This document lists 10 home remedies for premenstrual syndrome (PMS): ginger, chasteberry, apple cider vinegar, flaxseeds, calcium and magnesium, exercise, red raspberry, evening primrose oil, fennel, and cinnamon. Ginger and chasteberry help regulate hormones and reduce PMS symptoms like cramps. Apple cider vinegar, flaxseeds, and evening primrose oil can help with symptoms like bloating, mood changes, and breast tenderness. Calcium, magnesium, and exercise are also recommended for balancing hormones and easing symptoms. Red raspberry, fennel, and cinnamon have anti-inflammatory properties that relieve cramps.
Although feeling uneasy about something is nothing to be worried about, excessive levels of anxiety can impair one’s outlook and quality of life. To combat chronic anxiety, one may be advised to take prescription medications. Herbal and natural remedies have also become very popular nowadays as treatment for mental and psychological illnesses.
How to Stop Period Pain Naturally Herbal Remedies for Menstrual Cramps?cadydanell
Gynecure capsules stop period pain, improve reproductive function, balance hormone, fill nutritional gap, control menstrual bleeding and promote sound sleep. Herbal remedies for menstrual cramps are made from powerful herbs such as Pataltumbi, Davada, Nagkesar, Putrakanda, Putrajeeva that cure all period disorder naturally.
Medicinal plants and morning sickness A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad Khan former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Methi dana or fenugreek for PCOS is one of the natural home remedies for PCOS and irregular periods. Polycystic ovary disease is a woman’s condition which is becoming the main thing to worry Day by day.
PMS stands for Premenstrual Syndrome.
It is a syndrome that usually occurs in women from seven to fourteen days before the onset of menstruation.
However, it stops soon after periods begin.
Aromatic food substances which enhance flavor are spices and herbs. Spices are usually dried roots or seeds used whole, crushed or powdered. Herbs are usually the fresh leaves, stems or flowers or herbaceous plants. Spices are stronger than herbs.
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavoring or as a garnish.
Medicinal plants and fatigue A series of PresentationByMr. Allah D ad Kha...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of PresentationByMr. Allah D ad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Although feeling uneasy about something is nothing to be worried about, excessive levels of anxiety can impair one’s outlook and quality of life. To combat chronic anxiety, one may be advised to take prescription medications. Herbal and natural remedies have also become very popular nowadays as treatment for mental and psychological illnesses.
How to Stop Period Pain Naturally Herbal Remedies for Menstrual Cramps?cadydanell
Gynecure capsules stop period pain, improve reproductive function, balance hormone, fill nutritional gap, control menstrual bleeding and promote sound sleep. Herbal remedies for menstrual cramps are made from powerful herbs such as Pataltumbi, Davada, Nagkesar, Putrakanda, Putrajeeva that cure all period disorder naturally.
Medicinal plants and morning sickness A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of LecturesByMr. Allah Dad Khan former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Methi dana or fenugreek for PCOS is one of the natural home remedies for PCOS and irregular periods. Polycystic ovary disease is a woman’s condition which is becoming the main thing to worry Day by day.
PMS stands for Premenstrual Syndrome.
It is a syndrome that usually occurs in women from seven to fourteen days before the onset of menstruation.
However, it stops soon after periods begin.
Aromatic food substances which enhance flavor are spices and herbs. Spices are usually dried roots or seeds used whole, crushed or powdered. Herbs are usually the fresh leaves, stems or flowers or herbaceous plants. Spices are stronger than herbs.
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavoring or as a garnish.
Medicinal plants and fatigue A series of PresentationByMr. Allah D ad Kha...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of PresentationByMr. Allah D ad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KP Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Hormonal imbalance can cause many health issues, and it is often associated with weight gain. Correcting these imbalances is not about your willpower; it’s about understanding what’s wrong with your hormone and how to fix it with the right nutrients and exercises.
Nutrition is very important for our menstruation health. What we eat impacts everything from physical health to mental health to weight and more, so it's obvious that it also has a huge impact on our cycle. This happens because, throughout the month, different levels of hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are affected by the food we eat. Just like these can be thrown off-balance by certain foods, they can also be supported by others.
Wheatgrass resembles a thin blade of grass. However, this thin blade of grass is a powerhouse of many nutrients. About an ounce of wheatgrass contains about 8 gm of protein and dietary fiber. It is rich in vitamin A, C, and many minerals like iron. It is the best organic vegetable with a very low content of calories.
My Name is Cecelia Chapman and I am giving you to some health tips to maintain or fit your body. Health is very important our life and you know that our life is not good without health.
How to Control Semen Ejaculation in Urine at 30 to Stay Longer in Bed?Ajax Nelsen
Combination of No Fall and Maha Rasayan capsules help to control semen ejaculation in urine at 30 and stay longer in bed naturally. These natural pills improve ejaculation control, enhance bed stamina, boost lovemaking desire and upbeat overall health.
Banana & the remedies....... try few of them good luck.
I received this slideshow through my email and just wanted to share interesting remedies. Don't know the originator.
KeySlim Drops Reviews-Ingredients, Side Effects, Customer Complaintsnirahealhty
KeySlim Drops incorporates a proprietary formulation including 24 critical fat-burning and
metabolism optimizing antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and herbs.
Losing weight can be challenging, but with the right tools, it can become a lot easier.
One of those tools is KeySlim Drops, a weight loss supplement that claims to support weight loss and improve overall health. In this review, we'll take a closer look at KeySlim Drops and whether it lives up to its promises.
KeySlim Drops Reviews-Ingredients, Side Effects, Customer Complaints:nirahealhty
KeySlim Drops incorporates a proprietary formulation including 24 critical fat-burning and
metabolism optimizing antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and herbs.
