH
• Next week, we will write an ESSAY, which will include:
• An introductory paragraph
• 2 or more academic paragraphs, and
• A concluding paragraph
2. The Academic Paragraph (with an Example)
ACADEMIC PARAGRAPHS, in literary analysis, exist to communicate ONE (1) specific
insight about a story, poem, or play. This time, we’re doing short stories.
WHY WRITE? Consider Comic-Con, book clubs, and fandoms (like Trekkers or
Browncoats). Also, this develops your ability to look at evidence and build a theory
based on that evidence—a good skill to have in law, in medicine, in business, etc.
HOW & WHEN TO WRITE? Use today’s class time to write an academic paragraph
explaining one (1) insight about one (1) short story. You will then have a chance to
The paragraph starts and ends
with the same point. This "topic
sentence" is the whole reason
the paragraph exists. Be sure to
name the author & title. If you
think a reader may need a
reminder about the term you
are using, define it. If you don't
use your own words, you must
use quotation marks and cite
your source! It's a good idea,
toward the start, to give a one-
line summary of the story in
your own words—name the
main characters. You should
have points to make that
support your topic sentence. Put
them before the quotes that
support them. Support can be
given as quotes and as facts
from the story. If you use a story
with page numbers, remember
to put the page number of the
quote in parentheses after the
quote. Make sure you proved
your point, by the end, even if
you feel you're stating the
obvious, because you probably
are not stating the obvious.
Finish with a restatement of the
topic sentence.
revise and fix any glitches before uploading by Sunday night ...
13-1 Final Project Milestone One IntroductionCicelyBourqueju
1
3-1 Final Project Milestone One: Introduction
January 19,2022
Sierra Club
Sierra Club is an environmental organization that operates in all the US states, promoting the importance of preserving the environment. The environment is primarily polluted, and Sierra Club is doing all it can to bring people together to develop solutions for protecting the environment. Sierra Club has organized over four thousand rallies and events for different causes like racism, mainly focusing on environmental issues (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Sierra Club, over recent years, they have been lobbying the government to promote environmentally friendly practices by implementing policies that promote environmental conservation (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Sierra Club focuses on promoting environmental sustainability, solving and preventing further global warming and its effects, and using coal by large manufacturing companies. Sierra Club does not only deal with ecological protests; they organize outdoor activities like rock climbing, camping, and wilderness excursions for its members. Sierra Club’s vision states that they envision themselves being an inclusive, diverse, and knowledgeable movement that has achieved a sustainable environment making their achievement an inspiration to other communities (About the Sierra Club, n.d.). Its mission includes exploring and protecting the wild areas of the earth, promoting effective and responsible use of the environment and its resources, and educating people on protecting and restoring the natural environment (About the Sierra Club, n.d.).
Disney Corporation
The Walt Disney Company, popularly known as Disney corporation, is a multinational entertainment company that aims at entertaining and inspiring its viewers. Disney began as an animation production company, and with time it grew its products and services. Disney products and services include Walt Disney Pictures, responsible for several film production companies (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). The products and services also include the ABC broadcast network, several cable services like Disney Chanel, Live streaming services like Disney+, several theme parks in the country hotels and cruise ship lines (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). Disney focuses on innovation to create new and customized products for its customers due to the high competition in the film production industry and live streaming services. The vision of Disney is to be among the leading producers, entertainers, and information in the world (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.). Disney’s mission is to entertain and inform its users through storytelling using innovation and technology, making Disney the premium entertainment company globally (About the Walt Disney Company, n.d.).
Miami-Dade County Florida
Miami-Dade County in southeastern Florida is the largest county in Florida State. Miami-Dade County has more than two million five hundred people makin ...
13.7TearViscosityPressurePlate Gap0.00350.00180.000.000.00350.00170.000.000.45319.00186.001.800.85380.00174.001.800.35350.00180.000.000.30300.00180.000.000.70400.00180.000.001.90350.00190.000.000.25350.00180.000.000.10319.00186.00-1.800.15380.00186.00-1.803.90350.00180.003.000.00380.00174.00-1.800.55350.00180.000.000.00350.00180.00-3.000.05319.00174.00-1.800.40319.00174.001.804.30380.00186.001.800.00350.00180.000.00
13.9Size (Square feet) Rent ($)65519756631581718142966513507151633903180770816327851528955180052512066301421731187069418586851782675175075014406101212531117675012706751503725159582017956609985351080628133743410757751574707155670213008721400578120047014507701590784152587215756751478768145079717506001150660185092516506501275550110066513989161600850135075015509001300690160057413008001500775140087316508141575739160082014256651270
13.10MovieOpening Weekend Gross ($mil)YouTube Trailer Views (millions)The Mummy32.24657.897It Comes At Night6.00110.785Megan Leavey3.76810.099Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie23.8528.725Wonder Woman103.25184.205Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales62.98334.990Baywatch18.50421.764Everything, Everything11.7275.550Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul7.1263.836Alien: Covenant36.16145.615Snatched19.5427.791King Arthur: Legend of the Sword15.37128.187Lowriders2.4044.496Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2146.51057.324How to Be a Latin Lover12.2527.394The Circle9.03411.145Sleight1.70211.175Born in China4.7900.508Free Fire0.9941.061Unforgettable4.7855.387The Promise4.0966.354Phoenix Forgotten1.8167.714The Fate of the Furious98.78730.870The Case for Christ3.9680.280Going in Style11.9322.645Smurfs: The Lost Village13.2108.124The Boss Baby50.19952.292The Zookeeper's Wife3.2893.886Ghost in the Shell18.67631.055CHIPS7.7237.081Life12.50213.550Power Rangers40.30059.296Beauty and the Beast174.75180.077The Belko Experiment4.1375.546Kong: Skull Island61.02535.309The Shack16.1722.532Logan88.41244.196Before I Fall4.6904.989Get Out33.3776.630Rock Dog3.7050.942Collide1.5132.258The Great Wall18.47011.327Fist Fight12.2028.966A Cure for Wellness4.35715.177John Wick: Chapter 230.43613.714The LEGO Batman Movie53.00331.231Fifty Shades Darker46.60752.612Rings13.00316.235The Space Between Us3.7766.884A Dog's Purpose18.22311.698Gold3.4712.827Resident Evil: The Final Chapter13.60223.075Split40.01112.60620th Century Women1.3850.826xXx: Return of Xander Cage20.13027.536The Founder3.4047.273The Resurrection of Gavin Stone1.2073.323Monster Trucks10.9514.267Sleepless8.3443.790Patriots Day11.6147.597The Bye Bye Man13.50112.912Live By Night5.1067.067Silence1.9855.020Hidden Figures22.8007.739Underworld: Blood Wars13.68916.795A Monster Calls2.0807.643
MGMT 101
DISSCISSON QUESTIONS- 200 WORDS EACH AND BE SURE TO PUT THE REFRENCES UNDER EACH ANSWER.
W1: Roles, Responsibilities and General Duties of Supervisors
Contains unread posts
Hello Students,
Please review this video, Positional Power vs. Personal Power, and let's get prepared to ...
12622, 935 PM Module Four Assignment Guidelines and Rubric CicelyBourqueju
1/26/22, 9:35 PM Module Four Assignment Guidelines and Rubric - ACC-201-R3909 Financial Accounting 22EW3
https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/le/content/957682/viewContent/16293699/View 1/3
Overview
Internal controls are methods and strategies used to keep informa�on and inventory safe from the� and to easily tell if something is compromised or missing. In this assignment, you
will recommend internal controls for safeguarding inventory from an accoun�ng perspec�ve and explain which financial statements are affected by missing inventory.
Scenario
One of your friends has opened a new wholesale electronics business and wants your help figuring out some inventory issues they are facing.
One night last week, there seemed to be fewer HD televisions in the warehouse than they expected. The last �me they were in the warehouse was a week earlier, and they hadn’t
no�ced anything amiss.
As they looked around, they saw that the evening warehouse worker was filling the last orders of the day. The delivery driver and day warehouse worker were gone for the day, and the
delivery van keys were on the desk that the warehouse workers shared. The doors to the loading dock were open, as was the door to the office area where the accountant, two
customer service specialists, and the owner worked.
Knowing that you are familiar with accoun�ng principles, they asked for your help in figuring out how to prevent this in the future.
Prompt
Based on what you have learned about internal controls, provide recommenda�ons on what controls the business owner should put in place to prevent loss of inventory and ensure
that any losses are reported immediately. Also, specify which parts of the financial statements are affected by these losses.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
Role of Internal Controls
Explain the role of internal controls in business se�ngs. Also explain how not having internal controls in place may impact the accurate analysis of any wrongdoing.
Recommenda�ons
Recommend at least two internal controls that should be put in place to prevent inventory from going “missing,” no�ng any assump�ons you are making about the root
cause of the missing products and how your recommenda�ons will help address them.
Recommend at least one control that should be put in place to alert the owner if something is actually missing.
Financial Statements
If you found that two $400 HD televisions were missing, explain which financial statements you would correct and how. Be specific as to accounts and amounts.
Guidelines for Submission
Submit a 1- to 2-page Word document with 12-point Times New Roman font, double spacing, and one-inch margins. Sources should be cited according to APA style.
Module Four Assignment Rubric
Criteria Exemplary (100%) Proficient (85%) Needs Improvement (55%) Not Evident (0%) Value
https://app.readspeaker.com/cgi-bin/rsent?customerid=9568&url=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.snhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fenforced%2F957682-ACC-20 ...
1
2
3
CLC Assignment: COMPANY ANALYSIS
Group 3
Professor Stephen Weiss
ACC. 371
January 31, 2021
Introduction
The GAAP provided new guidelines regarding revenue recognition, in order to simplify the financial statements. The objective of the new guidance is to establish the principles to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, timing, and uncertainty of revenue from contracts with customers. This paper will discuss the revenue recognition criteria of various companies and how they comply with rules of FASB codification.
The Analysis
Microsoft Corporation: Microsoft corporation is the largest company that deals with the manufacturing and sale of electronic devices like iPhones, iPads, laptops and other extra devices in the world. It is the leading company in the production of personal computer software. Its financial statements signify a good performance in the investment sector. From the balance sheet, the short-term investments in the financial year 2020 were $136,527, in 2019 the investments were $133,819 and in 2018 the investments totaled to $133,768 this can be estimated to be 2.02%, 0.04% and 0.59% percentage growth of the company from the previous years, (Warren et al,, 2020).
The notes show that the company has invested $150 in the production of more units of the electronic devices supplied. Investing in workforce and in the security exchange in the purchase of share in the stock exchange. An approximate amount of $100 was invested in the purchase of share and reinvestment of dividends in 2019, (Mayes, 2020).
