11/1/13 The Race to Buy Up the World's Water
mag.newsweek.com/2010/10/08/the-race-to-buy-up-the-world-s-water.html 1/4
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THE NEW OIL
Oct 8, 2010 9:45 AM EDT
Should private companies control our most precious natural resource?
itka, Alaska, is home to one of the world’s most spectacular lakes. Nestled into a U-shaped valley of dense forests and
majestic peaks, and fed by snowpack and glaciers, the reservoir, named Blue Lake for its deep blue hues, holds trillions
of gallons of water so pure it requires no treatment. The city’s tiny population—fewer than 10,000 people spread
across 5,000 square miles—makes this an embarrassment of riches. Every year, as countries around the world struggle to meet
the water needs of their citizens, 6.2 billion gallons of Sitka’s reserves go unused. That could soon change. In a few months, if
all goes according to plan, 80 million gallons of Blue Lake water will be siphoned into the kind of tankers normally reserved
for oil—and shipped to a bulk bottling facility near Mumbai. From there it will be dispersed among several drought-plagued
cities throughout the Middle East. The project is the brainchild of two American companies. One, True Alaska Bottling, has
purchased the rights to transfer 3 billion gallons of water a year from Sitka’s bountiful reserves. The other, S2C Global, is
building the water-processing facility in India. If the companies succeed, they will have brought what Sitka hopes will be a $90
million industry to their city, not to mention a solution to one of the world’s most pressing climate conundrums. They will also
have turned life’s most essential molecule into a global commodity.
he transfer of water is nothing new. New York City is supplied by a web of tunnels and pipes that stretch 125 miles
north into the Catskills Mountains; Southern California gets its water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the
Colorado River Basin, which are hundreds of miles to the north and west, respectively. The distance between Alaska
and India is much farther, to be sure. But it’s not the distance that worries critics. It’s the transfer of so much water from public
hands to private ones. “Water has been a public resource under public domain for more than 2,000 years,” says James Olson, an
attorney who specializes in water rights. “Ceding it to private entities feels both morally wrong and dangerous.”
veryone agrees that we are in the midst of a global freshwater crisis. Around the world, rivers, lakes, and aquifers are
dwindling faster than Mother Nature can possibly replenish them; industrial and household chemicals are rapidly
polluting what’s left. Meanwhile, global population is ticking skyward. Goldman Sachs estimates that global water
consumption is doubling every 20 years, and the United Nations expects demand to outstrip supply by more than 30 percent
come 2040.
roponents of privatization say markets are the best way to solve that problem: only ...
This document is a report from the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts discussing water issues facing Texas. It notes that while the Earth has abundant water, only a small portion is fresh water available for human use. Texas is experiencing drought that is straining its water supplies as the population grows. The report examines different sources of Texas' water and funding for water projects. It discusses new technologies that could help maximize existing supplies and the potential for desalination to provide new sources of water. The report makes recommendations for the Texas Legislature to help ensure adequate water supplies for the state's continued growth.
Water is necessary for life. As the world population grows, water becomes increasingly scarce in many parts of the globe. This fact creates many problems and also makes water as an investment a reality.
https://youtu.be/9kAO_vKvMGQ
Ribordy, Kelley Growing to the Last Drop- Issue in BriefKelley Phillips
Growing to the last drop discusses three approaches cities facing declining water availability and growing populations can take:
1. Purchasing water from outside sources through water rights purchases, wastewater purchases, or agricultural water transfers. However, this is an expensive temporary fix and does not address underlying issues.
2. Recycling water currently in use through treated wastewater for non-potable and potable reuse, which provides immediate benefits but has high initial costs and health concerns.
3. Conserving existing water supplies through reduced usage, which provides savings, environmental benefits, and is immediately implementable, but does not directly increase supply.
The document analyzes each approach in detail outlining specifics, benefits,
Troubled waters article for thirsty planetJoe McClung
1) Water scarcity is a growing global crisis affecting over a billion people who lack access to clean water, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia.
2) Three regions facing particularly dire water issues are China, India, and the West Bank. In China, widespread pollution from industry and agriculture has contaminated major rivers like the Yangtze and Yellow, threatening water supplies.
3) In India, while dams were built to provide irrigation water, inadequate infrastructure and overuse has led to falling water tables and conflicts between farmers competing for scarce groundwater.
4) On the West Bank, the water crisis is intertwined with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as Palestinians have limited access to water resources
The document discusses water supply in the Roman Republic. It notes that Rome was a big city that needed a steady supply of water. The Roman Republic obtained its water from springs in the mountains and used aqueducts to transport the water from the mountains down to the city. The water supplied public baths and was also used for drinking water.
The document discusses a lack of water leading to the abandonment of a rural Colorado community. It describes how Colorado's system of prior appropriation for water allocation allows for competition over dwindling water supplies that can be detrimental. The system negatively impacts the environment and recreational activities as environmental concerns are given lower priority than other water users. Adjustments to prior appropriation may be needed as climate change and population growth further strain water supplies.
Liquidity crisis; Water scarcity Anonymous . The Economis.docxcroysierkathey
Liquidity crisis; Water scarcity
Anonymous . The Economist ; London Vol. 421, Iss. 9014, (Nov 5, 2016): 17-19.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
FULL TEXT
As water becomes ever more scant the world needs to conserve it, use it more efficiently and establish clear rights
over who owns the stuff
"NOTHING is more useful than water," observed Adam Smith, but "scarcely anything can be had in exchange for it."
