The document provides an overview of the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in Tamil Nadu. It describes the objectives of early detection and response to outbreaks. It outlines the organizational structure at the state and district levels. It defines disease surveillance and the difference between active and passive surveillance. It lists the diseases under surveillance in IDSP and the different reporting forms used in weekly reporting. It also discusses outbreak reporting, the roles of different departments, confirming and investigating outbreaks, case definitions, descriptive epidemiology, and the purpose of outbreak investigations.
steps in epidemic investigation
Prepare for field work
Confirm the existence of an outbreak
Verify the diagnosis and determine the etiology of the disease.
Define the population at risk
Develop case definition, start case finding, and collect information on the cases(after choosing study design)
Describe person, place and time (by questionnaire)
Evaluation of ecological factors
Formulate several possible hypothesis hypotheses.
Test hypotheses using analytical study
Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies
Draw conclusions to explain the causes or determinants of outbreak based on clinical, laboratory, epidemiological & environmental evidence
Report and recommend appropriate control measures to concerned authorities at the local/national, and if appropriate at international levels
Communication of the findings
Follow up of the recommendation to assure implementation of control measures
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It discusses key epidemiological concepts such as disease frequency, distribution, and determinants. It also covers epidemiological study designs, measures of disease occurrence such as rates, ratios and proportions, and how epidemiology compares groups to identify risk factors and test hypotheses about disease causation.
The document summarizes the key steps in investigating an epidemic:
1) Verify the diagnosis and confirm the existence of an epidemic by comparing to previous years.
2) Define the population at risk by obtaining maps, counting population size, and initial line-listing of cases.
3) Conduct a rapid search for all cases through medical surveys, case sheets collecting details of identified cases, and searching for additional cases.
4) Analyze the collected data to understand patterns in time, place and person which can reveal the source and spread of disease. Formulate and test hypotheses based on this analysis.
This document outlines the educational objectives and content for a lecture on epidemiology. The objectives are to define key epidemiology terms, discuss the functions and modes of epidemiologic investigation, and identify sources of data and potential sources of error. The content includes definitions of epidemiology and related terms, the main functions of epidemiology, descriptive and analytic modes of investigation, how surveillance system data is applied through outbreak investigation, and sources of epidemiological data and potential sources of error.
An outbreak investigation involves 10 steps:
1. Verify diagnoses clinically and through labs.
2. Confirm an epidemic exists by comparing to previous years.
3. Define standard case criteria.
4. Identify the at-risk population.
5. Rapidly search for all case characteristics.
6. Analyze data by time, place, and person.
7. Form hypotheses on causation, transmission.
8. Test hypotheses through analytical studies.
9. Initiate control measures like sanitation and treatment.
10. Write a report with findings and recommendations.
Abstract—To strengthen the surveillance system in India, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) was launched in 2004. The frequent occurrence of epidemics even after the launching of the IDSP was an indication toward inadequacy of the system. The aim of the this study was to find out the IDSP disease pattern and load on a tertiary hospital. It was cross-sectional study carried out in hospitals attached to SMS medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India. Weekly report of IDSP in 'P' Form was collected from SMS Medical College, Hospitals. Data related to IDSP diseases were gathered from these reports. These reports were analysed in percentage and proportion. It was observed in this study that among IDSP diseases most common was fever of unknown origin accounting total 93 (23.97%) cases followed by Acute Diarrheal including Ac. Gastroenteritis, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Influenza like illness (ILI), Pneumonia, Malaria, Viral hepatitis etc. Distribution of various IDSP diseases were with significant variation in pediatric and adult population. Among pediatric population ADD was most common whereas in adult population ARIs were most common. Even after launching of more than a decade, a sizable burden of IDSP diseases is there at tertiary level hospital, who could be treated at peripheral health institutes like Sub centre and Primary health centre. So there is a strong need for IDSP disease and its toll free no awareness.
This document summarizes JE surveillance in Sri Lanka. It describes how surveillance data is used to quantify disease frequency, identify endemic and high-risk areas, forecast outbreaks, design control programs, and evaluate effectiveness. Methods include routine notification, event-based surveillance, case-based investigation, and laboratory testing. Data shows declining morbidity since 2003 and changing age distribution, with most cases in those 1-10 years old and over 30. Challenges include maintaining interest and funding as burden declines and improving laboratory and case investigation. Solutions proposed are strengthening review and feedback mechanisms and mandatory reporting and investigation.