FASB which refers to the financial accounting standards board has laid out new policies that ought to be followed by every company. For instance, Microsoft corporation follows the principle of impracticability in its operations as required by FASB as it believes excessive costs are included in the principle, (Tysiac, 2018, p.105). Additionally, the company follows the exchanges productive assets which states that the accounting of non monetary transactions should be based on fair values of the assets. According to Microsoft corporation when non-monetary transactions lack commercial substance, they are exempted in accordance with FASB standards. Therefore, Microsoft has made investments in the company in both short-term and long-term investments and follows the FASB standards correctly when preparing their financial statements.
Amazon: Amazon is the second most valuable company in the United States trailing Apple. The company is worth over $1.7 trillion and continues to grow. Amazon recognizes revenue when these four criteria are met, evidence of an arrangement or contract exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the selling price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is assured (sec.gov). From there they determine if they should report the revenue as gross sales and related costs or the net amount as commission sales. When discount offers a ...
12622, 930 AM Full article Strategic Management in the PubCicelyBourqueju
1/26/22, 9:30 AM Full article: Strategic Management in the Public Sector: How Tools Enable and Constrain Strategy Making
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10967494.2018.1427161 1/81
Volume 21, 2018 - Issue 5
International Public Management Journal
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Articles
Strategic Management in the Public
Sector: How Tools Enable and Constrain
Strategy Making
,Linda Höglund ,Mikael Holmgren Caicedo &Maria Mårtensson
Fredrik Svärdsten
Pages 822-849 | Accepted author version posted online: 24 Jan 2018, Published online: 01 Mar 2018
Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2018.1427161
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Licensing Reprints & Permissions PDF
ABSTRACT
Strategic management (SM) has become prominent on the agenda in several public
organizations due to new public management (NPM) reforms. Nevertheless, there are
few studies investigating how public organizations apply SM in practice and what tools
are used. As a result, calls have been made for such studies. This article can be seen as
an attempt to meet this call by presenting a qualitative case study of how SM has been
applied in the Swedish Transport Administration (STA), a central government agency in
Sweden, and what tools it used in strategy making. By analyzing the micro processes of
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Instructor
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(date)
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Which organisation?
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The reader needs to know some background to a specific company and its operation in a
second country and the frameworks you will introduce to analyse the IHRM issues that
arise.
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their operation is needed.
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Why are you introducing the Philippines here?
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assumed?
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Are you discussing China or the Philippines?
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International Human Resource Management: BUSMGT 761
Week 3
5
th
July 2021
Sourcing human resources
for global markets
It can be concluded that an adequate understanding of the cultural context, as it impacts on the behavior of an organization’s employees, is of critical impo ...
13 Business and Global GovernanceMarc FudgeCase ScenCicelyBourqueju
13 Business and Global
Governance
Marc Fudge
Case Scenario: Zach and Zoey discuss their future 367
Introduction 369
Global Governance 369
Three Important IGOs Not Directly Related to Business 371
Three IGOs Related to Business 372
Criticisms of International Trade and Financial Organizations 379
Factors of Economic Growth and the Role of Governments
and Governance 382
Analytical Case: The BRICS Development Bank 392
Practical Skill: Leveraging international resources 393
Summary and Conclusion 394
CHAPTER CONTENTS
CASE 13 SCENARIO
Zach and Zoey discuss their future
Zach wanted to share something with Zoey and invited her out to dinner at Tyler’s
uncle’s restaurant on Main Street. As they leave Happy Paws and walk past the vet
office, Splurge jewelers, and the U Scream Ice Cream shop, Zach begins talking.
He mentions that he and Zoey are both busy running successful businesses. Zoey
has opened two more Happy Paws stores, one across the state line and the other
in Anyplace, the town next to the City of Somewhere. Zach has taken over all
operations of the Double Z Beauty product line and the Double Z pet product
line. His grandparents are enjoying their retirement years traveling and have even
been able to visit Zoey’s sister Zara in China. Tyler is full time now at Good Buddy
E-
Solution
s, watching over the websites and several employees himself. Between
the three of them, they have been able to hire a number of people. Profits are
up and life is looking pretty good. Zoey remarks that life is indeed good, and
there’s not much more she could ask for. But at the door of the restaurant, Zach
acts unsettled and says things could be better. Upon hearing that, Zoey raises
her eyebrows.
Tyler has been keeping stats on website traffic for both Happy Paws and the
Double Z Beauty products. He mentioned to Zach that a number of repeat clients
are from Asia and Europe and have increasingly expressed interest in Zach opening
distribution facilities, perhaps in Tokyo and Madrid. One customer has even offered
to work for Double Z in Japan. Tyler provides some reports from international
finance institutions such as the World Trade Organization and International Monetary
Fund on targeted countries, which are very informative and surprisingly easy to
read. Zach never envisioned that the beauty and pet product lines would ever grow
to the level they have and therefore had never considered opening any facilities
overseas. Until now.
Zach is intrigued about the growth prospects of opening facilities in other
countries. He recalled his former economics professor saying that recent global
economic growth has risen substantially, and while the US had improved, it was
Asia’s developing nations where the greatest increase occurred, at something like
6+ percent.
As they make their way to their table, Zoey remarks that she supposes things
could be better, but first they’d have to find out about the employment laws that
are in place for each ...
13-1 IntroductionThe Galleon Group was a privately owned hedge fCicelyBourqueju
13-1 Introduction
The Galleon Group was a privately owned hedge fund firm that provided services and information about investments such as stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. Galleon made money for itself and others by picking stocks and managing portfolios and hedge funds for investors. At its peak, Galleon was responsible for more than $7 billion in investor income. The company’s philosophy was that it was possible to deliver superior returns to investors without employing common high-risk tactics such as leverage or market timing. Founded in 1997, Galleon attracted employees from prestigious investment firms such as Goldman Sachs, Needham & Co., and ING Barings. Every month the company held meetings where executives explained the status and strategy of each fund to investors. In addition, Galleon told investors that no employee would be personally trading in any stock or fund the investors held.
In 2009 Raj Rajaratnam, the head of Galleon, was indicted on 14 counts of securities fraud and conspiracy, as well as sued by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for insider trading. He and five others were accused of using nonpublic information from company insiders and consultants to make millions in personal profits. Rajaratnam’s trial began in 2011, and although he pleaded not guilty, he was convicted on all 14 counts, fined over $158 million in civil and criminal penalties, and is currently serving an 11-year sentence.13-2 Raj Rajaratnam
Rajaratnam, born in Sri Lanka to a middle-class family, received his bachelor’s degree in engineering from the University of Sussex in England. In 1983 he earned his MBA from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business. With a focus on the computer chip industry, he meticulously developed contacts. He went to manufacturing plants, talked to employees, and connected with executives who would later work with Galleon on their companies’ initial public offerings.
In 1985 the investment banking boutique Needham & Co. hired Rajaratnam as an analyst. The corporate culture at Needham & Co. profoundly influenced Rajaratnam and his business philosophy. George Needham was obsessive about minimizing expenses, making employees stay in budget hotel rooms and take midnight flights to and from meetings. The company also urged analysts to gather as much information as possible. They were encouraged to sift through garbage, question disgruntled employees, and even place people in jobs in target industries. Analysts went to professional meetings, questioned academics doing research and consulting, and set up clandestine agencies that collected information. At Needham & Co., Rajaratnam developed an aggressive networking and note-taking research strategy that enabled him to make accurate predictions about companies’ financial situations.
Rajaratnam rose rapidly through the ranks at Needham to become president of the company by 1991. Rajaratnam’s personality also began to impact the company’s cu ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
This document presents a research proposal assessing current approaches to childhood immunization. The study will use a community-based cross-sectional design to examine factors associated with partial immunization of children under five, such as mothers' knowledge, beliefs, religion, and education level. A sample of mothers will be surveyed using random stratified sampling. Correlation analyses will examine relationships between vaccination hesitancy and demographic factors. The results could help identify digital methods for tracking under-vaccinated children and inform future health policy. Limitations include potential recall bias and the time needed for data collection.
1
2
Women Veterans Mental Healthcare during Pregnancy
Student Name
Student Affiliation (For Example, Department + Institute Name)
Course Name and Number
Instructor Name
Date
Women Veterans Mental Healthcare during Pregnancy
Pregnancy in women veterans is often associated with anxiety, depression, and other stress disorders. The incidence of these diseases is high in women veterans due to significant endeavors during military services (Creech et al., 2019). The implementation plan for pregnant veterans includes providing financial aids and sufficient resources to improve their mental health during pregnancy. The proposed change plan comprises certain strategic interventions to reduce the ongoing incidence of mental health problems during pregnancy in women veterans.
Distinguish organizational strategies needed to implement and maintain the change plan.
The proposed change plan comprises certain modifications in the management of pregnant veterans by providing them with adequate funds, quick medical access, and paid pregnancy leaves. Similarly, the organization should pay attention to the fault lines of the already implemented plan. To maintain the change, there should be active leadership that prioritizes the success and sustenance of the change plan. The other strategy that can make the implementation plan easy and productive is empowering women veterans through effective communication and negotiation. This strategy will ultimately help to reduce the mental stress and grievances of pregnant veterans. Hence, the change plan can categorically operate.
Identify the stakeholders needed to support the implementation of the proposed plan.
The major stakeholders are healthcare professionals such as doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, paramedical staff, and pregnant veterans as a patient of prime focus for this change plan. Additionally, hospital management and leadership also play a significant role in implementing the proposed change plan (Nillni et al., 2021). Similarly, there are certain private investors and NGOs that work for the mandate of the organization and patient care. Insurance companies are also one of the key stakeholders of the implementation plan. Similarly, pharmaceutical firms and government subsidies are also supportive elements for the implementation plan. All these stakeholders will provide affordable health care costs and quality medical care for pregnant veterans.
Explain how these stakeholders are vital to implementing the change plan.
Doctors and nurses are the first-line workers to assist the patient and provide the baseline for effective implementation. Efficient staff will introduce interventions that will improve the mental health of the veterans. Similarly, the insurance companies and other private investors directly fund the patient and hospital management to increase the plan's efficacy. This strategy will ensure the safe delivery and life of the child and mother (Nillni et al., 2021 ...
1234 Oak StreetComment by Author Good letter format that fCicelyBourqueju
1234 Oak Street Comment by Author: Good letter format that follows the sample.
Tyler, Texas 75703
October 6, 2015
Mayor Martin Heines
City of Tyler
P.O. Box 2039
Tyler, TX, 75710
Dear Mayor Haynes:
The continuance of America’s heritage hinges on the involvement of each generation in the political and civic spheres of society. Today, this hinge is rusty and in need of repair. Richard Fry, a senior researcher for Pew Research Center, writes that “this year, the ‘Millennial’ generation is projected to surpass the outsized Baby Boom generation as the nation’s largest living generation.” Yet the Millennial generation, aged eighteen to thirty-four years old this year, is cynical towards government and apathetic towards voting and civic involvement.