The father of free-market economics noted this paradox in 18th-century Scotland, as rain-sodden and damp then
as it is today. Where water is in ample supply his words still hold true. But around the world billions of people
already struggle during dry seasons. Drought and deluge are a costly threat in many countries. If water is not
managed better, today's crisis will become a catastrophe. By the middle of the century more than half of the planet
will live in areas of "water stress", where supplies cannot sustainably meet demand. Lush pastures will turn to
barren desert and millions will be forced to flee in search of fresh water.
Where water is available, when and in what condition matters hugely. About 97% of the water on earth is salty; the
rest is replenished through seasonal rainfall or is stored in underground wells known as aquifers. Humans, who
once settled where water was plentiful, are now inclined to shift around to places that are less well endowed,
pulled by other economic forces.
Climate change is making some parts of the planet much drier and others far wetter. As people get richer, they use
more water. They also "consume" more of it, which means using it in such a way that it is not quickly returned to
the source from which it was extracted. (For example, if it is lost through evaporation or turned into a tomato.) The
big drivers of this are the world's increased desire for grain, meat, manufactured goods and electricity. Crops,
cows, power stations and factories all need lots of water.
To make matters worse, few places price water properly. Usually, it is artificially cheap, because politicians are
scared to charge much for something essential that falls from the sky. This means that consumers have little
incentive to conserve it and investors have little incentive to build pipes and other infrastructure to bring it to
where it is needed most. In South Africa, for example, households get some water free. In Sri Lanka they pay
initially a nominal 4 cents for a cubic metre. By contrast, in Adelaide in Australia, which takes water conservation
seriously, an initial batch costs $1.75 per cubic metre. Globally, spending on water infrastructure faces a huge
funding shortfall. A hole of $26trn will open up between 2010 and 2030, estimates the World Economic Forum, a
think-tank.
In many countries people can pump as much water as they like from underground aquifers, because rules are
either lax or not enforced. Water use by farmers has increased sharply in recent decades (see ...
The document discusses Chicago's water supply and usage. It notes that Chicago withdraws nearly 1 billion gallons of water per day from Lake Michigan to meet the needs of residents, businesses, and other users in the greater Chicago region. However, it raises questions about whether this vast supply is truly limitless and if current usage is sustainable. It provides background on the history of Chicago's complex relationship with water, including early flooding issues and pollution problems that led to the reversal of the Chicago River in the late 1800s.
This document is a report from the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts discussing water issues facing Texas. It notes that while the Earth has abundant water, only a small portion is fresh water available for human use. Texas is experiencing drought that is straining its water supplies as the population grows. The report examines different sources of Texas' water and funding for water projects. It discusses new technologies that could help maximize existing supplies and the potential for desalination to provide new sources of water. The report makes recommendations for the Texas Legislature to help ensure adequate water supplies for the state's continued growth.
Water is necessary for life. As the world population grows, water becomes increasingly scarce in many parts of the globe. This fact creates many problems and also makes water as an investment a reality.
https://youtu.be/9kAO_vKvMGQ
Ribordy, Kelley Growing to the Last Drop- Issue in BriefKelley Phillips
Growing to the last drop discusses three approaches cities facing declining water availability and growing populations can take:
1. Purchasing water from outside sources through water rights purchases, wastewater purchases, or agricultural water transfers. However, this is an expensive temporary fix and does not address underlying issues.
2. Recycling water currently in use through treated wastewater for non-potable and potable reuse, which provides immediate benefits but has high initial costs and health concerns.
3. Conserving existing water supplies through reduced usage, which provides savings, environmental benefits, and is immediately implementable, but does not directly increase supply.
The document analyzes each approach in detail outlining specifics, benefits,
Troubled waters article for thirsty planetJoe McClung
1) Water scarcity is a growing global crisis affecting over a billion people who lack access to clean water, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia.
2) Three regions facing particularly dire water issues are China, India, and the West Bank. In China, widespread pollution from industry and agriculture has contaminated major rivers like the Yangtze and Yellow, threatening water supplies.
3) In India, while dams were built to provide irrigation water, inadequate infrastructure and overuse has led to falling water tables and conflicts between farmers competing for scarce groundwater.
4) On the West Bank, the water crisis is intertwined with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as Palestinians have limited access to water resources
The document discusses water supply in the Roman Republic. It notes that Rome was a big city that needed a steady supply of water. The Roman Republic obtained its water from springs in the mountains and used aqueducts to transport the water from the mountains down to the city. The water supplied public baths and was also used for drinking water.
The document discusses a lack of water leading to the abandonment of a rural Colorado community. It describes how Colorado's system of prior appropriation for water allocation allows for competition over dwindling water supplies that can be detrimental. The system negatively impacts the environment and recreational activities as environmental concerns are given lower priority than other water users. Adjustments to prior appropriation may be needed as climate change and population growth further strain water supplies.
Liquidity crisis; Water scarcity Anonymous . The Economis.docxcroysierkathey
Liquidity crisis; Water scarcity
Anonymous . The Economist ; London Vol. 421, Iss. 9014, (Nov 5, 2016): 17-19.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
FULL TEXT
As water becomes ever more scant the world needs to conserve it, use it more efficiently and establish clear rights
over who owns the stuff
"NOTHING is more useful than water," observed Adam Smith, but "scarcely anything can be had in exchange for it."
The father of free-market economics noted this paradox in 18th-century Scotland, as rain-sodden and damp then
as it is today. Where water is in ample supply his words still hold true. But around the world billions of people
already struggle during dry seasons. Drought and deluge are a costly threat in many countries. If water is not
managed better, today's crisis will become a catastrophe. By the middle of the century more than half of the planet
will live in areas of "water stress", where supplies cannot sustainably meet demand. Lush pastures will turn to
barren desert and millions will be forced to flee in search of fresh water.