This document provides an overview of the rules and guidelines for the 2014 Disease Detectives event for Science Olympiad. It outlines that the topic for 2014 will be environmental quality. It provides resources for training materials, including sample problems and event guidelines. It describes the format of the event and emphasizes checking the official rules for parameters. It also gives an overview of epidemiology concepts focused on for 2014, including environmental causes of health problems and the scientific method as it relates to outbreak investigation.
steps in epidemic investigation
Prepare for field work
Confirm the existence of an outbreak
Verify the diagnosis and determine the etiology of the disease.
Define the population at risk
Develop case definition, start case finding, and collect information on the cases(after choosing study design)
Describe person, place and time (by questionnaire)
Evaluation of ecological factors
Formulate several possible hypothesis hypotheses.
Test hypotheses using analytical study
Refine hypotheses and carry out additional studies
Draw conclusions to explain the causes or determinants of outbreak based on clinical, laboratory, epidemiological & environmental evidence
Report and recommend appropriate control measures to concerned authorities at the local/national, and if appropriate at international levels
Communication of the findings
Follow up of the recommendation to assure implementation of control measures
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It discusses key epidemiological concepts such as disease frequency, distribution, and determinants. It also covers epidemiological study designs, measures of disease occurrence such as rates, ratios and proportions, and how epidemiology compares groups to identify risk factors and test hypotheses about disease causation.
The document summarizes the key steps in investigating an epidemic:
1) Verify the diagnosis and confirm the existence of an epidemic by comparing to previous years.
2) Define the population at risk by obtaining maps, counting population size, and initial line-listing of cases.
3) Conduct a rapid search for all cases through medical surveys, case sheets collecting details of identified cases, and searching for additional cases.
4) Analyze the collected data to understand patterns in time, place and person which can reveal the source and spread of disease. Formulate and test hypotheses based on this analysis.
This document outlines the educational objectives and content for a lecture on epidemiology. The objectives are to define key epidemiology terms, discuss the functions and modes of epidemiologic investigation, and identify sources of data and potential sources of error. The content includes definitions of epidemiology and related terms, the main functions of epidemiology, descriptive and analytic modes of investigation, how surveillance system data is applied through outbreak investigation, and sources of epidemiological data and potential sources of error.
An outbreak investigation involves 10 steps:
1. Verify diagnoses clinically and through labs.
2. Confirm an epidemic exists by comparing to previous years.
3. Define standard case criteria.
4. Identify the at-risk population.
5. Rapidly search for all case characteristics.
6. Analyze data by time, place, and person.
7. Form hypotheses on causation, transmission.
8. Test hypotheses through analytical studies.
9. Initiate control measures like sanitation and treatment.
10. Write a report with findings and recommendations.
Abstract—To strengthen the surveillance system in India, Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) was launched in 2004. The frequent occurrence of epidemics even after the launching of the IDSP was an indication toward inadequacy of the system. The aim of the this study was to find out the IDSP disease pattern and load on a tertiary hospital. It was cross-sectional study carried out in hospitals attached to SMS medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India. Weekly report of IDSP in 'P' Form was collected from SMS Medical College, Hospitals. Data related to IDSP diseases were gathered from these reports. These reports were analysed in percentage and proportion. It was observed in this study that among IDSP diseases most common was fever of unknown origin accounting total 93 (23.97%) cases followed by Acute Diarrheal including Ac. Gastroenteritis, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Influenza like illness (ILI), Pneumonia, Malaria, Viral hepatitis etc. Distribution of various IDSP diseases were with significant variation in pediatric and adult population. Among pediatric population ADD was most common whereas in adult population ARIs were most common. Even after launching of more than a decade, a sizable burden of IDSP diseases is there at tertiary level hospital, who could be treated at peripheral health institutes like Sub centre and Primary health centre. So there is a strong need for IDSP disease and its toll free no awareness.