In a study released April 29th by Harvard University’s Institute of Politics entitled “Survey of Young Americans’ Attitudes Toward Politics and Public Service,” only 21% of young Americans view themselves as “politically engaged” and 34% “volunteer in community service.” These facts are troubling. As of this year, an overwhelming majority of this new largest generation of Americans is not politically involved and does not volunteer in the local community. It is time for local government to step in and do what it can to engage its new constituent majority. I suggest that a new city-wide initiative be adopted, targeted toward the Millennial generation’s age group as potential members, for which the City of Tyler may provide an executive committee, office and staff structure, and financial grants, with the mission of providing a way to bring together, activate, and empower Tyler’s young adults to become increasingly involved in their community and participate in the political sphere.
In order to achieve this proposal, the Tyler City Council must adopt an initiative to attract young leaders in the community and engage their involvement. This would include setting up an organizational structure consisting of an executive committee with a Tyler City Council member as chair. It might also be helpful to install you as an honorary co-chair in this committee. There would be standing committees governing specific departments necessary to the project such as a marketing committee, membership committee, and events committee. Temporary committees may be formed as needed. Full-time staff would be necessary to put the committee’s decisions into action, establishing partnerships within the community such as nonprofits and elected officials, and sponsoring education initiatives for political involvement. The staff would take full advantage of social media including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram—favorite outlets and sources of information for Millennials. These networks can be used to further spread the word about events and opportunities made available. Memberships would be granted free of charge to Tyler residents, and others who have a vested interest in Tyler. They must be willing to sign a pledge to be ...
1/25/2017 PlayPosit
Name: Date:
Francisco Gonzalez
Light
1. In what ways does Mr. Gonzalez monitor student progress?
2. Notice that Mr. Gonzalez has a firm understanding of the challenges of his content area. He recognizes that comparisons or connections to something familiar must be made in order to ensure understanding.
3. In what ways is Mr. Gonzalez using music in his lesson?
4. Take note how Mr. Gonzalez maximizes instructional time by gathering and passing out materials while students are engaged in academic conversations with their peers.
Also watch for how he regains their attention.
5. Mr. Gonzalez has demonstrated several ways of regaining student attention following peer collaboration. Explain how Mr. Gonzalez' attention getting strategies are implemented and why they are effective.
6. How has Mr. Gonzalez significantly increased the cognitive level at which his students are working?
7. Watch for Mr. Gonzalez' reference to vocabulary commonly used on the state assessment and how he relates the term to a topic outside of the topic of light.
8. Here Mr. Gonzalez addresses common misconceptions and provides real-time, immediate examples to illustrate his point.
9. How has Mr. Gonzalez extended the learning for his students?
10. Think back over the entire lesson. Describe the many ways Mr. Gonzalez has maintained student engagement throughout his lesson.
11. What just happened here? Why is it significant?
12. Consider the part of the lesson cycle. Did Mr. Gonzalez include all of the necessary lesson components in today's lesson? Explain.
13. Effective teachers always reflect on the lesson, and lesson outcomes. Go back to the beginning of the video and rewatch Mr. Gonzalez' reflection. Listen as the he reflects on this lesson, and compare it to the responses you have written on the observation worksheet. Use both the teacher’s reflections and your own observation when writing your overall observational reflection.
CLASSROOM OBSERVATION:
Francisco Gonzales is a science teacher who uses music to teach his science concepts. He is working in a high poverty, bilingual school. Watch as he gains student attention, uses strategies to increase critical thinking, and keeps students engaged by working together to complete a challenging activity.
TASK- View video and complete observation reflection
Effective teachers always reflect on the lesson, and lesson outcomes. Listen as the teacher reflects on this lesson, and compare it to the responses you have written on the observation worksheet. Use both the teacher’s reflections and your own observation when writing your overall observational reflection.
*****RECORD YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT – OBSERVATIONAL REFLECTION
>>>>> VIEW VIDEO HERE
...
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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1Juvenile Delinquency:
Background and
Measurement
ncognet0/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish
the following objectives:
Explain the complexity of defining juvenile
delinquency.
Summarize the different types of juvenile
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During the summer of 1999, 6-year-old Tiffany Eunick was
staying with a friend of her mother. The friend's
12-year-old son, Lionel Tate, and Tiffany were playing while
Lionel's mother was in another part of the home.
Two hours later, Lionel told his mother that Tiffany had stopped
breathing. Lionel indicated that they were
playing a wrestling game. He admitted that he had had the little
girl in a headlock and her head had hit the
table. Tiffany later died of her injuries. The autopsy indicated
that Tiffany's injuries included a lacerated
spleen, fractured rib cage and skull, and damage to her liver
(Canedy, 2001).
Lionel Tate became the youngest person in U.S. history to be
sentenced to life in prison without the possibility
of parole. Eventually the case was overturned, allowing him to
serve three years in prison; however, he
continued to have trouble with the law and currently resides in
prison on an armed robbery conviction. The
case of Lionel Tate captured national attention not only because
of the nature of the crime but also because of
the young age of the defendant.
Although violent crime among juveniles is cause for serious
concern, other forms of delinquency, such as drug
and alcohol use among teens, can be equally concerning. In fact,
the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) asserts that alcohol and drug use among teens
is a significant public health issue. The CDC
monitors drug and alcohol use among teenagers with a national
school-based survey (visit
http://www.cdc.gov/yrbsshttp://www.cdc.gov/yrbss
(http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss) (http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss) for
more information). According to the survey, in
3. 2017, 29.8% of high school students reported having at least
one drink during the last 30 days before the
survey, 19.8% of students reported using marijuana one or more
times during the 30 days before the survey,
and 6.2% had sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol
spray cans, or inhaled paints or sprays to get high
one or more times during their life (Kann et al., 2018).
delinquency.
Describe how states attempt to define juvenile
delinquency in relation to age.
Evaluate the rates of delinquency and the three
primary techniques for measuring delinquency.
Analyze the benefits of using the three crime
measurements together.
http://www.cdc.gov/yrbss
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Defining and measuring deviant
behavior among juveniles is more
difficult than it might seem.
4. Flirt/SuperStock
1.1 Introduction
Youth involvement in violent crime is often the subject of
intense
media coverage. The Tate case illustrates that children can and
do
commit violent criminal acts. While this case illustrates that
juveniles
are capable of murder, this type of crime is rare compared to
other
types of crimes. If we examine arrest statistics, we see that
although
682 juveniles were arrested for murder in 2016, this number is
lower
than that for any other violent crime category (Federal Bureau
of
Investigation [FBI], 2017). As a point of comparison, more than
147,000 youth were arrested for property crimes in 2016 (FBI,
2017).
This comparison is not to suggest that property crime is
comparable
to violent crime, particularly murder; however, it does illustrate
that
an arrest made for a violent crime is a rare event.
People generally agree that a juvenile's violent acts should be
considered criminal. However, defining and measuring deviant
behavior among juveniles is more difficult than it might seem.
For
example, if a youth drinks alcohol at a weekend party with
friends
and does not get caught, is the behavior criminal? It certainly
could
be argued that underage drinking with friends is wrong,
5. regardless of
police action. However, if a youth is given a glass of wine at
the
family dinner table, does this behavior also represent juvenile
delinquency? The context in which the behavior occurs might
alter
our perspective.
We may see binge drinking at an unsupervised party differently
than
we see consuming a small amount of alcohol in the context of a
family gathering, even though underage drinking is illegal.
Similarly,
the reasons behind certain behaviors may change our view.
Consider a youth who skips school to escape
chronic bullying or who runs away from home to escape sexual
abuse. Truancy is against the law, but should
the underlying cause for the behavior be considered when
determining whether to involve the criminal justice
system?
As we will see throughout this chapter, juvenile delinquency,
which typically refers to the criminal activities
of a minor child, is a complex phenomenon. The complexity can
be seen in several examples. First, although
the age at which a youth is considered a juvenile delinquent is
18 according to federal law, the age varies at the
state level. Second, the types of offenses committed by
juveniles vary dramatically, and controversy surrounds
how different types of offenses should be handled within the
justice system. Finally, there are various ways to
measure delinquency and each comes to slightly different
conclusions about the extent and impact of crime.
The complexity surrounding juvenile delinquency should not be
interpreted to mean that studying the concept
is unproductive or cannot inform public policy. Instead,
6. researchers and practitioners must appreciate and
develop theories and policies that account for this complexity.
Let's begin by examining the complications and
controversies that arise when trying to define juvenile
delinquency.
High School Counselor
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High school counselors must wear a number of hats. Youth
who are truant or drop out of school are far more likely to be
involved in the juvenile justice system.
1. What are the benefits of having at-risk youth meet with a
high school counselor?
2. What are some other ways counselors could work with
at-risk youth beyond what was mentioned in the video?
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7. 1.2 What Qualifies as Juvenile Delinquency?
Defining precisely the types of behavior that should warrant
involvement in the juvenile justice system is
complicated. For example, although murder is clearly a crime
that would invoke court involvement, other
forms of delinquency are less clear. Crimes committed by
juveniles range from minor violations like
vandalism and truancy to more serious crimes like rape and
robbery. Should individuals who engage in less
serious forms of delinquency be subjected to the same arrest
and court processing as those who commit more
serious crime? Understanding this issue requires us to examine
a brief history of the concept of juvenile
delinquency in the United States.
Those born in the 1980s and later have known only a juvenile
justice system oriented toward punishment.
Historically the juvenile justice system was oriented toward
rehabilitation and care of delinquent youth (see
Chapter 2). Rehabilitation or reformation is the foundation
behind parens patria, one of the core concepts of
the system. ParensParens patria patria (Latin for "parent of the
nation") refers to the court's focus on the welfare of the
juvenile. The court's parenting role becomes particularly
important in cases in which a juvenile is a victim of
abuse or neglect.
The juvenile court assumes jurisdiction over behaviors that are
illegal only for juveniles. These types of crimes
are referred to as status offenses and include delinquent acts
such as truancy, running away, and violating
curfew. Status offenses are considered fairly minor forms of
delinquency and in some states may qualify for
particular types of services, such as diversion or educational
classes, rather than incarceration. For example,
8. some states offer seminars both for youth who engage in chronic
truancy and for their parents. The classes
might discuss the impact of skipping school on the youth's
financial and emotional well-being.
