Introduction to anatomy and physiologiy

1. Intellectual Property Rights
Unless otherwise indicated, this Material is our propriety property and all source code, databases, functionality, software ,
website designs, audio, video, text, photographs, and graphics on the Material are owned or controlled by Kolej UNiKOP
.
And are protected by copyright and various other intellectual property rights.
DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
DPH 4113
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. Intellectual Property Rights
Unless otherwise indicated, this Material is our propriety property and all source code, databases, functionality, software ,
website designs, audio, video, text, photographs, and graphics on the Material are owned or controlled by Kolej UNiKOP
.
And are protected by copyright and various other intellectual property rights.
LECTURE BY :
SHALINI
CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• In this chapter, students will learn:
• Define the meaning of anatomy and physiology
• State the different aspects of human body
• List the levels of organization in the human body
• Identify the organ system, location, the functions of each system and explain how
they relate to one another
• Describe the anatomical position
• Identify the major regions of the body and relate the common names to the
corresponding anatomical terms for various parts of the body

4. • Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to
locate parts of the human body
• Describe the principal body cavities and the organs they contain
• Define homeostasis and explain its importance
• Describe the components of a feedback system
• Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems
LEARNING OUTCOMES

5. DEFINITIONS
Anatomy is the study of internal and
external body structures and their
physical relationships among other
body parts.
Physiology is the study of how living
organisms perform their vital
functions.

6. • Chemical Level
– Atoms to molecule
• Cellular Level
– Cells with Organelles
• Tissue Level
– Groups of cells and surrounding material (Eg : epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
• Organ
– Group of tissues performing a common function
• System
– Group of organs with a common function
• Organism
– Contains all systems of an individual
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONS

7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONS
Atoms
Complex protein
molecule
Protein Filaments
Heart Muscle Cell
Cardiac muscle
tissue
The Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Organism Level

8. Intellectual Property Rights
Unless otherwise indicated, this Material is our propriety property and all source code, databases, functionality, software ,
website designs, audio, video, text, photographs, and graphics on the Material are owned or controlled by Kolej UNiKOP
.
And are protected by copyright and various other intellectual property rights.
THE ORGAN SYSTEMS

9. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Skin
– Hair
– Sweat Glands
– Nails
• Functions
– Protects against environmental Hazards
– Helps regulate body temperature
– Provides sensory information

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Bones
– Cartilages
– Associated Ligaments
– Bone marrow
• Functions
– Provides support and protection for other tissues
– Stores calcium and other minerals
– Forms blood cells

11. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Major Organs
– Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
• Functions
– Provides movements
– Provides protection and support for other tissues
– Generates heat that maintains body temperature

12. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Major Organs
– Brain
– Spinal Cord
– Peripheral nerves
– Sense organs
• Functions
– Directs immediate responses to stimuli
– Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
– Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Pituitary glands
– Thyroid glands
– Pancreas
– Adrenal Glands
– Gonads
– Endocrine tissues in other systems
• Functions
– Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
– Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
– Controls many structural and functional changes during development

14. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Heart
– Blood
– Blood vessels
• Functions
– Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including
nutrients waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
– Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

15. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Major Organs
– Spleen
– Thymus
– Lymphatic vessels
– Lymph Nodes
– Tonsils
• Functions
– Defends against infection and disease
– Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

16. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Nasal cavities
– Sinuses
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Lungs
– Alveoli
• Functions
– Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
– Provides oxygen to bloodstream
– Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
– Produces sounds for communication

17. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Teeth
– Tongue
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Pancreas
• Functions
– Processes and digests food
– Absorbs and conserves water
– Absorbs nutrients
– Stores energy reserves

18. URINARY SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Kidneys
– Ureters
– Urinary bladder
– Urethra
• Functions
– Excretes waste products from the blood
– Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
– Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
– Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

19. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Major Organs
– Testes
– Epididymides
– Ductus deferentia
– Seminal vesicles
– Prostate gland
– Penis
– Scrotum
• Functions
– Produces make sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids and hormones
– Sexual intercourse

20. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Major organs
– Ovaries
– Uterine tubes
– Uterus
– Vagina
– Labia
– Clitoris
– Mammary glands
• Functions
– Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
– Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
– Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
– Sexual intercourse

21. ANATOMICAL POSITION

22. DIRECTIONAL TERMS

24. BODY CAVITIES

26. CRANIAL CAVITY

27. THORACIC CAVITY

28. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

31. ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES
(a) Metabolism
(b) Responsiveness
(c) Movement
(d) Growth
(e) Differentiation
(f) Reproduction

33. HOW BODY FUNCTIONS?

35. WHAT IS HOMEOSTATIS
• It is called as existence of a stable internal environment.
• There were various physiological processes act to prevent
harmful changes in the composition of body fluids and the
environment inside our cells.
• Two general mechanisms involved in homeostatic regulation :-
– Autoregulation
– Extrinsic regulation

36. Cont..
• Examples of variable factors
– Body temperature
– Blood pressure
– Water and nutrient levels
• Maintained by feedback systems

37. Example

38. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

39. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback systems
• “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”)
• These systems reverse a change in the controlled
variable, bringing it back to “normal”
• Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then
lowered to normal BP

40. POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

41. POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of
this type
• These systems strengthen a change and must
be shut down by an outside force.
• Examples:
• Contractions of uterus cause even more
contractions (and more…) at child birth
• Hormonal control of ovulation
• Systems that control blood clotting