Losing weight can be challenging, but with the right tools, it can become a lot easier.
One of those tools is KeySlim Drops, a weight loss supplement that claims to support weight loss and improve overall health
Outstanding health benefits of banana fruit A series of Presentation By Mr A...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Outstanding health benefits of banana fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G. Agriculture & Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Thyroid is one of the largest endocrine gland in the body and is responsible for the rate at which your body burns energy and makes protein. Hence, should be taken care of very well.
Hormonal imbalance can cause many health issues, and it is often associated with weight gain. Correcting these imbalances is not about your willpower; it’s about understanding what’s wrong with your hormone and how to fix it with the right nutrients and exercises.
Nutrition is very important for our menstruation health. What we eat impacts everything from physical health to mental health to weight and more, so it's obvious that it also has a huge impact on our cycle. This happens because, throughout the month, different levels of hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are affected by the food we eat. Just like these can be thrown off-balance by certain foods, they can also be supported by others.
Wheatgrass resembles a thin blade of grass. However, this thin blade of grass is a powerhouse of many nutrients. About an ounce of wheatgrass contains about 8 gm of protein and dietary fiber. It is rich in vitamin A, C, and many minerals like iron. It is the best organic vegetable with a very low content of calories.
My Name is Cecelia Chapman and I am giving you to some health tips to maintain or fit your body. Health is very important our life and you know that our life is not good without health.
How to Control Semen Ejaculation in Urine at 30 to Stay Longer in Bed?Ajax Nelsen
Combination of No Fall and Maha Rasayan capsules help to control semen ejaculation in urine at 30 and stay longer in bed naturally. These natural pills improve ejaculation control, enhance bed stamina, boost lovemaking desire and upbeat overall health.
Banana & the remedies....... try few of them good luck.
I received this slideshow through my email and just wanted to share interesting remedies. Don't know the originator.
KeySlim Drops Reviews-Ingredients, Side Effects, Customer Complaintsnirahealhty
KeySlim Drops incorporates a proprietary formulation including 24 critical fat-burning and
metabolism optimizing antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and herbs.
Losing weight can be challenging, but with the right tools, it can become a lot easier.
One of those tools is KeySlim Drops, a weight loss supplement that claims to support weight loss and improve overall health. In this review, we'll take a closer look at KeySlim Drops and whether it lives up to its promises.
KeySlim Drops Reviews-Ingredients, Side Effects, Customer Complaints:nirahealhty
KeySlim Drops incorporates a proprietary formulation including 24 critical fat-burning and
metabolism optimizing antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and herbs.
Losing weight can be challenging, but with the right tools, it can become a lot easier.
One of those tools is KeySlim Drops, a weight loss supplement that claims to support weight loss and improve overall health
Outstanding health benefits of banana fruit A series of Presentation By Mr A...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Outstanding health benefits of banana fruit A series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G. Agriculture & Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Thyroid is one of the largest endocrine gland in the body and is responsible for the rate at which your body burns energy and makes protein. Hence, should be taken care of very well.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Healthapta
Ginger
Ginger is an excellent natural remedy for menstrual problems,
including cramps, PMS and irregular menstruation. A study
published in the journal International Scholarly Research
Notices found ginger to be effective in reducing the severity of
PMS symptoms.
Healthapta
3. Healthapta
Chasteberry
Chasteberry, also called vitex, regulates the endocrine system
and the synthesis of hormones. It suppresses the release of
prolactin, a hormone that is believed to be a contributing factor
in PMS symptoms. It also helps treat irregular menstruation.
Healthapta
4. Healthapta
Apple Cider Vinegar
Apple cider vinegar is helpful in treating a wide variety of
ailments. It is also good for reducing PMS symptoms like
bloating, water retention, cramping, headaches, irritability and
fatigue.
Healthapta
5. Healthapta
Flaxseeds
Flaxseeds contain omega-3 fatty acids that have been found to
be helpful in reducing PMS symptoms like depression, anxiety,
bloating, breast tenderness and headaches. Plus, they contain
lignans that block excess estrogen and balance hormone
metabolism.
Healthapta
6. Healthapta
Calcium and Magnesium
Calcium is believed to help balance hormone levels, thus easing
PMS symptoms. Also, it is good for your bones as well as overall
health.
Healthapta
7. Healthapta
Exercise
Regular exercise is highly recommended for reducing
premenstrual syndrome. Although more research is needed to
confirm this, a few small studies suggest that exercising can
ease some symptoms, especially pain and mood swings.
Healthapta
8. Healthapta
Red Raspberry
Red raspberry herb is beneficial for women at all stages of life. It
has been found to work as a relaxant agent, thus reducing cramps
and spasms. It is rich in various vitamins and minerals, especially B-
complex vitamins, calcium and magnesium. It also works as a
uterine tonic, aids digestion and regulates menstrual periods.
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Evening Primrose Oil
Research indicates that evening primrose oil may help reduce
PMS symptoms. It is particularly beneficial for those dealing
with breast tenderness. Plus, it is loaded with gamma linolenic
acid (GLA) that helps regulate pain and inflammation in the
body.
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Fennel
Fennel is considered useful in relieving cramping and
discomfort associated with premenstrual syndrome and
menstruation as it helps rebalance female hormones. Plus,
being a natural diuretic and digestive aid, it helps reduce water
retention and bloating.
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11. Healthapta
Cinnamon
Cinnamon has potent anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic
properties that help relieve PMS symptoms like cramps. Also, it
contains nutrients like calcium, manganese and iron. Cinnamon
is good for digestion and blood sugar control as well.
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