Although the juvenile justice system had long distinguished
between delinquent offenses (more serious), abuse
and neglect cases (serious but nondelinquent), and status
offenses (less serious), it was not until the 1960s that
criminal justice reformers questioned how the system should
handle each. At the time, the concern was less
about whether the system should be more punitive in its
handling of delinquent cases than it was about
whether the system could be having a negative impact on status
offenders and abuse and neglect cases. The
controversy surrounding status offenses became particularly
important as research suggested that the system's
response could influence a youth's chance of becoming involved
in more serious delinquency in the future
(Raley, 1995). In other words, could the juvenile justice system
be doing more harm than good?
The treatment of status offenders was addressed as a primary
issue in the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention Act of 1974. One of the four core protections of this
act is the Deinstitutionalization of Status
Offenders, which recommends that all juveniles classified as
status offenders not be held for any period of
time in a detention facility (Holden & Kapler, 1995). The
recommendation regarding the treatment of status
offenders was based on several concerns. First, although status
offenses are less serious forms of delinquency,
they could result in severe sanctions, such as
institutionalization. Second, studies find that status offenders,
particularly girls who run away from home, may be doing so to
escape an abusive home life. These girls are
9. often detained and treated as criminals rather than victims of
abuse. Finally, studies also find that placing these
youth under the control of the system actually increases their
risk for future criminal behavior (Chesney-Lind
& Pasko, 2004; Holman & Ziedenberg, 2007; Sherman, 2005).
To reduce these potential negative impacts, some observers
argue that the system should develop labels,
guidelines, and even separate criminal codes for status
offenders and juveniles who offend as a result of abuse
or neglect. In terms of labels, the International Association of
Chiefs of Police (IACP) have long argued that
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Underage drinking is a delinquent-
type status offense.
Fuse/Thinkstock
status offenders should be labeled as unruly children to reduce
the
use of the "offender" label (Krisberg & Austin, 1978). More
recently,
the IACP and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation
began a partnership to create innovative policies for handling
youth.
As a result of this collaboration, jurisdictions across the country
10. have
been able to reduce referrals to the juvenile court for status
offenses
(Bahney, Daugirda, Firman, Kurash, & Phudy, 2014). Some
states
classify a juvenile who commit status offenses as a person in
need of
supervision (PINS), a youth in need of supervision (YINS), a
juvenile in need of supervision (JINS), or a child in need of
supervision (CINS). Still other states limit the types of charges
that
can be classified as a status offense. For example, North
Carolina
developed five categories of status offenders (Governor's Crime
Commission, 2012):
Undisciplined-type status offender: a juvenile who has
committed an undisciplined-type status offense (e.g.,
truancy, has run away, has been disobedient)
Delinquent-type status offender: a juvenile who has
committed a curfew, alcohol, tobacco, or motor vehicle
offense that is not a crime for adults (e.g., buying tobacco
under age 18, consuming alcohol under age 21)
Nonoffender: a juvenile who is under juvenile court
jurisdiction for reasons of delinquency, neglect, or abuse
Civil-type offender: a juvenile who is under delinquency
court jurisdiction for an infraction that is civil in nature (e.g.,
noncriminal traffic or fish and game violations)
Alien juvenile: a noncitizen juvenile under age 18 who is not
charged with any offense
A concern regarding status offenders that is not addressed by
these types of labels and guidelines, however, is
how to deal with chronic status offenders or those who commit
multiple status offenses (see Chapter 4).
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1.3 Who Is a Juvenile Delinquent?
One of the challenges of understanding the juvenile justice
system is that the system itself is, in fact, not
systematic. This is particularly true when it comes to defining
who qualifies as a juvenile. The U.S. juvenile
justice system is comprised of 51 different entities—one for the
federal system and one for each state—and
who qualifies as a juvenile differs from state to state. A juvenile
delinquent is a minor who commits a criminal
act. But at what age is someone considered a minor?
The federal government considers a minor to be under the age
of 18. Should everyone in the country who is
under the age of 18 be considered a minor? Conversely, is there
an age at which someone is too young to form
criminal intent and should therefore be exempt from criminal
prosecution? Age ambiguity, or uncertainty
regarding the age of entry into the juvenile justice system, can
be seen by how juvenile delinquent status is
defined differently in different states. In Texas, the definition
of a juvenile delinquent is a child between the
ages of 10 and 17. However, in Massachusetts, the age is
between 7 and 16 years (Hockenberry &
Puzzanchera, 2018).
If we look state by state, we see considerable variation in both
12. the upper and lower age limits for who is
considered a juvenile. The upper age limit in each state is
referred to as the age of jurisdiction, or the age that
dictates whether the juvenile court or the adult court system has
authority over a case. Most states consider a
juvenile to be any person under the age of 18 (see Table 1.1).
Support for raising the age of jurisdiction has increased over the
past several years as research questioning the
effectiveness of transferring youth to adult court has increased.
In 2013, both Illinois and Massachusetts raised
the age of jurisdiction from 16 to 17, with New Hampshire
following suit in 2015. In 2017, New York voters
passed legislation to raise the age of jurisdiction from 15 to 18
(starting in fiscal year 2018), and North
Carolina raised the age of jurisdiction for nonviolent crimes to
age 18 (effective December 1, 2019).
Table 1.1: Upper age of jurisdiction in delinquency matters by
state/jurisdiction
Age State/jurisdiction
16 Georgia, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, South Carolina,
Texas, Wisconsin
17 Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,
Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey,
New Mexico, New York, North Carolina*, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont,
Virginia, Washington, West Virginia,
13. Wyoming
*Effective December 2019
From "Figure: Delinquency upper age, 2016," in Statistical
briefing book, by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b
b / s t r u c t u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e
= 2 0 1 6 & t e x t = n o & m a p l i n k = l i n k 2h t t p s : / / w
w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t u re _ p ro c e s s
/ q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 & t e x t = n o & m a
p l i n k = l i n k 2
( h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t
u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 &
t e x t = n o & m a p l i n k = l i n k 2 )( h t t p s : / / w w w. o j
j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4
1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 & t e x t = n o & m a p l i n k
= l i n k 2 )
Some states also set a minimum age of jurisdiction for youth to
be involved with the juvenile justice system
(see Table 1.2). North Carolina allows the lowest minimum age
of jurisdiction, meaning that youth as young as
6 years old are subject to the juvenile court system. The
minimum age of jurisdiction is 7 years in Connecticut,
Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York. It is 8 years in
Arizona and 10 years in 11 other states. If a youth
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/qa04102.asp?
qaDate=2016&text=no&maplink=link2
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below these ages commits a delinquent act, it would likely be
handled informally by the police department and
family. Youth under the age of jurisdiction are considered too
young to understand that their behavior is
criminal.
Table 1.2: Minimum age of jurisdiction in delinquency matters,
by state
Age State
6 North Carolina
7 Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York
8 Arizona
10 Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas,
Vermont, Wisconsin
From "Figure: Delinquency lower age, 2016," in Statistical
briefing book, by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b
b / s t r u c t u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e
= 2 0 1 6h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t
r u c t u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0
1 6
( h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t
u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 )(
h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t u
15. re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 2 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 )
Not surprisingly, the maximum age of jurisdiction varies by
state as well. The maximum age of jurisdiction
refers to the oldest age at which a juvenile can be retained in
the juvenile system. The majority of states
consider the age of 20 as the maximum age of jurisdiction (see
Table 1.3). So, for example, if a youth is
convicted at age 14 for a crime in Ohio and is sentenced to
serve time in a juvenile institution, he can be kept
under supervision by the juvenile justice system until he is 20
years old. A few states will allow youth as old
as 24 to remain in the juvenile justice system, and some will
allow youth to remain as long as their sentence
dictates.
Table 1.3: Maximum age of jurisdiction in delinquency matters,
by state/jurisdiction
Age State/jurisdiction
18 Oklahoma, Texas
19 Alaska, Connecticut, Mississippi, North Dakota
20 Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada*, New Hampshire, New Mexico,
New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington,
West Virginia, Wyoming
21 Vermont
16. 22 Kansas
24 California, Montana, Oregon, Wisconsin
— Colorado**, Hawaii**, New Jersey**
Note: Extended jurisdiction may be restricted to certain
offenses or juveniles.
*Until the full sentence has been served for sex offenders
**Until the full sentence has been served
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/qa04102.asp?
qaDate=2016
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From "Figure: Jurisdictional boundaries," in Statistical briefing
book, by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
2017, Retrieved
from h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u
c t u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 6 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1
6h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t u
re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 6 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6
( h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t
u re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 6 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 )(
h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / s t r u c t u
re _ p ro c e s s / q a 0 4 1 0 6 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 6 )
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/qa04106.asp?
qaDate=2016
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1.4 How Prevalent Is Juvenile Delinquency?
National crime statistics offer a fairly complicated portrait of
juvenile offending and victimization. The
statistics can sometimes be confusing and contradictory. Let's
consider the following facts:
Over 850,000 juveniles were arrested in 2016. This number
represents a 58% decrease since 2007
(FBI, 2016).
Prevalence of marijuana use and inhalants increased
significantly in 2017, although still below peak
levels (Johnston, Miech, O'Malley, Bachman, Schulenberg, &
Patrick, 2018).
Studies show that the rate of violent victimization among
juveniles between the ages of 12 and 17
declined to an all-time low in 2015 (U.S. Department of Justice,
2017).
In recent years, the percentage of arrests has grown for girls
more than for boys, although boys
represent 92% of all juvenile arrests (Puzzanchera & Ehrmann,
2018).
Up to 60% of U.S. children are exposed to violence, crime, or
abuse in their homes, schools, and
communities (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke,
2009).
18. After reading these statistics, you may not feel you have any
better understanding of juvenile crime than you
did before. If so, you are not alone. Crime statistics can be a
puzzling array of percentages, rates, and trends.
These statistics, and the headlines that accompany them, can
lead to confusion regarding how much
delinquency occurs each year. This confusion regarding crime
was illustrated in a mid-1990s study of college
students. Researchers asked participants to indicate the number
of murders that occurred in the United States
in the previous year. Nearly half of the students indicated that
the number was as high as 250,000. In reality,
the number of homicides typically hovers around less than
20,000 annually, with 1,700 of those involving
juveniles (VanDiver & Giacopassi, 1997). Clearly these
students were misinformed, but studies suggest that
overall the public often overestimates the amount of crime that
occurs each year (Weitzer & Kubrin, 2004).
One reason for this overestimation is that our views and
attitudes are influenced by our personal experiences
and by the information we take in about the world around us.
This phenomenon is referred to as the
availability heuristic, which is the tendency to believe in the
probability of an event based on how easily an
example can be recalled (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973).
Regarding violent crime, information may come from
a person's experience (e.g., knowing someone who was robbed
by a delinquent youth), but more often it comes
from the news media's excessive coverage of violent crime
(Weitzer & Kubrin, 2004).