Where water is available, when and in what condition matters hugely. About 97% of the water on earth is salty; the
rest is replenished through seasonal rainfall or is stored in underground wells known as aquifers. Humans, who
once settled where water was plentiful, are now inclined to shift around to places that are less well endowed,
pulled by other economic forces.
Climate change is making some parts of the planet much drier and others far wetter. As people get richer, they use
more water. They also "consume" more of it, which means using it in such a way that it is not quickly returned to
the source from which it was extracted. (For example, if it is lost through evaporation or turned into a tomato.) The
big drivers of this are the world's increased desire for grain, meat, manufactured goods and electricity. Crops,
cows, power stations and factories all need lots of water.
To make matters worse, few places price water properly. Usually, it is artificially cheap, because politicians are
scared to charge much for something essential that falls from the sky. This means that consumers have little
incentive to conserve it and investors have little incentive to build pipes and other infrastructure to bring it to
where it is needed most. In South Africa, for example, households get some water free. In Sri Lanka they pay
initially a nominal 4 cents for a cubic metre. By contrast, in Adelaide in Australia, which takes water conservation
seriously, an initial batch costs $1.75 per cubic metre. Globally, spending on water infrastructure faces a huge
funding shortfall. A hole of $26trn will open up between 2010 and 2030, estimates the World Economic Forum, a
think-tank.
In many countries people can pump as much water as they like from underground aquifers, because rules are
either lax or not enforced. Water use by farmers has increased sharply in recent decades (see ...
The document discusses Chicago's water supply and usage. It notes that Chicago withdraws nearly 1 billion gallons of water per day from Lake Michigan to meet the needs of residents, businesses, and other users in the greater Chicago region. However, it raises questions about whether this vast supply is truly limitless and if current usage is sustainable. It provides background on the history of Chicago's complex relationship with water, including early flooding issues and pollution problems that led to the reversal of the Chicago River in the late 1800s.
The document discusses Canada's water supply and argues that Canada should not do more to protect its water supply. It notes that Canada has a large amount of freshwater but a small population. While Canadians use a lot of water per person, it is argued that Canada should export water to areas experiencing droughts and shortages. The document claims that as one of the world's richest countries, Canada has a duty to share its resources, like water, to create more equality globally given climate impacts and the large disparities in resources between wealthy and poor nations.
The document discusses the issue of water diversions from the Great Lakes and the political debates around protecting this freshwater resource. It notes that while some diversions currently exist totaling over 2 billion gallons per day, the net flow into the lakes is still positive. The Great Lakes Compact aims to prohibit new diversions outside the basin but is still awaiting full ratification. Overall the text examines the environmental, economic, and political factors influencing management of Great Lakes water.
Conflict over water resources: Colorado RiverGuerillateacher
The Colorado River Basin spans seven U.S. states and Mexico, with competing demands for water from agriculture, cities, and industry. During the 20th century, the river was dammed and diverted extensively through major infrastructure projects to supply water to over 25 million people. However, long-term drought and overallocation of water rights have led to conflicts as the river now rarely reaches the sea. Managing this vital resource equitably between multiple stakeholders remains an ongoing challenge.
10/24/13 Demand Exceeds Supply | ABQJournal Online
www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html 1/3
abqjournal.com http://www.abqjournal.com /99175/upfront/dem and-exceeds-supply.htm l
John Fleck / Journal Staff Writer Tue, Apr 10, 2012
Demand Exceeds Supply
Kelly Redmond, a government climatologist who lives at the interface between the
water nature provides and the humans who want to use it, came up with the best
definition of drought I’ve seen: “insufficient water to meet needs.”
The word “drought” most often conjures up the natural side of the equation – the
amount of rain and snow that falls from the sky. But Redmond, of the Western
Regional Climate Center in Reno, captures a central truth about life in an arid
landscape.
Drought is not only about supply. It also is about demand.
Redmond’s words came to mind over the past week as I watched the differing reactions to the Rio Grande runoff forecast
for April.
At San Marcial, the last Rio Grande measurement point above Elephant Butte, the forecast calls for 29 percent of the
long-term average. If it holds up, it would mean 13 of the past 15 years have had below-average runoff.
Any way you look at it, that qualifies as a drought.
The result is very little river water for farmers. “We’re crushed,” said Gary Esslinger, who manages the Elephant Butte
Irrigation District, delivering what water there is to Lower Rio Grande Valley farmers.
Wet years have a way of covering up a multitude of water management sins. Drought exposes them for all to see.
Back in the 1990s, we had all the same underlying water management problems in this state, but a string of wet years
left Elephant Butte full and allowed us to ignore our problems.
A run of 13 dry years out of 15 years since then on the Lower Rio Grande has left us with insufficient water to meet the
needs of all the water users in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
http://www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html
10/24/13 Demand Exceeds Supply | ABQJournal Online
www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html 2/3
It’s hard to keep track of who’s suing who as a result.
The New Mexico Attorney General’s Office last year sued the federal government over the way Elephant Butte’s water is
accounted for and managed, a feud that has either directly or indirectly dragged in other water users up and down the
river, from the farmers in the Albuquerque reach of the river to Las Cruces, all choosing sides.
Meanwhile, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas can’t agree on how to account for who owns how much of the pool that
sits now in Elephant Butte. At a meeting of the Rio Grande Compact Commission in Austin last month, representatives
of the three states ended up in a standoff on the question. The water accounting sheets developed by the three states
explaining their competing views of hydrologic reality run to 23 pages total.
Then in the past few weeks, the early release of water from Elepha ...
