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The document summarizes how different buildings respond to ground shaking during an earthquake. Taller buildings typically have longer natural periods of vibration than shorter buildings. The period depends on factors like the building's height, mass, and flexibility. During an earthquake, the ground shaking contains a mixture of vibrational waves with different periods. A building will vibrate most strongly in response to ground motions that match its natural period.
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Earthquake shaking generates inertial forces in buildings that travel downward through floors and walls to the foundation. Concrete slabs are horizontal plate-like elements that facilitate functional use of building spaces. Slabs are typically cast-in-place and connected to vertical members like columns and walls. When earthquakes induce horizontal forces in a building, slabs help resist these forces and distribute them to vertical elements and the foundation. However, slabs can crack or distort during strong shaking, which engineers must consider in design.
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2) A demonstration is described showing how spaghetti noodles can be used to model how buildings of different heights resonate at different frequencies, with potential building damage.
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Advanced seismic analysis of building-م.54-مبادرة#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.ناجى أبو شادى
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54
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الرابعة والخمسون من المبادرة مع
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" Advanced Seismic Analysis of Buildings"
التاسعة مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء09سبتمبر2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZIqfu2tqjkoG9TrCdwMaLL7EBilEMDpgpzQ
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
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https://www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط قناة التويتر
https://twitter.com/eeaksa
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
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رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
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Este documento presenta la Revista VAMOS DE COMPRAS: CORONADO, una guía comercial local para el cantón Vásquez de Coronado. La revista se distribuirá gratuitamente 3,000 copias en diciembre de 2013 para promover el consumo de productos y servicios en la zona. Se dirige a residentes de nivel socioeconómico medio y medio alto e incluye anuncios y artículos sobre ofertas del comercio local.
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This document discusses how to make buildings more ductile and earthquake resistant through proper construction materials and design. It explains that masonry and concrete are brittle materials that fail suddenly, while steel is ductile and can undergo large deformation before failure. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement to make concrete more ductile. For seismic resistance, buildings should be designed like a ductile chain, making weaker members like beams fail through ductile yielding before stronger columns. This requires special seismic design codes to ensure adequate ductility in vulnerable members. Strict quality control is also needed during construction to guarantee ductile behavior.
부평오피.마포오피≒다솜넷≒수원오피걸．분당오피방
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인천오피.서현오피≒다솜넷≒부천오피걸．천안오피방
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Seismic waves generated by earthquakes travel through the Earth's layers and cause different types of ground shaking at surfaces. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. S-waves and Love waves cause the most damage to structures through their racking horizontal and vertical motions. Ground shaking is measured by seismographs, which contain sensors to detect motion, recorders to document it, and timers to note duration. Strong ground shaking depends on factors like the earthquake's energy release, geology between the fault and measurement point, and local soil conditions. Characteristics of strong shaking include peak ground acceleration values and the frequency and duration of motion.
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Horizontal bands are the most important earthquake-resistant feature in masonry buildings. They tie all the walls together to act as a single unit during shaking. There are four main types of bands - lintel, roof, gable and plinth - named by their location. The lintel band is most critical as it connects walls across floors. During the 1993 Latur earthquake in India, a building with a lintel band sustained no damage while other similar buildings without collapsed or were damaged. Properly designed lintel bands made of reinforced concrete are best able to resist bending and pulling forces during quakes.
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Open-ground storey buildings are vulnerable in earthquakes for three reasons:
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3) If the columns are not strong or ductile enough, they can be damaged or cause collapse, as seen in past earthquakes where many such buildings failed. Strengthening existing buildings and providing wall continuity in new designs can reduce this vulnerability.
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2) A demonstration is described showing how spaghetti noodles can be used to model how buildings of different heights resonate at different frequencies, with potential building damage.
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12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
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Advanced seismic analysis of building-م.54-مبادرة#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.ناجى أبو شادى
Advanced seismic analysis of building-م.54-مبادرة#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.ناجى أبو شادىEgyptian Engineers Association
54
مبادرة
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المحاضرة الرابعة والخمسون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور /ناجي أبو شادي
استاذ الهندسة الإنشائية بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
بعنوان
" Advanced Seismic Analysis of Buildings"
التاسعة مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء09سبتمبر2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZIqfu2tqjkoG9TrCdwMaLL7EBilEMDpgpzQ
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة التليجرام
https://t.me/EEAKSA
ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
https://www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
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https://twitter.com/eeaksa
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
--Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
IRJET- Analysis of Irregular RCC Framed Structure for Fundamental Natural...