There are several other reasons why understanding crime
statistics can be difficult. First, crime statistics can be
very contextual. For example, arrest statistics can be influenced
by numerous factors, one of which is
19. organizational practices within police departments. When a
police department decides to crack down on a
particular type of crime, such as drug use, the arrests for drug-
related crimes may increase even though the
crimes themselves have not increased. Second, although we
often examine crime statistics from an annual
perspective (e.g., the percentage of crime in 2018), crime tends
to fluctuate naturally between years.
Sometimes the fluctuation turns into a trend (e.g., the crime rate
has decreased significantly between 2010 and
2018); other times the fluctuation represents an anomaly or an
unusual year. Finally, we use multiple
techniques to measure delinquency, and each technique has its
own strengths and weaknesses. In particular, the
juvenile justice field relies on three primary sources for
collecting crime data: arrests, self-report surveys, and
victimization surveys. Let's take a look at these three sources
and their strengths and weaknesses.
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Arrest Results and Trends
When the news media discuss the increase or decrease in the
crime rate, they are most often referring to
changes in the number of arrests or the arrest rate. The arrest
statistics for both juveniles and adults is most
commonly derived from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR),
whose data are published annually by the FBI.
20. The UCR program began in the late 1920s and collects
information from police departments across the
country. In the 1940s, law enforcement agencies from nearly
400 cities provided information on arrests in their
jurisdictions. By the 1960s, every state provided crime statistics
for the UCR. Today, crime statistics included
in the UCR are collected by approximately 17,000 different
city, county, tribal, and state police agencies
across the country. Even crime that occurs on university and
college campuses can be part of these crime
statistics (FBI, 2004). The statistics account for crimes known
to police and arrests made by law enforcement
agencies.
The UCR collects arrest data on what are known as Part I and
Part II offenses. The Part I offenses, also known
as index crimes, include homicide, rape, arson, motor vehicle
theft, larceny, robbery, and burglary. They are
singled out because of their seriousness, frequency, and
likelihood of being reported. The Part II offenses
include a broader range of offenses, such as simple assault,
forgery, and embezzlement. The annual report
published by the FBI focuses on Part I offenses. Both types of
offenses are listed in Table 1.4. Several crime
categories have been added to the UCR since the 1960s. For
example, police agencies began reporting officers
killed in the line of duty in 1960, arson was categorized as a
Part I offense in 1982, and hate crimes were
added in 1990 (FBI, 2004).
Table 1.4: Part I and II offenses
Part I offenses Part II offenses
Murder and nonnegligent homicide
Rape
21. Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Larceny/theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
Other assaults
Fraud
Embezzlement
Stolen property
Weapons
Prostitution
Sex offenses (except rape)
Drug abuse violations
Runaways
Gambling
Forgery and counterfeiting
Offenses against family and children
Driving under the influence
Liquor laws
Drunkenness
Disorderly conduct
Vagrancy
Suspicion
Curfew & loitering
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22. All other offenses (except trafficking)
The data collected for the UCR program include three different
categories:
Crimes known to police: Data include crimes reported by
victims or witnesses, or those discovered by
police. These crimes may or may not be referred to the court
system for formal charges.
Crimes cleared by arrest: Data include the number of offenses
cleared by an arrest. Cleared refers to
whether the crime was considered "solved" by the police.
Crimes cleared by an arrest do not
necessarily indicate the number of people arrested. For
example, the arrest of one person may "clear"
a number of crimes committed by that one person. Regardless of
the number of people involved, an
arrest must have occurred and the case referred to court.
Number of persons arrested for Part I and Part II offenses: Data
include the number of persons
arrested for Part I and Part II offenses in any given year. The
statistics are collected by age, race,
gender, and location.
The data collected result in three annual publications and two
semiannual publications. The three annual
publications are Crime in the United States, Hate Crime
Statistics, and Law Enforcement Officers Killed and
Assaulted. The two semiannual publications provide statistics
every six months and report changes since the
last reporting period. All of these can be accessed from the
FBI's website at www.fbi.gov (http://www.fbi.gov) .
What the UCR Reveals About Crime
By examining the data included in the UCR, we can get a sense
of who is committing what types of crime. For
23. example, the FBI classifies a juvenile as anyone under the age
of 18, regardless of how juvenile is defined by
each state. In addition, the UCR does not report circumstances
in which youth are brought into custody for
their own protection, such as in abuse and neglect cases.
Further, comparing the amount of crime committed
by juveniles relative to adults, we find that juveniles contribute
significantly to the overall crime rate.
Specifically, Figure 1.1 shows that, in 2016, just under 14% of
property crimes and 10% of violent crimes
were committed by juveniles (FBI, 2017).
Figure 1.1: Percentage of crime committed by those under 18,
2016
Of the total crime committed in the United States in 2016,
juveniles committed almost 14% of
all property crimes and 10% of all violent crimes.
http://www.fbi.gov/
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From "Table 20: Arrests by age, 2016," in Crime in the United
States, by Federal Bureau of Investigation
Uniform Crime Report, 2017, Retrieved from h t t p s : / / u c r.
f b i . g o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n
-h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s / 2 0
1 6 / c r i m e - i n -
t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e -
24. 2 0t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l
e - 2 0 ( h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u
. s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n - t h e - ( h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g
o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n - t h e -
u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e - 2 0 )u
. s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e - 2 0 )
Table 1.5 breaks down the arrests of juveniles in 2016 by
charge and age, indicating that more than 680,000
juveniles were arrested during that year. Of those juveniles,
slightly over 41,000 were arrested for violent
offenses (murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery,
and aggravated assault), and more than
147,000 were arrested for property offenses (burglary,
larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson). A few
other pieces of data are notable: just over 31,000 youth were
arrested for vandalism, over 78,000 for drug
abuse violations, and just over 27,000 for curfew and loitering
violations. We also see some patterns regarding
age, suggesting that older youth are arrested more frequently
than younger youth. For example, the crimes
committed by youth under age 15 make up only 28%, or less
than a third, of all juvenile arrests in 2016.
Table 1.5: Arrests by charge and age, 2016
Offense
charged
Total
under
18
Under
10 10–12 13–14 15 16 17
26. Arson 2,030 99 414 652 351 276 238
Vandalism 31,181 534 3,253 8,737 5,663 6,457 6,537
Weapons: carrying, possessing,
etc.
15,452 203 1,377 3,220 2,734 3,551 4,367
Drug abuse violations 78,330 91 1,737 10,239 12,096 20,639
33,528
Liquor laws 29,073 9 267 2,782 4,404 8,044 13,567
Drunkenness 3,805 14 35 406 521 907 1,922
Disorderly conduct 52,315 498 4,964 14,487 10,521 11,221
10,624
Suspicion 74 0 6 18 14 19 17
Curfew and loitering law
violations
27,152 135 1,615 6,046 6,186 7,288 5,882
Adapted from Crime in the United States, by Federal Bureau of
Investigation, 2017, Retrieved from h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o
v / c r i m e - i n - t h e -h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o v / c r i m
e - i n - t h e -
u . s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c -
p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e - 2 0u . s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n
- t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e
- 2 0 ( h t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u .
s / 2 0 1 6 / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c - ( h
t t p s : / / u c r. f b i . g o v / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s / 2 0 1
27. 6 / c r i m e - i n - t h e - u . s . - 2 0 1 6 / t o p i c -
p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l e - 2 0 )p a g e s / t a b l e s / t a b l
e - 2 0 )
What do these numbers tell us about juvenile crime? To begin,
they tell us that violent crimes, while important
to study, do not represent the majority of crimes committed by
juveniles each year. Rather, drug abuse
violations and property violations make up the bulk of juvenile
crime. Similarly, the overall crime rate among
those aged 18 and under has dropped significantly. This type of
data could be used to counteract public fears
that youth have become more violent over the past decade
(Gramlich, 2018; NPR, 2016). Similarly, although
status offenses such as curfew and loitering violations involved
a fair number of juveniles (just over 27,000) in
2016, they have decreased over time (see Figure 1.6). Could this
decrease reflect policies implemented since
the Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders protection was
recommended in the mid-1970s to address the
justice system's reach into the lives of juveniles?
Understanding crime statistics also requires an appreciation of
how crime rates vary across time. Examining
rates across time allows us to see whether any potential patterns
or trends are emerging, which can, for
instance, inform legislation or departmental policy. For
example, the rate of delinquency peaked in the mid-
1990s and since then has declined significantly (see Figure 1.2).
In particular, it began to decline in 1995,
became fairly stable from 2005 to 2008, and then declined
significantly until 2016. In fact, juvenile crime rates
are the lowest they have been since the get-tough movement of
the 1980s, when the system began
implementing policies that led to an increase in arrests. When
we examine trends by crime type, we see similar
28. trends. For example, violent crime rates declined steeply from
1995 to 2000, before leveling off and then
declining again steeply until 2012 (see Figure 1.3). Compare
this trajectory to that of property crime, which
declined more gradually from 1995 to 2016 (see Figure 1.4).
Figure 1.2: Delinquency rates per 100,000 persons ages 10–17,
1980–
2016
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Delinquency rates peaked in 1995 at around 8,200 juveniles,
declined steadily after that, and
eventually leveled off at around 5,900 in 2005 before dropping
dramatically to around 2,500 in
2016.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
29. Figure 1.3: Violent crime rates per 100,000 persons ages 10–17,
1980–
2012*
Violent crime rates peaked in 1995 at just under 500 juveniles,
declined steadily after that, and
eventually leveled off below 300 in 2005 before dropping again
to around 180 in 2012.
*Data after 2012 is not available.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/excel/JAR_2016.xls
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Figure 1.4: Property crime rates per 100,000 persons ages 10–
17,
1980–2016
30. Property crime rates consistently declined from 1995 to 2016.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
Declines are also seen with drug abuse violations and status
offenses. Drug violations rose dramatically,
peaking in the mid-1990s. They have declined slowly since then
(see Figure 1.5).
When we examine three types of status offenses—liquor law,
runaway, and curfew violations—we see similar
trends (see Figure 1.6). Examining trends in this way tells us
that the decline in juvenile crime has been a
consistent trend over a period of years that varies only slightly
by offense type. This type of information could
inform, say, statewide approaches to allocating law enforcement
resources. For example, if the arrest rates for
arson were increasing steadily over time while rates for all
other offenses were decreasing, a state might
devote a greater percentage of its resources to exploring why
more juveniles were committing arson each year.
Figure 1.5: Drug violation crime rates per 100,000 persons ages
10–
17, 1980–2016
Drug violations saw a rapid increase from just under 300 in
31. 1990 to nearly 700 in 1995. Since
then, violation rates have declined slowly to around 295 in the
year 2016.