This document discusses the global water crisis and its social, economic, political, and environmental consequences. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Key facts provided include that 3900 children die daily from water-borne diseases. The document then discusses specific examples of water issues and consequences in countries like China, India, Israel, Egypt, and Mexico. Potential solutions to the crisis mentioned include increased conservation efforts, wastewater recycling, and desalination.
California is experiencing a severe drought for the third consecutive year, negatively impacting the environment, economy, and population. The agricultural industry has been hit particularly hard, with estimates of $2 billion in losses and 70,000 lost jobs. Global warming is likely exacerbating the drought by reducing rainfall and snowpack. To address the water shortage, solutions like water conservation, desalination, recycling, and building new reservoirs have been proposed. The drought underscores the relationship between water resources and population growth in California.
The document discusses various topics related to global freshwater resources including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity by region, water use by sector, and virtual water content of common products. It also covers water pricing structures, water markets, institutional frameworks for water governance, and local movements for re-municipalizing water systems.
Water shortage is a growing problem around the world caused by factors like pollution, population growth, and climate change. It negatively impacts both humans and wildlife by limiting access to safe drinking water. While solutions like building dams and desalination have been attempted, reducing water demand through conservation efforts may be more effective and sustainable. Education programs to change water consumption behaviors and improve agricultural practices can help decrease strain on water supplies. Without action, water scarcity issues will only worsen over time.
The Hidden Danger of Failing Water InfrastructureDaniel Guest
America’s water infrastructure is in a state of crisis. Both our water and our wastewater pipeline systems are in disrepair. In fact, the American Society for Civil Engineers (“ASCE”), a preeminent, respected authority on structural systems reliability and maintenance management, grades the condition of today’s drinking water infrastructure a D. What is more, the ASCE also gives the score of D to our wastewater infrastructure. A “D” is not a good place to be.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Body image and the desire to be thin begins developing in early childhood, especially for girls, according to a psychology textbook. The media is thought to significantly contribute to perpetuating the desire to be thin. The document asks for thoughts on how to apply biblical principles in addressing this issue with children.
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigrat.docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigration, such as assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model is used today?
Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
What model is used today?
Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
.
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of.docxpaynetawnya
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of land. The land has some unknown contamination; it has been stripped of natural vegetation, soil erosion has occurred, and a stream on the property is polluted. You have decided to turn this land into a sustainable agricultural food supply.
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template
Design
solutions to develop the land. Provide a development plan to bring this land up to agricultural standards.
Write
a proposal to the city that describes the step-by-step plan your team intends to implement. Record your ideas on the University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template.
Explain
the following in the proposal:
The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
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You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
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The document discusses Canada's water supply and argues that Canada should not do more to protect its water supply. It notes that Canada has a large amount of freshwater but a small population. While Canadians use a lot of water per person, it is argued that Canada should export water to areas experiencing droughts and shortages. The document claims that as one of the world's richest countries, Canada has a duty to share its resources, like water, to create more equality globally given climate impacts and the large disparities in resources between wealthy and poor nations.
The document discusses the issue of water diversions from the Great Lakes and the political debates around protecting this freshwater resource. It notes that while some diversions currently exist totaling over 2 billion gallons per day, the net flow into the lakes is still positive. The Great Lakes Compact aims to prohibit new diversions outside the basin but is still awaiting full ratification. Overall the text examines the environmental, economic, and political factors influencing management of Great Lakes water.
Conflict over water resources: Colorado RiverGuerillateacher
The Colorado River Basin spans seven U.S. states and Mexico, with competing demands for water from agriculture, cities, and industry. During the 20th century, the river was dammed and diverted extensively through major infrastructure projects to supply water to over 25 million people. However, long-term drought and overallocation of water rights have led to conflicts as the river now rarely reaches the sea. Managing this vital resource equitably between multiple stakeholders remains an ongoing challenge.
10/24/13 Demand Exceeds Supply | ABQJournal Online
www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html 1/3
abqjournal.com http://www.abqjournal.com /99175/upfront/dem and-exceeds-supply.htm l
John Fleck / Journal Staff Writer Tue, Apr 10, 2012
Demand Exceeds Supply
Kelly Redmond, a government climatologist who lives at the interface between the
water nature provides and the humans who want to use it, came up with the best
definition of drought I’ve seen: “insufficient water to meet needs.”
The word “drought” most often conjures up the natural side of the equation – the
amount of rain and snow that falls from the sky. But Redmond, of the Western
Regional Climate Center in Reno, captures a central truth about life in an arid
landscape.
Drought is not only about supply. It also is about demand.
Redmond’s words came to mind over the past week as I watched the differing reactions to the Rio Grande runoff forecast
for April.
At San Marcial, the last Rio Grande measurement point above Elephant Butte, the forecast calls for 29 percent of the
long-term average. If it holds up, it would mean 13 of the past 15 years have had below-average runoff.
Any way you look at it, that qualifies as a drought.
The result is very little river water for farmers. “We’re crushed,” said Gary Esslinger, who manages the Elephant Butte
Irrigation District, delivering what water there is to Lower Rio Grande Valley farmers.
Wet years have a way of covering up a multitude of water management sins. Drought exposes them for all to see.
Back in the 1990s, we had all the same underlying water management problems in this state, but a string of wet years
left Elephant Butte full and allowed us to ignore our problems.
A run of 13 dry years out of 15 years since then on the Lower Rio Grande has left us with insufficient water to meet the
needs of all the water users in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
http://www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html
10/24/13 Demand Exceeds Supply | ABQJournal Online
www.abqjournal.com/99175/upfront/demand-exceeds-supply.html 2/3
It’s hard to keep track of who’s suing who as a result.
