Nek Chand secretly started the Rock Garden project in 1957 in Chandigarh, India, building it entirely from discarded materials scavenged from destroyed villages. By 1975, it had grown to cover 12 acres without the authorities' knowledge, featuring hundreds of sculptures. The authorities took over management in 1976 and inaugurated it as a public park. Today it spans 40 acres and remains a tribute to one man's creative vision and reuse of waste materials.
Plant propagation, potting repotting and indoor plantsMauryaChanda
The document discusses plant propagation, potting, repotting, and indoor plants. It describes that plant propagation can occur sexually through floral parts or asexually through other plant parts. It outlines various asexual propagation methods like cuttings, division, and runners. It also discusses potting plants, repotting them when bound in pots, and some indoor plant options that clean the air like aloe vera, spider plant, and peace lily. Toxic indoor plants are also noted.
This document provides information on the package of practices for growing phalsa (B. N: Grewia subineqaeualis D.C). It includes the scientific classification, origin, nutritional value, uses, floral biology, soil and climate requirements, varieties, propagation methods, planting, manuring, irrigation, intercropping, pruning, use of growth regulators, and flowering and fruiting details. The key points are that phalsa is a hardy, drought tolerant fruit crop suitable for intercropping; it has high nutritional value and medicinal properties; and propagation can be by seed or vegetative methods like cuttings and grafting.
This document describes the health benefits of 7 magic herbs that can be boiled together. The 7 herbs are: malunggay leaves, camote leaves, saluyot leaves, spinach, chili leaves, squash, and okra. It claims that boiling these herbs together for 7 minutes and consuming them with fish or meat can detoxify the body and help cure illnesses like constipation and high cholesterol. It provides details on preparing and boiling the herbs together, as well as background information on the nutrients in each herb. The author asserts that she has been researching the health effects of these herbs for 7 years.
It's a small try by my side to help the students of horticultural sciences and share some of my knowledge with them.
I really think that it's the need of hour to aware our youth about the climate change and importance of different aesthetic plants that are helpful for betterment of our environment and also be source of income for them.
Delonix regia, commonly known as the royal poinciana or flame tree, is a large, spreading tree native to Madagascar. It has fern-like leaves and showy red-orange blooms. It is widely grown as an ornamental tree in tropical regions. The flowers appear when the new leaves emerge and are followed by long, woody pods containing seeds. It is distinguished from the jacaranda tree by its larger, more finely divided leaves that have rounded leaflets.
This document provides an introduction to flowers, including their parts and types. It discusses that flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperm plants and are made up of four main parts: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes the structures and functions of each part. The document also outlines different types of flowers, such as perfect versus imperfect, complete versus incomplete, monoecious versus dioecious, and others based on the development and presence of male and female parts.
Nek Chand secretly started the Rock Garden project in 1957 in Chandigarh, India, building it entirely from discarded materials scavenged from destroyed villages. By 1975, it had grown to cover 12 acres without the authorities' knowledge, featuring hundreds of sculptures. The authorities took over management in 1976 and inaugurated it as a public park. Today it spans 40 acres and remains a tribute to one man's creative vision and reuse of waste materials.
Plant propagation, potting repotting and indoor plantsMauryaChanda
The document discusses plant propagation, potting, repotting, and indoor plants. It describes that plant propagation can occur sexually through floral parts or asexually through other plant parts. It outlines various asexual propagation methods like cuttings, division, and runners. It also discusses potting plants, repotting them when bound in pots, and some indoor plant options that clean the air like aloe vera, spider plant, and peace lily. Toxic indoor plants are also noted.
This document provides information on the package of practices for growing phalsa (B. N: Grewia subineqaeualis D.C). It includes the scientific classification, origin, nutritional value, uses, floral biology, soil and climate requirements, varieties, propagation methods, planting, manuring, irrigation, intercropping, pruning, use of growth regulators, and flowering and fruiting details. The key points are that phalsa is a hardy, drought tolerant fruit crop suitable for intercropping; it has high nutritional value and medicinal properties; and propagation can be by seed or vegetative methods like cuttings and grafting.
This document describes the health benefits of 7 magic herbs that can be boiled together. The 7 herbs are: malunggay leaves, camote leaves, saluyot leaves, spinach, chili leaves, squash, and okra. It claims that boiling these herbs together for 7 minutes and consuming them with fish or meat can detoxify the body and help cure illnesses like constipation and high cholesterol. It provides details on preparing and boiling the herbs together, as well as background information on the nutrients in each herb. The author asserts that she has been researching the health effects of these herbs for 7 years.
It's a small try by my side to help the students of horticultural sciences and share some of my knowledge with them.