1) The document analyzes the fundamental natural period of irregular reinforced concrete framed structures. It compares estimates of fundamental period from existing code equations, Rayleigh's method, and computer analysis.
2) Models of structures with various irregularities - including setbacks, mass irregularity, soft story, and reentrant corners - are analyzed. Existing code Equation 4 is found to provide the most conservative estimate of fundamental period for structures under 35m, followed by Equation 1.
3) In general, regular structures tend to have longer fundamental periods than irregular structures. Accurately estimating fundamental period is important for seismic analysis of irregular structures.
Synopsis of project
The document is a synopsis for a student's bachelor's thesis on designing earthquake resistant reinforced concrete (RRC) buildings. It discusses the objectives of earthquake-resistant design which are to limit damage from frequent, moderate quakes and prevent collapse during rare, severe quakes. It also summarizes various seismic design philosophies and principles, including distributing lateral loads through shear walls and diaphragms. Additionally, it outlines remedial measures like symmetrical building shapes, foundation improvements, adding bands and ties, and ductile beam-column connections to improve a building's earthquake resistance. Overall, the synopsis introduces the topic of the student's thesis which is on improving the performance of RCC structures during earthquakes.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings Having Fixed Base ...
This document presents a seismic analysis of regular and irregular reinforced concrete buildings with both fixed bases and base isolators using time history analysis. The study models a 9-story building in regular, L-shaped, and T-shaped configurations with both fixed bases and base isolating units. Time history analyses are conducted using ground motion data from the 1995 Kozani and 1997 Jiashi earthquakes. Results for story displacements, moments, and axial forces are compared between the different building configurations and foundation types. In general, the analyses show that base isolating buildings experience lower seismic demands than identical buildings with fixed bases. Irregular buildings have higher displacements and forces than the regular building.
443130440-EARTHQUAKE-ENGINEERING-ppt-1-pptx.pptx
This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.
Intro to Confined Masonry
Shake-table testing allows for the most accurate simulation of seismic response by subjecting physical models to actual ground motions. However, it is not practical for most design applications due to the resources required. Numerical analysis using techniques like finite element modeling provide a reasonable approximation of seismic response while being more practical for design. Shake-table testing is best suited for research purposes to validate numerical models.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Framed Structures on Varying Slo...
This document presents a study on the seismic analysis of reinforced concrete framed structures located on varying slope angles, with and without shear walls. 12 models of a 10-story building were developed with slope angles of 0°, 11.25°, 22.5°, and 45° to analyze seismic performance. The models were analyzed using ETABS software for equivalent static and response spectrum analysis according to Indian seismic codes. Results for parameters like base shear, story shear, story displacement, and story drift were obtained and compared for models with shear walls at corners, corners and edges, and without shear walls. In general, models with shear walls performed better in reducing seismic demands.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Evaluation of RC Framed Structures on Varying Perce...
This document summarizes a study on the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete framed structures with varying percentages of diaphragm discontinuity, with and without shear walls. 12 models of a G+10 story building were developed in ETABS with 0%, 8.33%, 16.66%, and 33.32% diaphragm openings. The models were analyzed using equivalent static analysis and response spectrum analysis according to Indian standards. Results for base shear, story shear, story displacement, and story drift ratios were obtained and discussed. It was found that providing shear walls, especially at the corners and periphery of openings, helped reduce seismic demands on the structure compared to models without shear walls.
G8 Science Q2- Week 2-3- Epicenter and Focus of Earthquake.ppt
This document summarizes earthquakes, including their causes from tectonic plate movements along faults, how their magnitude is measured, and the various seismic hazards they can cause like shaking and liquefaction. It discusses how earthquake frequency and location can be estimated from historical records and geological studies. While probabilities of future quakes can be estimated, prediction of individual earthquakes is still difficult. The document emphasizes how earthquake impacts depend strongly on building design and preparation measures like retrofitting structures.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Objective: The experimental study on behavior of fly ash based geo-polymer concrete and other parameters like strength properties, concentration of alkaline solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2Sio3, curing time, additional water in mix. Method: In the present study sustainable materials were used such as Fly ash. Combination of Sodium Hydroxide and sodium silicate is used as activator solution to form geopolymer concrete. The activator solution is prepared 24 hours prior of casting. The mix is designed for 10 Molarity with varying ratios of 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The GPC specimens are tested for compression, flexural and tension tests at the age of 3, 7, 28 days. Findings: As the activator ratio increases the compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength is also increased. As the time curing is increased the geopolymer specimens also improved. Applications/ Improvements: Fly ash based geoploymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, pavement tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, railway sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
Earth quake failures best
This document discusses earthquake geotechnical engineering and its practices. It describes various earthquake hazards such as ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and retaining structure failure. It then discusses how earthquake damage depends on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, site properties, and structure properties. Specific failure modes are explored like soft first story collapse, foundation detachment, and bridge abutment failure. The document examines geomorphological changes caused by earthquakes and various techniques for ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction hazards.