The New Mexico Attorney General’s Office last year sued the federal government over the way Elephant Butte’s water is
accounted for and managed, a feud that has either directly or indirectly dragged in other water users up and down the
river, from the farmers in the Albuquerque reach of the river to Las Cruces, all choosing sides.
Meanwhile, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas can’t agree on how to account for who owns how much of the pool that
sits now in Elephant Butte. At a meeting of the Rio Grande Compact Commission in Austin last month, representatives
of the three states ended up in a standoff on the question. The water accounting sheets developed by the three states
explaining their competing views of hydrologic reality run to 23 pages total.
Then in the past few weeks, the early release of water from Elepha ...
This document discusses the global water crisis and its social, economic, political, and environmental consequences. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Key facts provided include that 3900 children die daily from water-borne diseases. The document then discusses specific examples of water issues and consequences in countries like China, India, Israel, Egypt, and Mexico. Potential solutions to the crisis mentioned include increased conservation efforts, wastewater recycling, and desalination.
California is experiencing a severe drought for the third consecutive year, negatively impacting the environment, economy, and population. The agricultural industry has been hit particularly hard, with estimates of $2 billion in losses and 70,000 lost jobs. Global warming is likely exacerbating the drought by reducing rainfall and snowpack. To address the water shortage, solutions like water conservation, desalination, recycling, and building new reservoirs have been proposed. The drought underscores the relationship between water resources and population growth in California.
The document discusses various topics related to global freshwater resources including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity by region, water use by sector, and virtual water content of common products. It also covers water pricing structures, water markets, institutional frameworks for water governance, and local movements for re-municipalizing water systems.
Water shortage is a growing problem around the world caused by factors like pollution, population growth, and climate change. It negatively impacts both humans and wildlife by limiting access to safe drinking water. While solutions like building dams and desalination have been attempted, reducing water demand through conservation efforts may be more effective and sustainable. Education programs to change water consumption behaviors and improve agricultural practices can help decrease strain on water supplies. Without action, water scarcity issues will only worsen over time.
The Hidden Danger of Failing Water InfrastructureDaniel Guest
America’s water infrastructure is in a state of crisis. Both our water and our wastewater pipeline systems are in disrepair. In fact, the American Society for Civil Engineers (“ASCE”), a preeminent, respected authority on structural systems reliability and maintenance management, grades the condition of today’s drinking water infrastructure a D. What is more, the ASCE also gives the score of D to our wastewater infrastructure. A “D” is not a good place to be.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Body image and the desire to be thin begins developing in early childhood, especially for girls, according to a psychology textbook. The media is thought to significantly contribute to perpetuating the desire to be thin. The document asks for thoughts on how to apply biblical principles in addressing this issue with children.
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigrat.docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigration, such as assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model is used today?
Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
What model is used today?
Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
.
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of.docxpaynetawnya
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of land. The land has some unknown contamination; it has been stripped of natural vegetation, soil erosion has occurred, and a stream on the property is polluted. You have decided to turn this land into a sustainable agricultural food supply.
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template
Design
solutions to develop the land. Provide a development plan to bring this land up to agricultural standards.
Write
a proposal to the city that describes the step-by-step plan your team intends to implement. Record your ideas on the University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template.
Explain
the following in the proposal:
The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is different in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is similar in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).What role does human service practice play in the pretrial diversion setting specifically?At what point, if any, does human service practice in the mental health setting converge on the pretrial diversion setting?
You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
Your RatingGroup DiscussionDelinquency Prevention Please .docxpaynetawnya
Your Rating:
Group Discussion
"Delinquency Prevention" Please respond to the following:
Describe the key differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs. Discuss the overall effectiveness of these types of programs.
From the e-Activity, identify at least two (2) factors that contribute to a delinquency prevention program’s success. Specify the primary manner in which these types of programs have improved the lives of juveniles and their families.
.
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity.docxpaynetawnya
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Discuss several of the financial analysis tools useful in assessing inventory issues and report the actual numbers for the company you selected for Assignment 1 in Week 6. Describe the impact of your numbers on reasons for investing or not investing in the company
Identify the inventory valuation method (LIFO, FIFO, Average, etc.) used by your company and discuss the impact of the method on the income statement and balance sheet. Include the pros and cons/ tradeoffs of the method on the reported numbers.
.
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea .docxpaynetawnya
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea what earned value management concepts (EVM), such as AC, BCWP, and EV mean; he is only concerned that you deliver the project ahead of schedule and under budget. Using the information covered from your readings and other activities, develop a project to educate him, including which EVM performance measures you would educate him on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.
.
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled i.docxpaynetawnya
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled it?
Anything interesting you learned about the organization you chose.
The most difficult component of this project. What made it challenging? How did you address this challenge?
Post a 2 to 4 paragraph discussion post (300 words minimum). Justify your explanations by including in-text citations and references in APA format as applicable.
.
Week 6 - Discussion 1Evaluate the characteristics of each mode o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 6 - Discussion 1
Evaluate the characteristics of each mode of transportation in terms of time and cost efficiencies. Give examples.
Week 6 - Discussion 2
The Bill of Lading is the single most important document in transportation. Describe at least two functions it performs in international logistics.
.
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxpaynetawnya
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week5_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4. Use the .01 level of significance.
1.
The counselor calculates the unbiased estimate of the population’s variance to be 15. What is the variance of the distribution of means?
A)
15/20 = 0.75
B)
15/19 = 0.79
C)
15
2
/20 = 11.25
D)
15
2
/19 = 11.84
2.
Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were
less
depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her
t
score to be
-
.20. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?
A)
Reject it
B)
Fail to reject it
C)
Postpone any decisions until a more conclusive study could be conducted
D)
There is not enough information given to make a decision
3.
Suppose the standard deviation she figures (the square root of the unbiased estimate of the population variance) is .85. What is the effect size?
A)
5/.85 = 5.88
B)
.85/5 = .17
C)
(5
-
4.4)/.85 = .71
D)
.85/(5
-
4.4) = 1.42
For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of means comes out to 1.63.
4.
What is the
t
score?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
5.
What effect size did Professor Juarez find?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
6.
If Professor Juarez had 30 students in her class, and she wanted to test her hypothesis using the 5% level of significance, what cutoff
t
score would she use? (You should be able to figure this out without a table because only one answer is in the correct region.)
A)
304.11
B)
1.699.
Week 5 Writing Assignment (Part 2) Outline and Preliminary List o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5
Writing Assignment (Part 2): Outline and Preliminary List of References
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Complete the outline after you have done library / Internet research for evidence that bears on your hypothesis. Provide information about all of the following components of the final paper:
Subject:
Poverty.
What is your hypothesis?
1.
Specific Hypothesis
.
2.
Applicable Sociological Concepts
.
3.
Practical Implications
. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue.
Evidence
. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis that you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations.
Conclusions
. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis?
For example, here is a generic example of what the headings of your possible outline might look like:
I.
Specific Hypothesis.
II.
Applicable Sociological Concepts.
a.
Theory A
b.
Concept 1
c.
Concept 2
III.
Practical Implications.
a.
Implications for public policy
i.
Education
ii.
Taxes
b.
Implications for employers
c.
Implications for spouses of workaholics
Evidence.
Line of evidence 1
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
iii.
Alternative explanations of what it means.
b.
Line of evidence 2
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
Conclusion(s): All available evidence refutes the hypothesis, but there are alternative explanations.
References
:
Baker, A. & Abel, E (2005) Villagers reject modern attitudes about car washing.
International Journal of Sociology
, 11, 12-57. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host.
Doe, J. (2010, April 1) Villagers retain traditional attitudes despite bombardment with western television.
The New York Times
. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com/village_update
Steiner, H. (2012, January 4) Revolt against local ordinances in the village.
Time Magazine
. pp. 14-15.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Evaluate the various methodologies for sociological research.
Apply the sociological perspective to a variety of socioeconomic and political problems.
Critically examine how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
.
Week 5 eActivityRead the Recommendation for Cryptographic Key.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5 eActivity
Read the "
Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
" by NIST.
Read Chapter 19 of "
An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.
"
Please be prepared to discuss each of these items
Analyze the overall attributes of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography technologies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each, and speculate upon the main reasons why organizations utilize both technologies today. Give an example of where you would consider using each of these forms of encryption within an organization to support your response.
From the e-Activity, give your opinion of whether cryptography should be a part of every email security strategy or if there are specific characteristics of organizations where such measures are not needed. Justify your answer.
.
This document discusses network security and contains two questions. The first question asks about predominant electronic and physical threats to communications networks, such as hacking, malware, and physical damage. The second question asks about the importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures to protect networks and data through guidelines for acceptable and safe practices.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
11113 The Race to Buy Up the Worlds Watermag.newsweek.c.docx
1. 11/1/13 The Race to Buy Up the World's Water
mag.newsweek.com/2010/10/08/the-race-to-buy-up-the-world-s-
water.html 1/4
LIKE TWEET EMAIL
S
T
E
P
THE NEW OIL
Oct 8, 2010 9:45 AM EDT
Should private companies control our most precious natural
resource?
itka, Alaska, is home to one of the world’s most spectacular
lakes. Nestled into a U-shaped valley of dense forests and
majestic peaks, and fed by snowpack and glaciers, the reservoir,
named Blue Lake for its deep blue hues, holds trillions
of gallons of water so pure it requires no treatment. The city’s
tiny population—fewer than 10,000 people spread
2. across 5,000 square miles—makes this an embarrassment of
riches. Every year, as countries around the world struggle to
meet
the water needs of their citizens, 6.2 billion gallons of Sitka’s
reserves go unused. That could soon change. In a few months, if
all goes according to plan, 80 million gallons of Blue Lake
water will be siphoned into the kind of tankers normally
reserved
for oil—and shipped to a bulk bottling facility near Mumbai.
From there it will be dispersed among several drought-plagued
cities throughout the Middle East. The project is the brainchild
of two American companies. One, True Alaska Bottling, has
purchased the rights to transfer 3 billion gallons of water a year
from Sitka’s bountiful reserves. The other, S2C Global, is
building the water-processing facility in India. If the companies
succeed, they will have brought what Sitka hopes will be a $90
million industry to their city, not to mention a solution to one of
the world’s most pressing climate conundrums. They will also
have turned life’s most essential molecule into a global
commodity.
he transfer of water is nothing new. New York City is supplied
by a web of tunnels and pipes that stretch 125 miles
north into the Catskills Mountains; Southern California gets its
water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the
Colorado River Basin, which are hundreds of miles to the north
3. and west, respectively. The distance between Alaska
and India is much farther, to be sure. But it’s not the distance
that worries critics. It’s the transfer of so much water from
public
hands to private ones. “Water has been a public resource under
public domain for more than 2,000 years,” says James Olson, an
attorney who specializes in water rights. “Ceding it to private
entities feels both morally wrong and dangerous.”
