1. The Rise of Nationalisn in Europe.pptx

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
9/26/2023
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2

Frederic Sorrieu and his
visualization
In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series
of four prints, visualizing his dream of a world made up of
‘democratic and social republics’, as he called them.
The first print shows the people of Europe and America
marching in a long train, and offering homage to the
Statue of Liberty as they pass by it. A female figure
carries a torch of enlightenment in one hand and the
Charter of the Rights of Man, in the other hand.
On the earth lies the shattered remains of the symbols of
absolutist institutions.
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Frederic Sorrieu and his visualization
In Sorrieu’s Utopian vision, the people of the world are
grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags
and national costumes.
Leading the procession are USA and Switzerland, followed
by France and Germany. Following Germany are Austria,
Kingdom of the two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England,
Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze at
the scene. The artist symbolizes fraternity among the
nations of the world.
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 Nation (State):
A large number of people of mainly common descent, language, history,
inhabiting a territory bounded by defined limits and forming a society under
one government is called a nation.
 What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people
think of themselves as a Nation.
 During 19th & 20th centuries Nationalism was a powerful force that could
create:
 One Nation from many separate countries
(Ex. Italy & Germany)
 Break one nation up into many countries
(Ex. Austria- Hungary and Turkey ) 9/26/2023
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Factors which help in the Growth of
Nationalism & Patriotism
 A homeland often with natural geographical boundaries.
 A common past ,a historical tradition compounded of
grate victories in wars, defeats suffered with courage and
a line of famous leaders in government, in the arts and in
military affairs.
 Unity of language promoting community of idea and
interests.
 Unity of religion.
 Common economic interests.
 Development of spiritual unity resulting from common
experience and common patriotism. 9/26/2023
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The French Revolution and the
idea of the Nation
 The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French
Revolution in 1789.
 The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the
French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the
monarchy to a body of French citizens.
 The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
under a constitution.
 The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly.
 Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system
of weights and measures was adopted.
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Continue…….
Rise of Napoleon and his reforms. Revolutionaries
help other people of Europe to become nation.
Students and other members of educated middle
classes began setting up Jacobin club.
Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for
the French armies which moved into Holland,
Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the
1790’s.
The French armies began to carry the idea of
nationalism abroad.
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Role of Napolean Bonaparte
 Napoiean introduced civil code of 1804 – popularly known
as the Napoleonic code.
 He established equality before law and privileges based on
birth were withdrawn.
 He tried to abolish the Feudal system in the regions under
French control and peasants wear freed from serfdom.
 Guild restrictions were lifted in the towns and cities.
 A uniform code of law, a common national currency and
standardised weights and measures were introduced.
 He made an effort to improve transport and
communication system to encourage trade.
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The Aristocracy and the new middle class
 Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the
dominant class on the continent.
 The members of this class were united by a common way
of life that cut across regional divisions.
 Their families were often connected by ties if marriages.
 This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a
small group. The growth of towns and the emergence of
commercial classes whose existence was based on
production for the market.
 Industrialization began in England in the second half of the
eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German
states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.
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Continue…
In its wake, new social groups came into being: a
working-class population, and middle classes
made up of industrialists, businessmen,
professional.
It was among the educated, liberal middle
classes that ideas of national unity following the
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained
popularity.
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Liberal Nationalism
9/26/2023
• Government by consent
• End of Autocracy
• Adoption of constitution
• Abolition of property rights.
• Equality before law
• Representative Government
through Parliament
• Freedom for market.
• Removal of state imposed restrictions
on movement of goods and capital.
• In 1834, a customs union Zollverein
was formed .
• The union abolished tariff barriers
and reduced the number of
currencies from over thirty to two.
IN POLITICAL SPHERE IN ECONOMIC SPHERE
12

New Conservatism After 1815
9/26/2023
 After defeat of Napoleon European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
 Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815.
 Main Motive was to undo the changes initiated by Napoleon and to restore Monarchy.
PROVISION
S
OF Treaty
of Vienna
6. No change in German
confederation of 39 states.
7. Russia to get Polaand
5. Prussia as
given ne
territories on its
western border
including Saxony.
3.Prevented French
Expansion in Future
4. Austria to control
northern Italy
1.Restoration of
Bourbon
Dynasty.
2.Territories acquired by
Napoleon taken back
13

The Revolutionaries
9/26/2023
 Establishment of Secret Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and oppose
conservatism.
 Mazzini viewed “ Nation States” to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.
 Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonan.
 Later, he established two more Secret societies “Young Italy” in Marseilles, and
then, “Young Europe” in Berne.
 Conservative frightened by his move.
14