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From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
Figure 1.6: Status offense rates per 100,000 persons ages 10–17,
1980–2016*
Liquor law violations peaked in 1990 at just under 600, while
both runaway and curfew and
loitering offenses peaked in 1995 at around 800 and 500,
respectively. All three rates declined
throughout the 2000s, with both liquor and curfew and loitering
violations at nearly 100 by
2016. Runaway offenses peaked in 1995 and then fell rapidly
until 2000, after which they
leveled off until 2009.
32. *Data after 2012 is not available.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
Finally, if we examine differences by gender, Figures 1.7 and
1.8 indicate that boys commit substantially more
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offenses than girls. Despite this difference, crime rates for both
genders followed about the same trajectory
over time, peaking in the 1990s and then leveling off.
Figure 1.7: Crime rates per 100,000 persons ages 10–17 by
gender,
1980–2016
Between 1980 and 2008, boys committed substantially more
33. offenses than girls did. However,
although the rates of crime committed by both boys and girls
peaked in the 1990s, the rate of
crimes committed by boys has dropped at a more substantial
rate since then.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
Figure 1.8: Crime rates for violent offenses only by gender,
1980–
2012*
From 1980 to 2012, boys committed violent offenses
significantly more often than girls.
However, the decline in the rate of crimes committed by girls
was much less substantial after a
peak in the 1990s.
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34. *Data after 2012 are not available.
From "Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race," by
National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2017,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b
/ c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l sh t t p : / / w w w. o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1
6 . x l s
( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e
x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )( h t t p : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o
v / o j s t a t b b / c r i m e / e x c e l / J A R _ 2 0 1 6 . x l s )
Although the UCR is a useful tool for determining trends, it has
both strengths and weaknesses as a measure of
crime.
Strengths of the UCR
The UCR is a popular and widely used measure of crime.
Arguably, it is more useful for examining trends
among adults than juveniles; however, the data available on
youth are also important. The UCR has several
strengths:
The longevity of the program is notable. The UCR program has
been in existence longer than any
other program of its kind. The amount of data collected through
this program over such a long period
of time allows us to examine crime trends from a more
historical perspective that provides us with a
bigger picture view of crime and crime trends.
The data collection is national in scope. The UCR coverage area
includes 17,000 police departments
from every state in the nation. So not only are we able to
examine rates and trends, but we also are
able to examine how crime may vary by area.
The source of the data included in the UCR appears to be a
35. valid measure of serious crime (Gove,
Hughes, & Geerken, 1985). The UCR collects data on crimes
that are serious enough to warrant a call
to the police, such as murder, motor vehicle theft, robbery, or
burglary. So, for example, if we want to
examine crimes known to the police, we know that the UCR
includes data on crimes for which a
victim or loved one would be more likely to contact law
enforcement for help.
Weaknesses of the UCR
At the same time, the UCR is criticized on a number of grounds:
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A key criticism is that the UCR collects data only on reported
crimes, and not all crimes are reported
to the police. Reasons for not reporting vary but often include
reluctance on the part of the victim to
report to police because the crime may not seem serious enough,
because of feelings that the police
may not help them, or because they think the incident is a
private matter (Gove et al., 1985). The
UCR program also employs a reporting requirement referred to
as the hierarchy rule. According to
this rule, even when a person has committed multiple crimes,
police report only the most serious
crimes that person has committed. The FBI provides guidelines
36. on which offenses are the most
serious, but the exclusion of any crimes means that the UCR
does not capture all crime committed.
The crime measure reflected in the UCR may be biased by law
enforcement practices. For example,
not everyone reports that a crime has occurred. In addition,
arrests may be more likely in areas
targeted for enforcement. If enforcement occurs in lower-
income areas more frequently than in others,
low-income residents may be disproportionately represented in
the UCR statistics.
The UCR does not tap into why a person may have committed a
crime or why a crime may have
occurred. Although police agencies collect basic information on
the person arrested (e.g., age, race,
gender), they do not collect other incident-level data (e.g.,
relationship between victim and offender,
alcohol or drug use). Understanding the person's motivation for
the crime is difficult to discern
without additional information (Farrington, 1994; Gove et al.,
1985).
Supplementing the UCR
In the late 1970s, law enforcement agencies suggested
supplementing the UCR program with additional data
and crime categories for several reasons. First, the law
enforcement community's proficiency in collecting data
had increased. Second, the UCR does not provide the details
necessary to fully understand trends in crime.
Finally, the hierarchy rule is concerning to those who believe
the UCR does not provide an accurate picture of
the amount of crime occurring in the United States each year
(Maxfield, 1999).
In response to law enforcement's suggestions, a new incident-
based data collection system, the National
37. Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), was approved in
1988. This data collection system is meant to
collect data on every incident and arrest throughout the United
States. Although participating states began
collecting data for NIBRS in the late 1980s, implementation of
the program nationwide has been fairly slow.
Currently, approximately 6,000 law enforcement agencies,
representing only about 25% of the U.S.
population, provide data to the FBI on an annual basis. Given
this low response rate, the FBI continues to rely
on UCR statistics when publishing its annual report on crime in
the United States.
The accompanying Spotlight feature lists the offense categories
included in the NIBRS.
Spotlight: The National Incident-Based Reporting System
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
supplements the UCR system by providing
incident-level data on crimes reported to the police. The NIBRS
greatly expands the types of crimes
reported by law enforcement officials to the FBI. It asks police
agencies to collect information on
incidents involving victims younger than 12 as well as
victimizations that occur with individuals,
households, and businesses.
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38. The NIBRS categorizes crimes into Group A offenses and Group
B offenses. Police departments are
instructed to collect detailed information on the 22 Group A
categories. Only arrest data are collected
on the 11 Group B offenses.
Group A Offense Categories
Arson homicide offenses
Assault offenses
Bribery
Burglary/breaking and entering
Counterfeiting/forgery
Destruction/ vandalism of property
Drug/narcotic offenses
Embezzlement
Extortion/blackmail
Fraud offenses
Gambling offenses
Kidnapping/abduction
Larceny/theft offenses
Motor vehicle theft
Obscene material
Prostitution offenses
Robbery
Sex offenses, forcible
Sex offenses, nonforcible
Stolen property
Weapon law violations
Group B Offense Categories
Bad checks
Curfew/loitering/vagrancy violations
Disorderly conduct
39. Driving under the influence
Drunkenness
Family offenses, nonviolent
Liquor law violations
Peeping Tom offenses
Runaways
Trespass of real property
All other offenses
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President George W. Bush takes part in a
Charles Dharapak/Associated Press
Self-Report Surveys
A self-report survey is a data-gathering tool that asks
participants to report on their own thoughts, behaviors,
and experiences. Since the 1950s, self-report surveys have been
used in crime reporting and research to
address two particular weakness of the UCR. First, the
information collected as part of the UCR program is
not sufficient to explain why a crime may have occurred.
Criminological theories (see Chapter 3) are designed
to explain the motivation for crime or the factors that may
influence a person's decision to commit a crime. By
using UCR data, a researcher can identify that a certain number
of arrests occurred among males, or in the
summer months, or in a particular geographic region. However,
40. the same researcher cannot say why a man in
Texas may have committed a crime in July. Second, the UCR
measures only crimes reported to or discovered
by the police. Some researchers argue that the UCR captures
only 10% of the crime that occurs each year,
whereas others put the figure at a more conservative estimate of
50% (Biederman & Lynch, 1991; Klaus,
2004). Regardless of the extent, it is an agreed-upon fact that
police are not aware of every crime committed.
The number of unreported crimes or crimes undiscovered by
police is referred to as the dark figure of crime.
Self-report surveys about crime are able to address these
weaknesses of the UCR by asking participants a
range of questions about their behavior. For example, a self-
report survey about delinquent behavior might ask
participants whether they have engaged in delinquency and to
provide details regarding the offenses. Self-
report surveys can be fairly wide-ranging. For example, a
survey can be administered almost anywhere (e.g.,
schools, prisons, community gatherings) and in many ways
(e.g., face-to-face, by mail or phone) and cover a
variety of topics (e.g., involvement with cheating, exposure to
violence, or attitudes toward punishment).
Self-report surveys became popular for a couple of reasons.
First, survey results indicated that some of the
assumptions about who commits crime were incorrect. For
example, the UCR indicates that disadvantaged
neighborhoods have higher arrest rates. Self-report studies
showed that people from a wide variety of
socioeconomic backgrounds commit crime (Short & Nye, 1958).
Second, researchers began to use self-report
surveys to examine why people commit crime. For example, we
know that various factors can influence
criminal behavior. Self-report surveys allow us to disentangle
41. which factors are particularly important. Risk
factors such as family relationships, school environments, and
the influence of peers were discovered primarily
through the use of self-report surveys. The results of these types
of studies led to a dramatic increase in new
ideas and theories to explain juvenile delinquency (Thornberry
& Krohn, 2000).
Although self-report surveys can give a broader picture of
delinquency, survey information is often collected among
fairly limited groups of people. For example, often the
people completing a survey live in a particular area (e.g.,
a survey of youth in Denver, Colorado) or are members of
a particular demographic (e.g., high school students in a
rural area). To address this issue, Delbert Elliott and
colleagues (Elliott & Huizinga, 1983) developed the
National Youth Survey (NYS) in the mid-1970s to
measure juvenile delinquency. The first NYS was a
longitudinal household study of 1,700 adolescents. The
crime categories measured included all but homicide from
the UCR Part I offenses and 60% of the Part II offenses.
In addition, the survey questions tapped social issues and
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meeting on the Monitoring the Future Study on
Teen Drug Use, Tuesday, December 11, 2007, in
the Eisenhower Executive Office Building in
Washington.
42. attitudes. The results of the NYS produced results similar
to those of local and regional surveys. In particular, the
results confirmed that youth from various socioeconomic
backgrounds were committing crimes. The results also
confirmed that many of the crimes reported by the youth
were not coming to the attention of the police (Elliott &
Huizinga, 1983).
Another frequently used survey of crime and youth is called the
Monitoring the Future survey (Johnston et
al., 2018). The Monitoring the Future survey is a national
survey on drug and alcohol use that began in the
1970s and has since been conducted annually. Each year
approximately 50,000 students in the 8th, 10th, and
12th grades are asked about their exposure to, attitudes about,
and access to drugs and alcohol. The
accompanying Spotlight feature provides more details about this
survey.
Spotlight: Monitoring the Future Survey
The Monitoring the Future survey was developed in 1975 and is
facilitated by the University of
Michigan's Institute for Social Research. It is a nationally
representative survey of adolescents that asks
participants about their involvement with and opinions about
drugs and alcohol. Initially conducted
only with high school seniors, the survey sample was extended
to 10th graders and 8th graders
beginning in 1991. An additional survey is sent to those
participating in the 12th-grade sample for
longitudinal follow-up. On average, 50,000 students from across
the country participate in the survey
each year.