presentation.pptx
This document summarizes the seismic analysis of a 5-storey reinforced concrete frame building located in seismic zones II, III, and IV of India. The analysis was conducted using both manual calculations and ETABS software. Key results such as storey shear, lateral forces, and bending moments were calculated and compared for each zone and loading condition. Overall, the manual and software results showed good agreement with only minor differences.
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...
This paper aims at studying the effect of earthquake loading on the constructional
design of a 20-storey reinforced concrete residential building from economical point
of view. This type of loading should be taken into considerations now in Iraq
especially after the earthquake of 7.3 magnitude that occurred in November 2017 near
the city of Halabja by about 31 kilometers. The same reinforced concrete multistory
building was designed twice; once with traditional gravity dead and live loading and
the second with adding earthquake loading in order to discuss the difference from
structural and economical points of view. A commercial package ETABS2018 was
used to analyze this 60-meter-high building. The building was analyzed according to
the American code ASCE7-10, while it was designed according to ACI 318-14. A huge
increase in the steel reinforcement amounts in columns, beams, slabs and shear walls
were recorded due to taking the seismic load into considerations. More specifically,
the reinforcing steel amounts increased by about 327%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls, respectively. Therefore, cost was raised by
about 328%, 165%, 40% and 91.3% for columns, beams, slabs and shear walls,
respectively. It is worth to mention here that the maximum increase in main
reinforcement of beams was observed on the storey 10. Whereas, in slabs, the
maximum increase that was recorded in main steel reinforcement was happened from
the storey 8 to the building top. In columns, the main reinforcement increase was seen
on the 9th, 10th and 11th storeys. Finally, in shear walls, the main reinforcement
increase was seen in the 1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
storey due to effect lateral shear forces
8
The document discusses the seismic design philosophy for buildings. It explains that the goal is not to create "earthquake proof" buildings, but rather earthquake-resistant buildings that can withstand shaking without collapsing. The design philosophy aims to (a) avoid damage during minor shaking, (b) allow repairable damage during moderate shaking, and (c) prevent collapse even if damage is severe during rare strong shaking. This balances safety with cost. Important buildings like hospitals require higher protection to remain functional after quakes. The design allows some predetermined and acceptable damage to occur to save the overall structure from collapse. Ductility, the ability to bend without breaking, is key to this performance.
12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
The document discusses recommendations for improving the earthquake resistance of multistory reinforced concrete buildings based on deficiencies observed in past earthquakes. Key recommendations include:
1) Structural engineers and architects should be familiar with relevant seismic codes and consider soil conditions, foundation type, and structural system to avoid irregularities.
2) Soft first stories created by open ground floors or mid-height floors should be strengthened to avoid collapse due to stress concentration.
3) Floating columns and other discontinuities should be avoided to prevent large overturning forces.
4) Inertial forces from heavy rooftop tanks should be considered in design.
Unit-4_Ground shaking final.pdf
It states the various ways of measuring earthquake and also about the strategies of countering earthquake through passive and active design stratgies
Geotechnical Aspects of EQ Resistant Design
Geotechnical Aspects of EQ Resistant DesignGuru Nank Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141006
This document discusses various geotechnical aspects related to earthquake-resistant design. It summarizes case studies of earthquakes where soil conditions influenced the level of damage to structures. Specifically, it discusses how liquefaction of saturated, loose soils can cause severe damage during earthquakes. Factors like soil density, water table level and drainage conditions are important for liquefaction potential. The case study of the 1964 Niigata earthquake is discussed to show how variations in soil properties with depth influenced the level of damage to different structures.Similar to 10 (20)
12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
Advanced seismic analysis of building-م.54-مبادرة#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.ناجى أبو شادى
Advanced seismic analysis of building-م.54-مبادرة#تواصل_تطوير-أ.د.ناجى أبو شادى
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...