I really think that it's the need of hour to aware our youth about the climate change and importance of different aesthetic plants that are helpful for betterment of our environment and also be source of income for them.
Delonix regia, commonly known as the royal poinciana or flame tree, is a large, spreading tree native to Madagascar. It has fern-like leaves and showy red-orange blooms. It is widely grown as an ornamental tree in tropical regions. The flowers appear when the new leaves emerge and are followed by long, woody pods containing seeds. It is distinguished from the jacaranda tree by its larger, more finely divided leaves that have rounded leaflets.
This document provides an introduction to flowers, including their parts and types. It discusses that flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperm plants and are made up of four main parts: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It describes the structures and functions of each part. The document also outlines different types of flowers, such as perfect versus imperfect, complete versus incomplete, monoecious versus dioecious, and others based on the development and presence of male and female parts.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Wood apple (Feronia limonia) is a tropical tree native to South India. Its fruit has edible pulp and has traditionally been used in Indian medicine to treat various conditions. Key points:
- The fruit pulp contains nutrients and compounds that are anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and may have anti-tumor properties.
- The tree grows well in dry tropical and subtropical regions, tolerating drought and temperatures from 0-47.5°C.
- Flowers from February to May are pollinated by insects. Fruits ripen from October to March and can be stored for long periods due to their hard shell.
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document discusses different landscape design elements including hardscape materials like brick, metal and glass as well as natural elements like plants, water and landforms. It covers principles of design such as line, form, texture and color. Line can be created by edges between materials or outlines of objects. Form is the 3D shape and is found in hardscape and plants. Texture refers to the surface feel of materials and plants. Color adds interest and various color schemes are discussed including monochromatic, analogous and complementary.
The document discusses different types of historic gardens from around the world including Egyptian, Greek/Roman, Mughal, and Persian gardens. Egyptian gardens featured trees like sycamores and date palms grown in rows, as well as ponds and flowers. Greek gardens were mainly utilitarian while Roman gardens were more decorative, featuring statues and a variety of flowers. Persian gardens originated as oases with cross-shaped water channels and were influential on Mughal gardens, which combined Islamic and Indian influences and featured rectilinear layouts, fountains, and pools within walled enclosures.
This document provides information on different types of containers and pots that can be used for organic gardening, both indoors and outdoors. It discusses flats, pots, bands, clay pots, fiber pots, plastic pots, hanging pots, barrels and tubs that can be used as containers. It also outlines some basic gardening tools needed like secateurs, spray pumps, forks, hoes, rakes, spades, labels, watering cans and trowels. Finally, it recommends some indoor plants like aloe vera, spider plants and peace lilies that can help clean the air by removing common pollutants.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India’s major exports include onion, mango pulp, dried walnuts, fresh grapes. India’s share in the global market is insignificant – it accounts for 1.7% of the global trade in vegetables and 0.5% in fruits.
The document discusses the structure and development of plant roots and stems. It describes how roots absorb water and minerals to support the plant, transport nutrients, and in some cases store food or enable vegetative reproduction. Roots have a tapered shape to easily penetrate soil. The document also outlines the functions of stems in distributing water and nutrients between roots and leaves. Stems support leaves, flowers, and seeds and can be used for various human purposes. The types of roots include taproots for food storage and fibrous roots for foundation support. Stem types include woody, grass-like, and wet varieties.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction that creates genetically identical offspring from a fragment or portion of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, bulbs, tubers, corms, rhizomes, runners, suckers, or slips. There are several advantages to vegetative propagation including preserving desirable traits, not requiring pollination, being faster than sexual reproduction, and allowing plants to survive unfavorable conditions through structures like tubers, corms, and bulbs. It is especially useful for agricultural and horticultural purposes in propagating crops that do not produce viable seeds, such as bananas, sugarcane, potatoes, and seedless fruit varieties.
This document examines papaya production and the economic performance of growing papaya. It discusses selecting suitable land, planting varieties like Washington and Honey Dew, land preparation including plowing and pit making, planting seedlings and removing excess plants. It also covers weeding, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management, harvesting usually after 6-7 months, and expected yields of 6-10 tons per acre. Costs of production are analyzed showing a net return of 71,500 taka per acre after costs of 48,500 taka and revenue of 120,000 taka from selling 8 tons of papaya. In conclusion, papaya cultivation is profitable with low variable costs representing 93% of total costs.
The presentation that my team - Alice, Suman and myself made at the end of bio mimicry module held by Ms. Seema Anand at NID, Bangalore for DDE 13 batch from June June 9, 2014 to June 13, 2014.
