This document defines pharmacology and discusses the history and development of drug use and the study of drugs. It covers topics like the phases of early drug use involving herbal medicines, the modern scientific study of drugs, major classifications and branches of pharmacology, important drug developments over time, drug names, sources of drugs including natural, semisynthetic and synthetic sources, and drug compendia. It also provides some example drugs and includes 3 multiple choice questions.

2. ILMMUL ADVIAT
Dr.Shafaq Zafar

3. DEFINITION
PHARMAKON
 PHARMACOLOGY +
LOGOS
 DRUG DROGUE (DRY HERB)
 ORPHAN DRUG (Haem arginate)
 MEDICINE (ACTIVE AND INERT INGREDIENTS)

4.  OTC (OVER THE COUNTER) MEDICATION
 BTC (BEHIND THE COUNTER) MEDICATION
 POM (PRESCRIPTION ONLY MEDICINES)
 LEGEND DRUG (PRESCRIPTION ONLY MEDICINES)
-------- SPECIALLY PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
WARNING FOR LEGEND, “CAUTION: FEDRAL LAW
PROHIBITS DISPENSING WITHOUT A PRESCRIPTION”

5.  FIRST OR EARLIEST PHASE OF DRUG USAGE
 NOXIOUS PLANTS & ANIMAL PREPARATIONS
 SECOND PHASE OF DRUG USAGE
THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
THROUGH TRIAL & ERROR
 EGYPTIANS USED CASTOR OIL AND OPIUM BC

7.  IN CHINA HERBAL MEDICINES WERE USED FOR
MORE THAN 50 DISEASES
HUA TUO
FIRST PERSON
TO USE
ANESTHESIA IN
CHINA

8.  IN GREECE 600 MEDICINAL PLANTS WERE
IDENTIFIED
 A HINDU PHYSICIAN DESCRIBED THE
PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINE

9.  AVICENNA & CHRISTIAN MONKS CULTIVATED
AND STUDIED THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINES

10.  THIRD PHASE OF DRUG USAGE (RATIONAL OR
SCIENTIFIC PHASE)
EVOLVED WITH IMPORTANT ADVANCES IN CHEMIS-
TRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASE MECHANISMS
ISOLATION OF PURE DRUG COMPOUNDS FROM
NATURAL SOURCES DEVELOPMENT
OF STANDARD PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR
STUDY

11. POPPY
TO
MORPHINE
RAW OPIUM
MORPHINE
CODEINE
NOSCAPINE
PAPAVERINE
Etc
PREPARATION
OF OPIUM
TICTURE
OPIUM TINCTURE

12.  TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS INCLUDE:
 ISOLATION AND USE OF INSULIN
 DISCOVERY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND
ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
 ADVENT OF MODERN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
 RECENT ADVANCES:
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND DRUG
DESIGNING SUGGEST GREATER ADVANCES IN
TREATMENT OF DISEASES

14. PHARMACOLOGY:
STUDY OF DRUGS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH
THE LIVING SYSTEMS
SUBDIVISIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY
 PHARMACOGNOSY
 PHARMACOKINETICS (ADME)
 PHARMACODYNAMICS
 TOXICOLOGY
 PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
1334 COPY IN ARABIC, DESCRIBES
MEDICINAL FEATURES OF VARIOUS
PLANTS

15.  CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
o SCIENCE OF DRUGS AND THEIR CLINICAL USE
o FROM THE DISCOVERY OF NEW TARGET
MOLECULES, TO THE EFFECTS OF DRUG USAGE
IN WHOLE POPULATIONS
 CHEMOTHERAPY
 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
HOW THE DRUGS AFFECT NEURONAL FUNCTION

16.  PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY:
EFFECTS OF MEDICATION ON THE PSYCHE
 IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
 PHARMACOGENETICS
GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC PATHWAYS
WHICH CAN AFFECT INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO
DRUGS (THERAPEUTIC AND ADVERSE EFFECTS)

17.  PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
STUDY OF THE USE OF AND THE EFFECTS OF
DRUGS IN LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE
 PHARMACOVIGILANCE:
WATCHFULNESS ABOUT DRUGS FOR PROMOTING
DRUG SAFETY