Division of Age of Revolution
9/26/2023
The Romantic
Imagination and National
Feeling
Hunger, Hardship and
Popular Revolt 1848: The Revolution
of the Liberals
Age of Revolution-1830-1848
( can be divided under three stages)
15

The Romantic Imagination and
National Feeling
Use of culture to create idea of a Nation.
Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of
reason and science.
Focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
Used Art Poetry Stories & Music to shape nationalists feelings
Collected Folklores to spread Nationalism even among illiterates.
Language also played a vital role for e.g. The use of Polish
language in Poland came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle
against Russian dominance.
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HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND
REVOLT
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in
population all over Europe.
Large Scale rural migration to cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced
Jobs.
Stiff competition between hand made goods and cheap machine made goods.
Peasants burdened with feudal dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still
enjoying the power.
The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread
pauperism(poverty) in town and country.
Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
National Assembly Proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males
above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.
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The Revolution of the Liberals- 1848
French Monarchy uprooted by revolt of 1848 & a Republic had
been proclaimed.
Demand of liberal middle classes for constitutionalism with
National Unification.
In Germany Professionals businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for
all German National assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive
procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament.
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Continued………
 Frankfurt Parliament organized in Church of St. Paul. constitution was drafted for
a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament, Offered the
crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia.
 He rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
 Social base of parliament shifted to middle class dominance.
 Lost the support of workers and artisans.
 Political associations were formed by women for Political Rights.
 Conservative forces suppressed liberals .
 Fearing future revolutions Monarchs introduced changes .
 Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.
9/26/2023 19

The Making Of Germany
 In may 1848 the liberal attempt to set up a constitutional monarchy at
Frankfurt was suppressed by the monarchy military and Junkers.
 After the failure of the German National Assembly, Prussian Chief
Minister Ottovon Bismarck took the lead in German Unification.
 Three Wars for 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France completed
German unification.
 Prussian King Kaiser William –I become the emperor of United
Germany.
 Currency Banking and Judicial System was legalized.
9/26/2023 20

Otto Von
Bismarck
Architect of Unification of Germany
Giuseppe Mazzini
Founder of “Young Italy”
9/26/2023 21

Unification of Italy
 Italy was divided in 7 states of which only one, Sardinia - Piedmont was
ruled by an Italian dynasty.
 Ideas of Italian unification first given by Giuseppe Mazzini through his
Secret Society called Young Italy.
 After his failed revolutions in 1831 and 1848 , the lead was taken by the King
of Sardinia, VictorEmmanuel -II.
 Chief Minister of Sardinia, Count Cavour led the unification process by
diplomatic alliance with France to defeat Austria and unify its northern
territories.
 In the southern part, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the movement by involving
local peasant support to drive out the Spanish rulers.
 Thus the process of unification was completed with the crowning of Victor
Emmanuel-II as king of Italy in 1861.
9/26/2023 22

The Strange Case of Britain
No British nation existed before 18th century.
Ethnic groups like English, Welsh, Scots, inhabited British Isle having their own
cultural & Political Bases.
Growth of English Nations wealth and Power, English parliament seized
monarchy in 1688.
Act Of Union-1707 between England and Scotland formed United Kingdom of
Great Britain.
Systematic suppression of Scottish Culture, Language by English began. Many
were drive out of their homeland.
British helped Protestants against Catholics of Ireland.
Later Catholic Revolt as suppressed.
In 1801 Ireland was also incorporated forcibly into United Kingdom.
9/26/2023 23

Visualizing Nation
 Nations began to be portrayed as female figures called
Allegory.
 Ideas like Liberty ,Justice, and Republic too were
personified as female figures.
 Allegories were erected at squares to mark national
Unity.
 Coins and Stamps too carried their images.
 Marianne represented Republic of France and
Germania portrayed German Nation
9/26/2023 24

Nationalism and Imperialism: Balkan Issue
 Balkans become the source of Nationalist Tension
in Europe after 1871
 It was too a region of geographical & ethnic
variations comprising modern day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Serbia,
Slovenia, and Montenegro.
 Inhabited by slaves & was under control of
Ottoman Empire
 Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan
region
 One by one different Nationalities declared their
independence through struggle.
9/26/2023 25

Continued……..
 It became an area of conflict among its Nationalities and
later became one of the causes of First World War .
 Each state develop jealously & hope to expand at the cost
of others.
 European power further complicated the situation .
 They were struggling to prove their trade & military
might over the others.
 Countries like Russia, Germany, England, Austria-
Hungary, extended their control over Balkan Area.
9/26/2023 26

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