veryone agrees that we are in the midst of a global freshwater
crisis. Around the world, rivers, lakes, and aquifers are
dwindling faster than Mother Nature can possibly replenish
them; industrial and household chemicals are rapidly
polluting what’s left. Meanwhile, global population is ticking
skyward. Goldman Sachs estimates that global water
consumption is doubling every 20 years, and the United Nations
expects demand to outstrip supply by more than 30 percent
come 2040.
roponents of privatization say markets are the best way to solve
that problem: only the invisible hand can bring supply
and demand into harmony, and only market pricing will drive
water use down enough to make a dent in water
scarcity. But the benefits of the market come at a price. By
definition, a commodity is sold to the highest bidder, not
the customer with the most compelling moral claim. As the
4. crisis worsens, companies like True Alaska that own the rights
to
vast stores of water (and have the capacity to move it in bulk)
won’t necessarily weigh the needs of wealthy water-guzzling
companies like Coca-Cola or Nestlé against those of water-
starved communities in Phoenix or Ghana; privately owned
water
utilities will charge what the market can bear, and spend as
little as they can get away with on maintenance and
environmental
protection. Other commodities are subject to the same laws, of
course. But with energy, or food, customers have options: they
can switch from oil to natural gas, or eat more chicken and less
beef. There is no substitute for water, not even Coca-Cola. And,
of course, those other things don’t just fall from the sky on
whoever happens to be lucky enough to be living below.
“Markets
don’t care about the environment,” says Olson. “And they don’t
care about human rights. They care about profit.”
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Fmag.newsweek.com%2F2010%2F10%2F08%2Fthe-race-to-
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to-buy-up-the-world-s-
water.html&via=newsweek&related=thedailybeast%3AThe+Dail
6. precious for anybody to own. But the rights to divert water—
from a river or lake or underground aquifer—are indeed sellable
commodities; so too are the plants and pipes that process that
water and deliver it to our taps. And as demand outstrips
supply,
those commodities are set to appreciate precipitously.
According to a 2009 report by the World Bank, private
investment in the
water industry is set to double in the next five years; the water-
supply market alone will increase by 20 percent.
nlike the villain in James Bond’s Quantum of Solace who
hatched a secret plot to monopolize Bolivia’s fresh-
water supply, the real water barons cannot be reduced to a
simple archetype. They include a diverse array of buyers
and sellers—from multinational water giants like Suez and
Veolia that together deliver water to some 260 million
taps around the world, to wildcatter oil converts like T. Boone
Pickens who wants to sell the water under his Texas Panhandle
ranch to thirsty cities like Dallas. “The water market has
become much more sophisticated in the last two decades,” says
Clay
Landry, director of WestWater Research, a consulting firm that
specializes in water rights. “It’s gone from parochial
transactions—back-of-the-truck, handshake--type deals—to a
serious market with increasingly serious players.”
7. ventually, Olson worries, every last drop will be privately
controlled. And when that happens, the world will find
itself divided along a new set of boundaries: water haves on one
side, water have-nots on the other. The winners
(Canada, Alaska, Russia) and losers (India, Syria, Jordan) will
be different from those of the oil conflicts of the 20th
century, but the bottom line will be much the same: countries
that have the means to exploit large reserves will prosper. The
rest
will be left to fight over ever-shrinking reserves. Some will go
to war.
ntil recently, water privatization was an almost exclusively
Third World issue. In the late 1990s the World Bank
infamously required scores of impoverished countries—most
notably Bolivia—to privatize their water supplies as a
condition of desperately needed economic assistance. The hope
was that markets would eliminate corruption and
big multinationals would invest the resources needed to bring
more water to more people. By 2000, Bolivian citizens had
taken
to the streets in a string of violent protests. Bechtel—the
multinational corporation that had leased their pipes and
plants—had
more than doubled water rates, leaving tens of thousands of
Bolivians who couldn’t pay without any water whatsoever. The
8. company said price hikes were needed to repair and expand the
dilapidated infrastructure. Critics insisted they served only to
maintain unrealistic profit margins. Either way, the rioters sent
the companies packing; by 2001, the public utility had resumed
control.
hese days, global water barons have set their sights on a more
appealing target: countries with dwindling water
supplies and aging infrastructure, but better economies than
Bolivia’s. “These are the countries that can afford to
pay,” says Olson. “They’ve got huge infrastructure needs,
shrinking water reserves, and money.”
owhere is this truer than China. As the water table under
Beijing plummets, wells dug around the city must reach
ever-greater depths (nearly two thirds of a mile or more,
according to a recent World Bank report) to hit fresh water.
That has made water drilling more costly and water contracts
more lucrative. Since 2000, when the country opened
its municipal services to foreign investment, the number of
private water utilities has skyrocketed. But as private companies
absorb water systems throughout the country, the cost of water
has risen precipitously. “It’s more than most families can afford
to pay,” says Ge Yun, an economist with the Xinjiang
Conservation Fund. “So as more water goes private, fewer
people have
9. access to it.”
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n the U.S., federal funds for repairing water infrastructure—
most of which was built around the same time that Henry
Ford built the first Model T—are sorely lacking. The Obama
administration has secured just $6 billion for repairs that
the EPA estimates will cost $300 billion. Meanwhile, more than
half a million pipes burst every year, according to the
American Water Works Association, and more than 6 billion
gallons of water are lost to leaky pipes. In response to the
funding
10. gap, hundreds of U.S. cities—including Pittsburgh, Chicago,
and Santa Fe, N.M.—are now looking to privatize. On its face,
the
move makes obvious sense: elected officials can use the profits
from water sales to balance city budgets, while simultaneously
offloading the huge cost of repairing and expanding
infrastructure—not to mention the politically unpopular
necessity of
raising water rates to do so—to companies that promise both
jobs and economy-stimulating profits.
f course, the reality doesn’t always meet that ideal. “Because
water infrastructure is too expensive to allow multiple
providers, the only real competition occurs during the bidding
process,” says Wenonah Hauter, executive director of
the nonprofit, antiprivatization group Food and Water Watch.