IRJET- Analysis of Irregular RCC Framed Structure for Fundamental Natural...
IRJET- Analysis of Irregular RCC Framed Structure for Fundamental Natural...
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings Having Fixed Base ...
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings Having Fixed Base ...
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Framed Structures on Varying Slo...
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Framed Structures on Varying Slo...
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Evaluation of RC Framed Structures on Varying Perce...
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Evaluation of RC Framed Structures on Varying Perce...
G8 Science Q2- Week 2-3- Epicenter and Focus of Earthquake.ppt
G8 Science Q2- Week 2-3- Epicenter and Focus of Earthquake.ppt
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...
EFFECT OF SEISMIC LOAD ON REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTORY BUILDING FROM ECONOM...
12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
12 fundamentals for_seismic_design_of_rcc_buildings_by_prof_arya
More from Someshwar Sriramoju
24
This document discusses two methods for reducing earthquake effects on buildings: base isolation and seismic dampers. Base isolation involves installing flexible pads or isolators between the foundation and building to detach the building from ground motions. This can reduce transmitted forces by 5-6 times compared to a fixed-base building. Seismic dampers absorb earthquake energy like shock absorbers, dampening the building's motion. Both methods have been used successfully in over 1000 buildings worldwide, including the first base isolated buildings in India after the 1993 Killari earthquake.
23
Reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions often include vertical shear walls that run from the foundation to the roof. Shear walls help buildings withstand earthquakes by carrying lateral forces down to the foundation. They perform much better when properly designed to be ductile. Shear walls work best when located symmetrically along exterior walls and in both principal directions. Buildings with sufficient shear walls designed according to seismic standards have demonstrated good performance during past earthquakes.
22
Short columns experience more damage than tall columns during earthquakes due to the short column effect. Short columns are stiffer and attract larger earthquake forces to deform the same amount as taller columns. This occurs in buildings on sloping ground with columns of different heights, buildings with mezzanine floors, and buildings where partial height walls adjoin columns, restricting their movement. The short column effect must be addressed during design by providing special confining reinforcement throughout the short column and into adjoining columns. Retrofitting techniques can also strengthen existing short columns.
20
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
18
Steel reinforcement in concrete beams consists of longitudinal bars and stirrups. Longitudinal bars resist tension forces from bending while stirrups prevent the longitudinal bars from buckling outwards. There are two types of potential beam failures: flexure failure and shear failure. Flexure failure, where vertical cracks develop on the bottom face in tension, is preferred as it provides warning through crack development. Shear failure can occur suddenly without warning signs. Proper design of beams involves selecting rebar grades, sizes, and spacing to ensure flexure failure occurs before unpredictable shear failure.
16
1) Traditional stone masonry buildings in India, constructed using thick walls of rounded stones with mud mortar, are very vulnerable to earthquakes due to deficiencies in wall construction, connections between walls, and connections to roofs.
2) During past earthquakes, these buildings commonly failed through bulging or separation of walls, separation of walls at corners, and collapse of poorly attached roofs.
3) To improve earthquake resistance, stone walls should be constructed in lifts with shaped stones and stronger mortar, include through-stones or overlapping bonds, and have horizontal reinforcing bands at floors, roofs, and gables to connect walls.
13
Masonry buildings should have simple structural configurations to perform well during earthquakes. Complex shapes like L, T, E, and Y perform poorly and should be separated into simple rectangular blocks with adequate gaps. Openings near wall corners are detrimental as they hamper force transfer between walls. Staircases can also cause damage if not designed carefully, such as by separating them from the building. Simple designs with small openings located away from corners and careful staircase design can help masonry buildings develop box-like behavior and withstand earthquake forces.
12
Brick masonry houses are very vulnerable to damage during earthquakes because their walls can easily topple over from horizontal shaking. To improve seismic performance, all walls must be connected together like a box using techniques like interlocking masonry and horizontal bands. This allows walls to support each other. Walls also need to be tied to the roof and foundation. Additionally, walls should be sturdy enough to resist horizontal forces by limiting their height-to-thickness and length-to-thickness ratios. The choice of bricks and mortar also significantly impacts earthquake resistance, with clay bricks and cement mortar providing better bonding than weaker materials.
11
Indian seismic codes provide guidelines for designing structures to withstand earthquakes and reduce loss of life and damage. The first Indian seismic code was published in 1962, with updated codes issued since covering buildings, bridges, masonry structures, ductile concrete detailing, and retrofitting. Seismic codes are specific to a country's seismic hazards and construction practices. Indian codes specify design forces based on a structure's location within India's seismic zones and characteristics like importance and materials. Compliance helps structures withstand moderate quakes without damage and resist collapse during strong quakes.