43. The questions asked in the Monitoring the Future survey fall
into four general categories:
Drug and Alcohol Use
"How many occasions (if any) have you used [x substance] in
your lifetime?"
"How many occasions (if any) have you used [x substance] in
the last 12 months?"
"How many occasions (if any) have you used [x substance] in
the last 30 days?"
Alcohol Use
For alcohol use, the questions regarding drug and alcohol use
are used as well as a similar set of
questions asking participants how often they have been drunk in
their lifetime, in the last 12 months,
and in the last 30 days. In addition, participants are asked,
"How many times in the last week have you
had five or more drinks?"
Perceptions of Risk
Based on a five-point scale (no risk, slight risk, moderate risk,
great risk, and "can't say, drug
unfamiliar"), participants are asked to rate the degree to which
consuming alcohol and various drugs is
risky: "How much do you think people risk harming themselves
(physically or in other ways), if they . .
.?"
Disapproval of Use
Participants are asked to rate their level of disapproval with
using drugs and alcohol: "Do YOU
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disapprove of people doing each of the following?"
Perceptions of Availability
Based on a five-point scale (probably impossible, very difficult,
fairly difficult, fairly easy, and very
easy), participants are asked how easily they could obtain
various drugs and alcohol: "How difficult do
you think it would be for you to get each of the following types
of drugs, if you wanted some?" For 8th
and 10th graders, the option "can't say, drug unfamiliar" is
added to the questionnaire.
We see some interesting trends when we use the Monitoring the
Future survey to examine reported drug use
among U.S. adolescents. Recall that the UCR told us that
juvenile drug offenses in the United States peaked in
the mid-1990s and then leveled off, albeit less dramatically than
other types of offenses. Figure 1.9 uses
Monitoring the Future data to illustrate that in 2016 alcohol was
the substance used most among students in
the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, with higher rates of use among
older youth. When it comes to drug use, the
figure shows us that youth were more likely to use marijuana
than other illicit drugs. However, nearly 20% of
high school seniors indicated that they had used an illicit drug
45. other than marijuana in their lifetime.
Figure 1.9: Lifetime use of drugs and alcohol among juveniles,
2016
From "Table 5: Trends in lifetime prevalence of use of various
drugs in grades 8, 10, and 12," in Monitoring
the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975–2017:
Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use, by
L. D. Johnston, R. A. Miech, P. M. O'Malley, J. G. Bachman, J.
E. Schulenberg, and M. E. Patrick, 2018,
Retrieved from h t t p : / / m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg
/ p u b s / m o n o g r a p h s / m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d
fh t t p : / / m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o
n o g r a p h s / m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f
( h t t p : / / m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o
n o g r a p h s / m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f ) ( h t t p : /
/ m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o n o g r a p
h s / m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f ) . L i c e n s e dL i c e
n s e d u n d e r u n d e r C C - B Y C C - B Y 4 . 0 4 . 0
( h t t p s : / / c re a t i v e c o m m o n s . o rg / l i c e n s e s / b
y / 4 . 0 / ) ( h t t p s : / / c re a t i v e c o m m o n s . o rg / l i c
e n s e s / b y / 4 . 0 / ) .
http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-
overview2017.pdf
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46. As we do with the UCR data, we should also use the Monitoring
the Future data to examine the trends over
time to see whether the 2016 statistics are part of a trend or are
an anomaly. Figure 1.10 indicates that drug and
alcohol use among adolescents overall has been declining over
time, with the greatest decline in the use of
alcohol. The data tell us that the decline is a long-term trend.
Figure 1.10: Lifetime use of drugs among juveniles, 1991–2017
From "Table 1: Trends in lifetime prevalence of use of various
drugs for grades 8, 10, and 12 combined," in
Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use:
1975–2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent
drug use, by L. D. Johnston, R. A. Miech, P. M. O'Malley, J. G.
Bachman, J. E. Schulenberg, and M. E.
Patrick, 2018, Retrieved from h t t p : / / m o n i t o r i n g t h e
f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o n o g r a p h s / m t f -h t t p : / /
m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o n o g r a p
h s / m t f -
o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d fo v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f ( h t t p
: / / m o n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o n o g r
a p h s / m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f ) ( h t t p : / / m o
n i t o r i n g t h e f u t u re . o rg / p u b s / m o n o g r a p h s /
m t f - o v e r v i e w 2 0 1 7 . p d f ) . L i c e n s e dL i c e n s
e d
u n d e ru n d e r C C - B Y C C - B Y 4 . 0 4 . 0 ( h t t p s : / / c
re a t i v e c o m m o n s . o rg / l i c e n s e s / b y / 4 . 0 / ) (
h t t p s : / / c re a t i v e c o m m o n s . o rg / l i c e n s e s / b
y / 4 . 0 / ) .
Information like that shown in Figures 1.9 and 1.10 can be
useful in several ways, such as helping to assess the
effect of law enforcement that targets drug use or reconsidering
ways to restrict sales of alcohol to minors.
47. Strengths of Self-Report Surveys
Much like the UCR, self-report surveys have their strengths and
weaknesses. The self-report method is very
useful for criminological theory development. A self-report
survey can include virtually any type of question
about a variety of subjects. The survey can ask participants
various questions about family, neighborhoods,
peers, teachers, and thoughts about the crime. Through this
method, the researcher can ask participants why
they chose to (or not to) engage in the behavior. For example, if
surveying youth about binge drinking, the
survey can not only ask them whether they engaged in binge
drinking in the last 30 days, but it may also ask
the participant who they drank with (e.g., peers), in what
environment (e.g., home, school, community), and at
what time of day (e.g., evenings, weekends). The results can
lead to a better understanding of the individual
and environmental factors that come into play when someone
engages in delinquency.
In addition, self-report survey results allow us to expose and
understand the dark figure of crime. Crimes that
are underreported to the police are equally important to
understanding delinquency. Several areas of inquiry
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48. become important in this regard. In particular, it begs the
question whether law enforcement agencies are
likely to target certain areas more than others. Not that targeted
enforcement is an automatic indication of
discrimination but that targeted enforcement has consequences.
Those consequences include the lack of
enforcement in other areas. Researchers find that the UCR is a
valid measure of serious crime, but if less
serious crime, say recreational drug use, is not as likely to
result in a call to the police, then crime rates as
measured by the UCR do little to help us understand the extent
of drug use among teens. Examining only drug
possession arrests clearly misses a tremendous number of
people who use drugs but are not detected by the
police. Recognizing this issue allows us to understand the limits
of the UCR and better contextualize the
results. Self-report surveys provide insight into delinquent
behavior that the UCR cannot.
Although early self-report surveys were criticized for being too
limited in scale (e.g., just a few questions were
asked) and population (e.g., high school students), current
surveys continue to improve and are considered a
reliable and valid measure for a range of offense types
(Thornberry & Krohn, 2000).
Weaknesses of Self-Report Surveys
Although improvements in the self-report method continue,
several weaknesses remain. For example, although
a few national surveys are available (e.g., Monitoring the
Future), the measures are not comparable to the
UCR in terms of its scope. For example, with UCR data we can
make comparisons between cities, states, and
regions. Even the national self-report surveys are unable to
provide these types of data. Although national
49. surveys do exist, the measures are not comparable to the UCR
and do not consistently provide comparisons by
year and across populations. For example, some of the most
popular self-report surveys are with high school
students. However, surveying high school students misses
important target populations: those who drop out of
school or who are chronically truant and may not be in school at
the time the survey is administered.
The self-report method can be influenced by the participants
themselves. For example, recall is an important
issue for self-report surveys. People may have difficulty
recalling certain events, particularly when exploring
the factors that may have motivated someone to commit a crime.
Another area of concern is deception.
Juveniles may over- or underreport certain offenses for various
reasons. For example, some juveniles may
exaggerate their involvement in drugs and alcohol in order to be
seen desirably by their peers. Others may not
report delinquency out of embarrassment or fear of being
caught.
Victimization Data
The third most common way to measure crime is through
victimization surveys, which supplement what is
known about crime from the UCR and self-report surveys by
asking victims to report whether they have been
victimized. The most commonly utilized data source on victims
is the National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS). The NCVS is collected by the U.S. Census Bureau and
provides a national portrait of victimization
experienced each year.
As seen in the accompanying Spotlight feature, the NCVS
mirrors many of the crime categories of the UCR. If
50. individuals indicate that they (or someone in the household)
experienced victimization, they are asked to
report details of the crime. The victimization data include
situational characteristics, such as month, time, and
location; victim characteristics, such as age, race, and
relationship with the offender; and impact of the
victimization, such as loss of money and property. The survey
also asks victims whether they reported the
victimization to the police and whether they felt targeted due to
personal factors such as religion, race, or
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sexual orientation.
Spotlight: National Crime Victimization Survey
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) began in
1973 under the name National Crime
Survey. The survey was redesigned and changed names to its
current moniker in the early 1990s. The
NCVS samples households twice a year. Only those who are 12
and older can participate as
respondents. Each household is interviewed on seven separate
occasions. In 2016, the sample covered
135,000 households and approximately 225,000 people.
The NCVS measures both crimes that happen to individuals
(personal and property) and crimes that
51. occur to other members living at the residence (household). The
survey includes all the Part I UCR
offenses except for murder and arson.
Victimization Categories
Rape and sexual assault
Robbery
Aggravated and simple assault
Purse snatching and pickpocketing
Burglary
Theft
Motor vehicle theft
Identity theft
Vandalism
Respondents are asked to report details about victimization.
Questions include the following:
Whether the respondent was the victim of a crime
How many times in the last six months the respondent was the
victim of a crime
The month, time, and location of the victimization
Whether the respondent knew the person(s) who victimized him
or her
Whether the incident was reported to police
The extent of damage or whether there was a loss of money,
property, or other items
Whether the respondent felt targeted due to his or her race,
religion, ethnic background,
disability, gender, or sexual orientation
Whether the respondent felt targeted in the ways mentioned
above due to the people with
whom he or she associated
These questions help us understand criminal acts from the
52. victim's perspective, which helps us to better
understand the nature and consequence of crime.
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There are differences between the types of data collected
through this survey and the data collected through
the UCR. Two important differences include the age cutoff (the
youngest age captured in the NCVS is 12) and
the types of crimes recorded. By asking victims to report
experiences with crime, we are able to understand
details about the commission of the crime, the relationships
between victims and offenders, and even the
impact of the crimes.
Like self-reports, victimization data should also tap into the
dark figure of crime and allow us to examine
instances of delinquency that may not have come to attention of
the police. Even further, if the victim did not
report the incident to the police, it allows us to examine why
the victim may have chosen not to do so.