“After that, the private utility has a virtual monopoly.
And because 70 to 80 percent of water and sewer assets are
underground, municipalities can have a tough time monitoring a
contractor’s performance.” According to some reports, private
operators often reduce the workforce, neglect water
conservation, and shift the cost of environmental violations onto
the city. For example, when two Veolia-operated plants spilled
millions of gallons of sewage into San Francisco Bay, at least
one city was forced to make multimillion-dollar upgrades to the
offending sewage plant. (Veolia has defended its record.)
11. ven as many U.S. cities look toward ceding their water
infrastructure to private interests, others are waging expensive
legal battles to get out of such contracts. In 2009 Camden, N.J.,
sued United Water (an American subsidiary of the
French giant Suez) for $29 million in unapproved payments,
high unaccounted-for water losses, poor maintenance,
and service disruptions. In Milwaukee a state audit found that
the same company violated its contract by shutting down
sewage
pumps to save money; the move resulted in billions of gallons
of raw sewage spilling into Lake Michigan. And in Gary, Ind.,
which canceled its contract with United Water after 12 years,
critics say privatization more than doubled annual operating
costs.
“It ends up being a roundabout way to tax people,” Hauter says.
“Only it’s worse than a tax because they don’t spend the money
maintaining the system.”
epresentatives of United Water point out that 95 percent of its
contracts are in fact renewed and say that a few bad
examples don’t tell the whole story. “We are dealing with
facilities that were designed and built at the end of World
War II,” says United Water CEO Bertrand Camus. “We have
plenty of horror stories on our side, too.” The Gary
facility, to take one example, went private only after the EPA
12. forced the public utility to find a more experienced operator to
solve a range of problems. “Individual municipalities don’t have
the expertise to employ all the new technology to meet the new
standards,” Camus says. “We do.”
he bottom line is this: that water is essential to life makes it no
less expensive to obtain, purify, and deliver, and does
nothing to change the fact that as supplies dwindle and demand
grows, that expense will only increase. The World
Bank has argued that higher prices are a good thing. Right now,
no public utility anywhere prices water based on how
scarce it is or how much it costs to deliver, and that,
privatization proponents argue, is the root cause of such
rampant overuse.
If water costs more, they say, we will conserve it better.
he main problem with this argument is what economists call
price inelasticity: no matter what water costs, we still
need it to survive. So beyond trimming nonessential uses like
lawn maintenance, car washing, and swimming pools,
consumers really can’t reduce water consumption in proportion
to rate increases. “Free-market theory works great for
discretionary consumer purchases,” says Hauter. “But water is
not like other commodities—it’s not something people can
substitute or choose to forgo.” Dozens of studies have found
that even with steep rate hikes, consumers tend to reduce water
13. consumption by only a little, and that even in the worst cases,
the crunch is disproportionately shouldered by the poor. In the
string of droughts that plagued California during the 1980s, for
example, doubling the price of water drove household
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consumption down by a third, but households earning less than
$20,000 cut their consumption by half, while households
earning more than $100,000 reduced use by only 10 percent.
n fact, critics say, private water companies usually have very
little incentive to encourage conservation; after all, when
water use falls, revenue declines. In 2005 a second Bolivian riot
erupted when another private water company raised
rates beyond what average people could afford. The company
14. had dutifully expanded the city’s water system to several
poor neighborhoods outside the city. But the villagers there,
accustomed to life without taps, were obsessive water
conservers
and hadn’t used enough water to make the investment
profitable.
he biggest winners of a sophisticated water market are likely to
be the very few water-rich regions of the global north
that can profitably move massive quantities across huge
distances. Russian entrepreneurs want to sell Siberian water
to China; Canadian and American ones are vying to sell
Canadian water to the Southwestern U.S. So far, such bulk
transfers have been impeded by the high cost of tanker ships.
Now, thanks to the global recession, the tankers’ rates have
dropped significantly. If the Sitka plan succeeds, other water-
rich cities may soon follow.
ut in between the countries that will profit from the freshwater
crisis, and those that will buy their way out of it, are
the countries that have neither water to sell nor money with
which to buy it. In fact, if there’s one thing water has in
common with oil, it’s that people will go to war over it.
Already, Pakistan has accused India of diverting too much
water from rivers running off the Himalayas; India, in turn, is
complaining that China’s colossal diversion of rivers and
aquifers
15. near the countries’ shared border will deprive it of its fair
share; and Jordan and Syria are bickering over access to flows
from a
dam the two countries built together.
o what do we do? On the one hand, most of the world views
water as a basic human right (the U.N. General Assembly
voted unanimously to affirm it as such this July). On the other,
it’s becoming so expensive to obtain and supply that
most governments cannot afford to shoulder the cost alone. By
themselves, markets will never be able to balance these
competing realities. That means state and federal governments
will have to play a stronger role in managing freshwater
resources. In the U.S., investing as much money in water
infrastructure as the federal government has invested in other
public-
works projects would not only create jobs but also alleviate
some of the financial pressure that has sent so many municipal
governments running to private industry. That is not to say that
industry doesn’t also have a role to play. With the right
incentives, it can develop and supply the technology needed to
make water delivery more cost-effective and environmentally
sound. Ultimately both public and private entities will have to
work together. And soon. Unless we manage our water better
now, we will run out. When that happens, no pricing or