This document summarizes JE surveillance in Sri Lanka. It describes how surveillance data is used to quantify disease frequency, identify endemic and high-risk areas, forecast outbreaks, design control programs, and evaluate effectiveness. Methods include routine notification, event-based surveillance, case-based investigation, and laboratory testing. Data shows declining morbidity since 2003 and changing age distribution, with most cases in those 1-10 years old and over 30. Challenges include maintaining interest and funding as burden declines and improving laboratory and case investigation. Solutions proposed are strengthening review and feedback mechanisms and mandatory reporting and investigation.
This document provides an overview of the rules and guidelines for the 2014 Disease Detectives event for Science Olympiad. It outlines that the topic for 2014 will be environmental quality. It provides resources for training materials, including sample problems and event guidelines. It describes the format of the event and emphasizes checking the official rules for parameters. It also gives an overview of epidemiology concepts focused on for 2014, including environmental causes of health problems and the scientific method as it relates to outbreak investigation.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
1. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe patterns of disease, while analytical epidemiology aims to identify risk factors.
2. Key approaches in epidemiology include observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies, as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. Important concepts include rates, ratios, and proportions used to describe disease frequency and distribution.
The document outlines the key principles and steps of conducting an outbreak investigation. It defines what constitutes an outbreak and explains that the purpose is to control the current outbreak, prevent future occurrences, and evaluate existing surveillance and prevention programs. The main steps described are confirming the outbreak, defining cases, collecting descriptive data, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through analytical studies, communicating conclusions, and recommending control measures.
This document defines key terminology used in epidemiology and describes some important epidemiological methods. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology organizes health data, while analytic epidemiology searches for causes and effects. Important measurements include rates, ratios and proportions to quantify disease frequency and distribution. Methods like incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are used to measure disease occurrence and impact in populations.
1. A district in India with a population of 20 lakhs experienced heavy rainfall and two new brick kilns starting operation. One CHC reported 1300 fever cases, much higher than usual.
2. A private practitioner near another CHC reported 5 cases of high fever and unconsciousness, despite that CHC only reporting average fever cases.
3. This raises the possibility of a malaria outbreak in the district, given the heavy rainfall and fever cases exceeding expectations. Additional information needed includes laboratory testing of fever cases, investigation of the source of fever near the new brick kilns, and checking other areas for higher than usual fever incidents.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
This document outlines the steps and objectives for investigating an epidemic outbreak. It details verifying diagnoses, confirming the epidemic's existence, defining the at-risk population, rapidly searching for all cases and their characteristics, analyzing the data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, evaluating ecological factors, further investigating the population at risk, writing reports, and implementing control measures. The overall goal is to determine the cause and transmission modes of the epidemic in order to prevent future occurrences.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
This document provides an overview of descriptive and analytical epidemiology concepts. It discusses the key aspects of descriptive epidemiology, including examining disease distribution by time, place, and person. Descriptive epidemiology aims to characterize a disease's occurrence within a population by looking at who is affected, when and where cases occur. Analytical epidemiology goes a step further, using study designs like case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about potential causal factors and their association with disease.
This document provides guidance on enteric fever (also known as typhoid fever), caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi bacteria. It discusses the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and public health response. Enteric fever is endemic in developing countries and outbreaks can occur where sanitation and hygiene are poor. The public health response includes surveillance, case investigation, contact tracing, health education, and ensuring access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Two enteric fever clusters were detected in Cape Town in 2016.
Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of health data to monitor diseases and detect outbreaks. The goals are to take action by responding to outbreaks, evaluating interventions, and planning prevention efforts. Data flows from clinical reporting through laboratories and regional networks to national and global levels for analysis and feedback. Indicators are established to measure progress towards objectives like reducing disease incidence. Overall, surveillance is meant to close the loop between data, decisions, and actions to improve public health.
Investigation of Acute Gastroenteritis Epidemic (AGE) and its stepsMohsin Ansari
Steps of investigation of any epidemic are illustrated in the given slide especially for acute gastro-enteritis epidemic. Also the prevention of AGE is also given and at the end how to submit a report is also given.