The NCVS can be administered to anyone 12 years or older who
resides in the household. If we examine these
results we see that the pattern is similar to the UCR. For
example, Figure 1.11 shows that the rate of reported
victimization is also declining. The Bureau of Justice Statistics
published a report in 2005 that pulled out only
youth ages 12–17 to illustrate additional details about juvenile
53. victimization. For example, in terms of the
victim and offender relationship, Figure 1.12 illustrates that
52% knew their victimizer, followed by 37% who
indicated that the offender was a stranger. Finally, when
examining the location of the victimization, 43% of
victimizations occurring during this time happened at school
(see Figure 1.13).
Figure 1.11: Rate of violent victimizations among juveniles per
1,000,
1980–2015
From "Victimizations per 1,000 juveniles ages 12–17," in
OJJDP statistical briefing book, by Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2017, Retrieved from
h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / v i c t i m s
/ q a 0 2 5 0 1 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 5h t t p s : / / w w w . o
j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / v i c t i m s / q a 0 2 5 0 1 . a s p ?
q a D a t e = 2 0 1 5
( h t t p s : / / w w w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / v i c t i m
s / q a 0 2 5 0 1 . a s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 5 )( h t t p s : / / w w
w. o j j d p . g o v / o j s t a t b b / v i c t i m s / q a 0 2 5 0 1 . a
s p ? q a D a t e = 2 0 1 5 )
Figure 1.12: Relationship between victim and offender
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/victims/qa02501.asp?qaDate=20
15
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54. Adapted from Juvenile victimization and offending, 1993–2003,
by K. Baum, 2005. Washington, DC: Bureau
of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
Figure 1.13: Most common locations of violent crime incidents
Adapted from Juvenile victimization and offending, 1993–2003,
by K. Baum, 2005. Washington, DC: Bureau
of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
We can see from these results that victimization surveys help us
understand the crime puzzle even further. By
examining victimization in terms of characteristics,
relationships, and location we can understand the
circumstances in which victimization is likely to occur.
Understanding the circumstances and issues of child
victims is very important, as is the relationship between
victimization and delinquency. For example, statistics
show that abused or maltreated children are at significant risk
for later delinquency. Maltreatment can include
physical, sexual, or emotional abuse. Studies estimate that
nearly half of children who become delinquents
report childhood abuse or neglect (Teague, Mazerolle, Legosz,
& Sanderson, 2008).
The NCVS is not the only victimization survey in existence.
Like self-report surveys, researchers can use
victimization surveys with a variety of populations. For
example, the Bureau of Justice Statistics surveys
incarcerated youth each year to examine their experiences with
victimization in institutional settings. As with
self-report surveys, researchers can tailor questions to tap into a
variety of circumstances. Because the
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victimization surveys are methodologically similar to self-
report surveys, they share many of the same
strengths and weaknesses.
Strengths of Victimization Surveys
The first strength is the level of detail victimization surveys
provide. The NCVS includes detailed information
about victims that allows for more informed policy creation
regarding how best to prevent crime and similar
victimization in the future. Similarly, details of the incident
such as location, time of day, and the victim-
offender relationship help inform the general public on how to
protect themselves against victimization.
Unlike self-report surveys, the NCVS measures serious crimes
on an annual basis and closely parallels the
UCR. In 1992, it was revamped to improve reporting of such
things as non-stranger crimes and rape. Finally,
the NCVS employs a national sample and annual statistics for
year-by-year comparisons.
Weaknesses of Victimization Surveys
However, like self-report surveys, there are some weaknesses
with this approach. People may forget the exact
details of their victimization, which could lead to misleading or
erroneous reporting. In addition, people may
answer in socially desirable ways to either exaggerate or not tell
the truth (Gove et al., 1985). Bias can also be
an issue with victimization surveys. The NCVS can be quite
56. extensive and take up a significant amount of
time to fill out completely. Consequently, there is concern that
people will underreport victimization during the
later phases of the survey to avoid the lengthy questionnaire
(Sykes & Cullen, 1992).
Another weakness with this type of survey is the population
sampled. The NCVS is a national sample of
households; however, it is not feasible to break down the data
by state or city because the sample is not drawn
to represent each city or state, although region comparisons are
feasible in some circumstances.
The most important weakness for understanding juvenile
delinquency is the age cutoff for the NCVS. The
NCVS asks only about victimization experiences among those
12 and older. The survey may be
underrepresenting juveniles if they are not the respondent or do
not wish to talk about victimization due to
embarrassment. The juvenile may be fearful of discussing
victimization in the home if the perpetrator of the
abuse (e.g., caregiver or sibling) is present in the home.
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1.5 Measuring Crime: Putting It All Into Perspective
Given that all three measures of crime have both strengths and
weakness, the question becomes which do we
57. use and when? The short answer is all three. If we wish to
examine serious crime such as homicide, the UCR
is likely our best measure. If we wish to examine drug and
alcohol use among teens, we are better off using
self-report surveys. Finally, if we wish to examine the victim-
offender relationship more clearly, we are better
off using victimization surveys. In other words, each measure
can help us understand a different facet of
crime. However, there remain benefits and disadvantages of
comparing the three measures when trying to
understand delinquency.
The benefits of using all three measures include the following:
The UCR and the NCVS cover many of the same types of crime.
Studies have also found that the two
measures are comparable with regard to burglary and robbery
(Gove et al., 1985; Lauritsen &
Schaum, 1998). As such, these two measures tend to validate
each other, which makes them useful in
examining crime trends.
Both the NCVS and self-report surveys find that the UCR is
underestimating the amount of crime
occurring each year (Kirk, 2006; Wells & Rankin, 1995). This
revelation is important for
understanding the relationship between socioeconomic status
and delinquency. As such, the findings
should remind us to be cautious of the latest headlines regarding
arrest rates.
Victimization and self-report data help identify risk factors for
delinquency such as peers, family, and
school performance. The more we know of victims of crime and
how victims experience crime, the
more we can do to help prevent crime in the first place and also
help those who have suffered a
traumatic experience.
58. Combining the measures provides additional details on the
characteristics of offenders and victims—
in particular, why victims may not report crime and how
situational factors influence victimization.
However, there are also reasons to be cautious when combining
the three measures of crime:
The UCR and NCVS may not be directly comparable because
they use different samples and work
with different time spans.
The UCR and NCVS report rates in different metrics—the UCR
is a rate per 100,000 persons, and the
NCVS is a rate per 1,000 persons.
Self-report surveys often focus on minor crimes, making direct
comparisons to the UCR or NCVS
difficult.
Overall, what do these measures tell us about juvenile
delinquency? First, all three agree that the juvenile
crime (and victimization) rate has declined significantly over
the past decade. Second, all three measures show
differences by gender, race, region, and crime type, although all
show similar rates of decline. Finally, the
three measures have been able to identify certain risk factors
that are known to be strong and consistent
predictors of crime.
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59. Summary of Learning Objectives
Explain the complexity of defining juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile delinquency is a complex phenomenon. Defining who
is a juvenile and what behaviors
represent juvenile delinquency can vary by state.
National statistics can provide us with an understanding of the
rates of delinquency over time.
Summarize the different types of juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile delinquency refers to unlawful acts of a minor child.
The juvenile court assumes jurisdiction over behaviors that are
illegal only for juveniles. These types
of crimes are referred to as status offenses and include
delinquent acts such as truancy, running away,
and violating curfew.
Describe how states attempt to define juvenile delinquency in
relation to age.
The upper age of jurisdiction refers to the age that dictates
whether a youth's case is handled by the
juvenile court or the adult court system. The majority of the
states consider anyone 17 years or
younger as under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court system.
The minimum age of jurisdiction refers to the youngest age at
which a youth can be sent to the
juvenile court system. The majority of states consider 10 years
of age as the youngest, although North
Carolina sets the age at 6 years old.
Evaluate the rates of delinquency and the three primary
techniques for measuring delinquency.
60. National crime statistics offer a fairly complicated portrait of
juvenile offending and victimization.
The statistics can sometimes be confusing and contradictory and
must be analyzed closely with an
understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of how we
measure delinquency.
The three measures of juvenile crime include arrest data, self-
report surveys, and victimization
surveys.
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is the primary source of
arrest data. The UCR is collected
annually by police departments all across the United States and
provides a solid measure of serious
crime among juveniles.
Self-report surveys have been popular for several decades and
allow researchers to examine crime
from various angles. Self-report surveys have evolved over time
and are a meaningful way to collect
crime data, particularly minor offenses not collected by the
UCR.
The National Crime Victimization Survey is the primary source
of victimization data. Similar to the
UCR, the NCVS is published annually and provides a national
portrait of victimization.
The results of the three measures show that crime and
victimization have declined significantly during
the past decade.
Analyze the benefits of using the three crime measurements
together.
All three measures of crime have strengths and weaknesses.
Combining the three measures gives us a
deeper understanding of crime.
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The three measures of crime show congruence when analyzing
trends over time.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Do you think the federal government should mandate that all
states agree upon the age at which
someone is considered a minor? Discuss the problems with this
approach.
2. Do you believe status offenses should be illegal? Do you
think they should be handled by the juvenile
justice system or an alternative system?
3. If you were interested in studying rape, which measure of
crime would you use?
4. Why do you think boys are overrepresented in the system?
Key Terms
Click on each key term to see the definition.
age ambiguity
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Joh nson.5439.18.1/sect
ions/cover/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sections/cover/boo
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Uncertainty surrounding the age of entry into the juvenile
justice system.
age of jurisdiction
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
ions/cover/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sections/cover/boo
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The age that dictates whether the juvenile court or the adult
court system has authority over a case.
availability heuristic
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
ions/cover/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sections/cover/boo
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The phenomenon that our view and attitudes are influenced by
the world and information around us. The
tendency to believe in the probability of an event based on how
easily an example can be recalled.
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dark figure of crime
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Refers to crimes not brought to the attention of the police.
Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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The statute that protects status offenders and recommends that
all juveniles classified as status offenders not be
held for any period of time in a detention facility.
juvenile delinquency
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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Unlawful activities of a minor child.
Monitoring the Future survey
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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A national youth crime survey on alcohol and drug use.
68. The most common victimization survey; collected yearly by the
U.S. Census Bureau.
National Youth Survey (NYS)
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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A self-report survey that measures juvenile delinquency using
all the crime categories from the UCR Part I
with the exception of homicide offenses and 60% of the Part II
offenses; the survey questions also dig into
social issues and attitudes.
parensparens patria patria
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Jo hnson.5439.18.1/sect
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69. (Latin for "parent of the nation") Refers to the court's parenting
role that focuses on the welfare of the juvenile.
self-report surveys
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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Data-gathering tools that ask participants about their criminal
behavior.
status offenses
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Johnson.5439.18.1/sect
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Behaviors that are illegal for juveniles but would be legal for
adults.
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)