The document provides information about creating and maintaining a bog garden. It describes bog gardens as areas with permanently moist soil that create habitats for wetland plants. It explains how to construct a bog garden using materials like pond liners to retain water, while allowing some seepage to prevent stagnation. The document lists many suitable plant species and provides tips for site location, layout, construction steps, and care of a bog garden.
The document characterizes dragon fruit and provides information on its nutritional composition and health benefits. It discusses the different varieties of dragon fruit, including their physical and chemical properties. It also describes the antioxidant and fiber content of dragon fruit and their functional roles in reducing risks of chronic diseases. The document summarizes research analyzing the antioxidant activity, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of red pitaya fruit from Brazil. It finds that the peel has higher antioxidant levels than the pulp and concludes that the peel should not be discarded due to its nutritional and bioactive compound content.
Alternate bearing is a phenomenon where trees produce a large crop one year followed by a small crop the next year. This occurs due to environmental, physiological and genetic factors. Environmental factors like frost, rain, or pests can damage flowers or young fruit leading to a small crop. Physiological factors like the carbohydrate to nitrogen ratio and intensity of budding also contribute. Cultural practices like pruning, irrigation, fertilization and thinning flowers/young fruit can help regulate these factors and produce a more consistent annual crop.
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
This document discusses various features of gardening, including garden walls, fencing, steps, drives and paths, hedges, and how to start a hedge. It provides details on constructing garden walls, different types of fencing materials, considerations for steps, and methods for gravel, asphalt, concrete, brick, stone, grass, and crazy paving drives and paths. It also outlines purposes of hedges, criteria for selecting hedge plants, and how to prepare the land and plant a hedge.
Bob Walsh begins the history of Plumeria, Frangipani plants with the Aztecs in 1522. He follows the famous botanist and explorer of the late 17th century who gave his name to the Plumeria, chronicles the arrival of Plumeria plants on Hawaii and concludes the history with the important part Hawaii played in making the Plumeria known to the world and contributing to its popularity today.
The document provides guidance on establishing a nursery for growing seedlings and saplings. It discusses selecting an appropriate location for the nursery with considerations like soil quality, access, and infrastructure. It describes preparing nursery beds and treating the soil to eliminate pathogens. The document outlines different types of nursery beds suited for different seasons. It also discusses various structures needed in a modern nursery like greenhouses, mist chambers, and hardening facilities. The nursery should be divided into sections for propagation, production, packaging, and sales.
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Wood apple (Feronia limonia) is a tropical tree native to South India. Its fruit has edible pulp and has traditionally been used in Indian medicine to treat various conditions. Key points:
- The fruit pulp contains nutrients and compounds that are anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and may have anti-tumor properties.
- The tree grows well in dry tropical and subtropical regions, tolerating drought and temperatures from 0-47.5°C.
- Flowers from February to May are pollinated by insects. Fruits ripen from October to March and can be stored for long periods due to their hard shell.
This document lists common palm and fern species, including their scientific names. It includes Royal Palm, Bottle Palm, Areca Palm, Fish Tale Palm, Chamaedorea, Livistonia, Phoenix roebelenii, Pritchardia, Rhapis, Washingtonia, Licuala grandis, Zamia, Adiantum, Asplenium, Platycerium, Osmunda regalis, Alsophila, and Cycas. For each species, it typically lists the common name followed by the scientific name.
This document provides information on the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), its life cycle, host plants, identification of different life stages, damage caused, and management methods. It also describes three other insect pests that infest vegetable crops: the hadda beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis), and stink bugs (Aspongopus spp.). Finally, it discusses the serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii), including its wide host range, identification, life cycle, and leaf mining damage. Cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies
This document discusses different landscape design elements including hardscape materials like brick, metal and glass as well as natural elements like plants, water and landforms. It covers principles of design such as line, form, texture and color. Line can be created by edges between materials or outlines of objects. Form is the 3D shape and is found in hardscape and plants. Texture refers to the surface feel of materials and plants. Color adds interest and various color schemes are discussed including monochromatic, analogous and complementary.
The document discusses different types of historic gardens from around the world including Egyptian, Greek/Roman, Mughal, and Persian gardens. Egyptian gardens featured trees like sycamores and date palms grown in rows, as well as ponds and flowers. Greek gardens were mainly utilitarian while Roman gardens were more decorative, featuring statues and a variety of flowers. Persian gardens originated as oases with cross-shaped water channels and were influential on Mughal gardens, which combined Islamic and Indian influences and featured rectilinear layouts, fountains, and pools within walled enclosures.