7
1) Buildings twist during earthquakes when their mass is distributed unevenly, such as having heavier sides, or when their vertical supports are uneven in length.
2) This twisting motion, called torsion, causes different parts of the building to move different horizontal amounts, similar to how sitting on one side of a rope swing makes it twist.
3) Torsion puts extra stress on vertical supports on the more-moving side of the building and can cause more damage during strong earthquakes. Engineers must account for torsion in building design to reduce its effects.
6
1) Architectural features like the shape, size, and layout of a building can significantly impact how it performs during an earthquake. Tall, long, or large footprint buildings tend to experience more horizontal movement and damage.
2) Simple and regular building designs with no re-entrant corners generally perform better, while irregular shapes like U's and L's can concentrate stresses. Separating complex floor plans helps.
3) Vertical irregularities like setbacks, weak stories, or discontinuities in the load path also negatively impact earthquake performance and can lead to damage initiation or collapse.
5
Earthquakes cause buildings to experience horizontal and vertical shaking motions. This shaking generates inertia forces within buildings that must be safely transferred through floors, walls/columns, foundations, and into the soil. Horizontal shaking is a particular concern as it can cause buildings, which are designed only for vertical gravity loads, to fail. Traditional construction often neglects properly designing walls/columns to transfer horizontal inertia forces from floors through to foundations and soil. Failures of inadequately designed masonry walls and reinforced concrete columns have been observed during past earthquakes.
4
The document summarizes seismic zones and earthquake activity in India. It discusses how India lies at the boundary of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates, resulting in earthquake activity. It describes the major seismic sub-regions of India and some significant past earthquakes. It also outlines India's current seismic zone map and how it is periodically revised as understanding of seismic hazards improves, such as upgrading areas after damaging quakes occur.
3
1) Magnitude measures the actual size of an earthquake based on the amount of energy released, while intensity measures the strength of shaking felt at a given location.
2) Magnitude is a single value for each earthquake, but the same earthquake can produce different intensities of shaking at different locations depending on their distance from the epicenter.
3) Buildings are designed to withstand certain intensity levels of shaking rather than specific magnitudes, since the same magnitude earthquake can produce varying intensities of shaking in different areas.
1
Earthquakes are caused by the release of elastic strain energy stored in rocks along faults. The Earth's surface consists of tectonic plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. Where the plates meet, they can collide, move apart, or move past each other, building up stress. If the stress becomes too great, the rocks suddenly slip along a fault, releasing energy in waves called seismic waves. There are two main types of earthquakes - interplate quakes at plate boundaries and intraplate quakes within plates. Fault slip during quakes can be vertical, horizontal, or lateral.
10
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- 23. % . Figure 1: Free vibration response of a building: the back-and-forth motion is periodic. Roof Displacement Inverted Pendulum Model Time T T T T 0 (a) Building pulled with a rope tied at its roof (b) Oscillation of building on cutting the rope Figure 2: Fundamental natural periods of structures differ over a large range. The natural period values are only indicative; depending on actual properties of the structure, natural period may vary considerably. Adapted from: Newmark, (1970), Current trends in the Seismic Analysis and Design of High Rise Structures, Chapter 16, in Wiegel, (1970), Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA. Suspension Bridge: 6 sec Large Concrete Gravity Dam: 0.8 sec Elevated Water Tank: 4 sec Reinforced Concrete Chimney: 2 sec Single Storey Building: 0.05 sec Low-rise Building: 0.4 sec 15 Storey Building: 1 sec
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- 83. # Figure 4: Different Buildings Respond Differently to Same Ground Vibration. Figure 3: Strong Earthquake Ground Motion is transmitted by waves of different periods. Earthquake Shaking Time Tshort Short Period Wave 0 Time0 Tlong Long Period Wave Time0 Amplitude Depth of Soil (m) StructuralDamageIntensity(%) 50 100 150 200 250 300 10 20 30 40 50 0 0 10-14 Storey Buildings 3-5 Storey Buildings Adaptedfrom:SeedandIdriss,(1982),Ground MotionandSoilLiquefactionDuringEarthquakes, EERI,USA. (a) Buildings in a city lie on different soils (b) Intensity of damage depends on thickness of underlying soil layer: 1967 Caracas Earthquake