18.  PHARMACOECONOMICS:
CONCERNED WITH COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS
 POSOLOGY
 PHARMACY

19. DRUG NOMENCLATURE (NAMES)
1. CHEMICAL NAME
ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID
2. NON-PROPRIETARY OR GENERIC OR
APPROVED OR OFFICIAL NAME
(rINNs = RECOMMENDED INTERNATIONAL
NONPROPRIETARY NAMES, USAN = UNITED
STATES ADOPTED NAMES AND BAN = BRITISH
APPROVED NAMES)
ASPIRIN
3. PROPRIETARY OR TRADE OR BRAND NAME
DISPIRIN

20. DRUG COMPENDIA
PHARMACOPOPEIAS ARE A CLASS OF DRUG
COMPENDIA
PHARMAKON DRUG
POIEIN MAKE
 A BOOK CONTAINING THE FORMULA OR OTHER
STANDARDS REQUIRED FOR THE PREPARATION
AND TESTING OF DRUGS TO ENSURE UNIFORM
PURITY & POTENCY
 MONOGRAPH IS DESCRIPTION OF DRUG IN
PHARMACOPEIA

21.  IT DESCRIBES THE DRUG, ITS PURITY, METHOD
OF IDENTIFICATION, STORAGE INSTRUCTION,
DOSE RANGE AND METHOD OF STANDARDIZATION
 BRITISH PHARMACOPEIA (BP)
 UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP)
o PHYSICIANS’ DESK REFERENCES (PDR)
o ADVICE FOR THE PATIENT
o DRUG FACTS AND COMPARISONS ( FOR
PHARMACISTS)
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPEIA
 INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPEIA BY WHO

22.  NATIONAL FORMULARY
 OFFICIAL DRUGS
 UNOFFICIAL DRUGS (“OFF LABEL USE”)
 CYPROHEPTADINE

23. DRUGS

24. DRUG: ANY SUBSTANCE OR PRODUCT THAT IS
USED TO MODIFY OR EXPLORE PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS OR PATHOLOGICAL STATES
OBJECTIVES:
1. PREVENTION
2. DIAGNOSIS
3. TREATMENT
4. ALTERATION OF THE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS
 LOCAL / GENERAL ANESTHETICS
 CONTRACEPTIVES
OF DISEASE

25. SOURCES OF DRUGS
I. NATURAL
1. MEDICINAL PLANTS
SOURCE DRUG
 CASTOR BEAN CASTOR OIL
 CINCHONA BARK QUININE
 ATROPA BELLADONA ATROPINE
 OPIUM POPPY MORPHINE
 PURPLE FOXGLOVES DIGOXIN
 WILLOW BARK ASPIRIN

26. POPPY
TO
MORPHINE
RAW OPIUM
MORPHINE
CODEINE
NOSCAPINE
PAPAVERINE
Etc
PREPARATION
OF OPIUM
TICTURE
OPIUM TINCTURE

27. DIGOXIN (DIGITOXOSE)3
ATROPINE
DIGITALIS
PURPUREA
(FOXGLOVES)
ATROPA BELLADONA
(DEADLY NIGHTSHADE)

28. 2. ANIMALS
SOURCE DRUG
 STOMACH OF HOG PEPSIN
 PANCREASE OF HOG INSULIN
 CODFISH COD LIVER OIL
3. FUNGI
 PENICILLIUM MOLD PENICILLIN
4. BACTERIA
 STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS STREPTOMYCIN
 STREPTOCOCCI STREPTOKINASE

29. 5. MINERALS
SOURCE DRUG
 GOLD AURANOFIN
 ZINC ZINC OXIDE
 CALCIUM CALCIUM PREP.
 IODINE LUGOL’S IODINE

30. II. SEMISYNTHETIC
 IPRATROPIUM
III. SYNTHETIC
 CHLOROQUINE
 DIAZEPAM
 SULPHONAMIDES
IV. GENE TECHNOLOGY
SOURCE DRUG
 HUMAN INSULIN HUMULIN
 ERYTHROPOIETIN EPOGEN

32. MCQ
Which branch of pharmacology studies the way
drugs work in living organisms?
a) Pharmacotherapeutics
b) Clinical pharmacology
c) Pharmacokinetics
d) Pharmacodynamics
e) Pharmacovigilance

33. MCQ
Which form of a drug name is most likely known by
patients from exposure to drug advertisements?
a) Nonproprietary name
b) Chemical name
c) Generic name
d) Proprietary name
e) Official name

34. MCQ
While teaching the students about drug therapy for
diabetes, the teacher reviews the absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of insulin.
Which principle of pharmacology is he describing?
a) Pharmacodynamics
b) Pharmacokinetics
c) Pharmacotherapeutics
d) Clinical pharmacology
e) Pharmacovigilance