This document provides information on different types of containers and pots that can be used for organic gardening, both indoors and outdoors. It discusses flats, pots, bands, clay pots, fiber pots, plastic pots, hanging pots, barrels and tubs that can be used as containers. It also outlines some basic gardening tools needed like secateurs, spray pumps, forks, hoes, rakes, spades, labels, watering cans and trowels. Finally, it recommends some indoor plants like aloe vera, spider plants and peace lilies that can help clean the air by removing common pollutants.
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India’s major exports include onion, mango pulp, dried walnuts, fresh grapes. India’s share in the global market is insignificant – it accounts for 1.7% of the global trade in vegetables and 0.5% in fruits.
The document discusses the structure and development of plant roots and stems. It describes how roots absorb water and minerals to support the plant, transport nutrients, and in some cases store food or enable vegetative reproduction. Roots have a tapered shape to easily penetrate soil. The document also outlines the functions of stems in distributing water and nutrients between roots and leaves. Stems support leaves, flowers, and seeds and can be used for various human purposes. The types of roots include taproots for food storage and fibrous roots for foundation support. Stem types include woody, grass-like, and wet varieties.
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction that creates genetically identical offspring from a fragment or portion of the parent plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, bulbs, tubers, corms, rhizomes, runners, suckers, or slips. There are several advantages to vegetative propagation including preserving desirable traits, not requiring pollination, being faster than sexual reproduction, and allowing plants to survive unfavorable conditions through structures like tubers, corms, and bulbs. It is especially useful for agricultural and horticultural purposes in propagating crops that do not produce viable seeds, such as bananas, sugarcane, potatoes, and seedless fruit varieties.
This document examines papaya production and the economic performance of growing papaya. It discusses selecting suitable land, planting varieties like Washington and Honey Dew, land preparation including plowing and pit making, planting seedlings and removing excess plants. It also covers weeding, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management, harvesting usually after 6-7 months, and expected yields of 6-10 tons per acre. Costs of production are analyzed showing a net return of 71,500 taka per acre after costs of 48,500 taka and revenue of 120,000 taka from selling 8 tons of papaya. In conclusion, papaya cultivation is profitable with low variable costs representing 93% of total costs.
The presentation that my team - Alice, Suman and myself made at the end of bio mimicry module held by Ms. Seema Anand at NID, Bangalore for DDE 13 batch from June June 9, 2014 to June 13, 2014.
The document provides information about creating and maintaining a bog garden. It describes bog gardens as areas with permanently moist soil that create habitats for wetland plants. It explains how to construct a bog garden using materials like pond liners to retain water, while allowing some seepage to prevent stagnation. The document lists many suitable plant species and provides tips for site location, layout, construction steps, and care of a bog garden.
The document characterizes dragon fruit and provides information on its nutritional composition and health benefits. It discusses the different varieties of dragon fruit, including their physical and chemical properties. It also describes the antioxidant and fiber content of dragon fruit and their functional roles in reducing risks of chronic diseases. The document summarizes research analyzing the antioxidant activity, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of red pitaya fruit from Brazil. It finds that the peel has higher antioxidant levels than the pulp and concludes that the peel should not be discarded due to its nutritional and bioactive compound content.
Alternate bearing is a phenomenon where trees produce a large crop one year followed by a small crop the next year. This occurs due to environmental, physiological and genetic factors. Environmental factors like frost, rain, or pests can damage flowers or young fruit leading to a small crop. Physiological factors like the carbohydrate to nitrogen ratio and intensity of budding also contribute. Cultural practices like pruning, irrigation, fertilization and thinning flowers/young fruit can help regulate these factors and produce a more consistent annual crop.
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
This document discusses various features of gardening, including garden walls, fencing, steps, drives and paths, hedges, and how to start a hedge. It provides details on constructing garden walls, different types of fencing materials, considerations for steps, and methods for gravel, asphalt, concrete, brick, stone, grass, and crazy paving drives and paths. It also outlines purposes of hedges, criteria for selecting hedge plants, and how to prepare the land and plant a hedge.
Bob Walsh begins the history of Plumeria, Frangipani plants with the Aztecs in 1522. He follows the famous botanist and explorer of the late 17th century who gave his name to the Plumeria, chronicles the arrival of Plumeria plants on Hawaii and concludes the history with the important part Hawaii played in making the Plumeria known to the world and contributing to its popularity today.
The document provides guidance on establishing a nursery for growing seedlings and saplings. It discusses selecting an appropriate location for the nursery with considerations like soil quality, access, and infrastructure. It describes preparing nursery beds and treating the soil to eliminate pathogens. The document outlines different types of nursery beds suited for different seasons. It also discusses various structures needed in a modern nursery like greenhouses, mist chambers, and hardening facilities. The nursery should be divided into sections for propagation, production, packaging, and sales.