This document discusses various uses and methods of epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology characterizes disease distribution, leading to hypotheses about causes. Analytical epidemiology identifies causes by testing hypotheses. Distribution patterns (who, where, when) of disease occurrence can provide clues about risk factors and causation. Medical surveillance aims to identify disease patterns, outbreaks, and changing health needs. Hypotheses about disease causation can be developed by examining correlations between suspected risk factors and disease occurrence across populations, while accounting for potential biases. Age-standardization methods like direct standardization are used to adjust rates to account for differences in population age structures when making comparisons.
preventive and social medicine presentationDHANPAL SINGH
1. An investigation was conducted into an epidemic of diarrhoeal diseases to determine its scope, contributing factors, and cause.
2. The investigation aimed to define the extent of the outbreak, identify the conditions and factors responsible, and determine the source of infection and mode of transmission in order to control the epidemic.
3. Standard methods of outbreak investigation were followed, including establishing a case definition, analyzing epidemiological data on time, place, and person, formulating and testing hypotheses, and making recommendations to prevent future outbreaks.
This document discusses investigating disease outbreaks. It explains key concepts like immunity, herd immunity, incubation periods, and factors that warrant an investigation. It then summarizes an investigation of a gastrointestinal illness outbreak among college students. Interviews and a questionnaire found most cases ate lamb gravy at lunch, with a median incubation period of 10 hours, suggesting Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. The investigation identified the contaminated food source and helped control the outbreak. Overall, the document outlines approaches for outbreak investigation including descriptive and analytic epidemiology to identify causes and prevent further spread.
The document discusses the management of epidemics through various steps including forecasting, investigation, and control. It describes how forecasting involves studying past disease trends to predict future outbreaks. Investigation aims to define the scope of an epidemic by confirming diagnoses, identifying the at-risk population, and screening affected areas. Control methods center around removing infection sources, preventing transmission, and vector control such as mosquito elimination. The overall management of epidemics requires coordinated preparedness, surveillance, health education, and preventive measures to contain disease spread and severity.
This document outlines the steps for investigating an epidemic. It describes defining the scope of the epidemic in terms of time, place, and affected individuals. Key steps include verifying diagnoses, confirming the epidemic's existence, defining case criteria, identifying the at-risk population, analyzing data to form hypotheses about the cause, and testing hypotheses. The investigation aims to control the current outbreak and make recommendations to prevent future epidemics.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
1. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe patterns of disease, while analytical epidemiology aims to identify risk factors.
2. Key approaches in epidemiology include observational studies like cross-sectional and case-control studies, as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. Important concepts include rates, ratios, and proportions used to describe disease frequency and distribution.
The document outlines the key principles and steps of conducting an outbreak investigation. It defines what constitutes an outbreak and explains that the purpose is to control the current outbreak, prevent future occurrences, and evaluate existing surveillance and prevention programs. The main steps described are confirming the outbreak, defining cases, collecting descriptive data, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses through analytical studies, communicating conclusions, and recommending control measures.
This document defines key terminology used in epidemiology and describes some important epidemiological methods. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Descriptive epidemiology organizes health data, while analytic epidemiology searches for causes and effects. Important measurements include rates, ratios and proportions to quantify disease frequency and distribution. Methods like incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are used to measure disease occurrence and impact in populations.
1. A district in India with a population of 20 lakhs experienced heavy rainfall and two new brick kilns starting operation. One CHC reported 1300 fever cases, much higher than usual.
2. A private practitioner near another CHC reported 5 cases of high fever and unconsciousness, despite that CHC only reporting average fever cases.
3. This raises the possibility of a malaria outbreak in the district, given the heavy rainfall and fever cases exceeding expectations. Additional information needed includes laboratory testing of fever cases, investigation of the source of fever near the new brick kilns, and checking other areas for higher than usual fever incidents.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
This document outlines the steps and objectives for investigating an epidemic outbreak. It details verifying diagnoses, confirming the epidemic's existence, defining the at-risk population, rapidly searching for all cases and their characteristics, analyzing the data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, evaluating ecological factors, further investigating the population at risk, writing reports, and implementing control measures. The overall goal is to determine the cause and transmission modes of the epidemic in order to prevent future occurrences.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
This document provides an overview of descriptive and analytical epidemiology concepts. It discusses the key aspects of descriptive epidemiology, including examining disease distribution by time, place, and person. Descriptive epidemiology aims to characterize a disease's occurrence within a population by looking at who is affected, when and where cases occur. Analytical epidemiology goes a step further, using study designs like case-control and cohort studies to test hypotheses about potential causal factors and their association with disease.
This document provides guidance on enteric fever (also known as typhoid fever), caused by Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi bacteria. It discusses the epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and public health response. Enteric fever is endemic in developing countries and outbreaks can occur where sanitation and hygiene are poor. The public health response includes surveillance, case investigation, contact tracing, health education, and ensuring access to clean water and adequate sanitation. Two enteric fever clusters were detected in Cape Town in 2016.
Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of health data to monitor diseases and detect outbreaks. The goals are to take action by responding to outbreaks, evaluating interventions, and planning prevention efforts. Data flows from clinical reporting through laboratories and regional networks to national and global levels for analysis and feedback. Indicators are established to measure progress towards objectives like reducing disease incidence. Overall, surveillance is meant to close the loop between data, decisions, and actions to improve public health.
Investigation of Acute Gastroenteritis Epidemic (AGE) and its stepsMohsin Ansari
Steps of investigation of any epidemic are illustrated in the given slide especially for acute gastro-enteritis epidemic. Also the prevention of AGE is also given and at the end how to submit a report is also given.
This document discusses various uses and methods of epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology characterizes disease distribution, leading to hypotheses about causes. Analytical epidemiology identifies causes by testing hypotheses. Distribution patterns (who, where, when) of disease occurrence can provide clues about risk factors and causation. Medical surveillance aims to identify disease patterns, outbreaks, and changing health needs. Hypotheses about disease causation can be developed by examining correlations between suspected risk factors and disease occurrence across populations, while accounting for potential biases. Age-standardization methods like direct standardization are used to adjust rates to account for differences in population age structures when making comparisons.
preventive and social medicine presentationDHANPAL SINGH
1. An investigation was conducted into an epidemic of diarrhoeal diseases to determine its scope, contributing factors, and cause.
2. The investigation aimed to define the extent of the outbreak, identify the conditions and factors responsible, and determine the source of infection and mode of transmission in order to control the epidemic.
3. Standard methods of outbreak investigation were followed, including establishing a case definition, analyzing epidemiological data on time, place, and person, formulating and testing hypotheses, and making recommendations to prevent future outbreaks.
This document discusses investigating disease outbreaks. It explains key concepts like immunity, herd immunity, incubation periods, and factors that warrant an investigation. It then summarizes an investigation of a gastrointestinal illness outbreak among college students. Interviews and a questionnaire found most cases ate lamb gravy at lunch, with a median incubation period of 10 hours, suggesting Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. The investigation identified the contaminated food source and helped control the outbreak. Overall, the document outlines approaches for outbreak investigation including descriptive and analytic epidemiology to identify causes and prevent further spread.
The document discusses the management of epidemics through various steps including forecasting, investigation, and control. It describes how forecasting involves studying past disease trends to predict future outbreaks. Investigation aims to define the scope of an epidemic by confirming diagnoses, identifying the at-risk population, and screening affected areas. Control methods center around removing infection sources, preventing transmission, and vector control such as mosquito elimination. The overall management of epidemics requires coordinated preparedness, surveillance, health education, and preventive measures to contain disease spread and severity.
This document outlines the steps for investigating an epidemic. It describes defining the scope of the epidemic in terms of time, place, and affected individuals. Key steps include verifying diagnoses, confirming the epidemic's existence, defining case criteria, identifying the at-risk population, analyzing data to form hypotheses about the cause, and testing hypotheses. The investigation aims to control the current outbreak and make recommendations to prevent future epidemics.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
3. Objective of IDSP
• Major Objective:
• Early detection & response to outbreaks
• Early Warning Signals on impending outbreak.
4. Organogram @ SSU (State)
State Surveillance Officer
(SSO)/Joint Director
Director of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
(DPH&PM)
State Epidemiologist State Veterinarian
Consultant
(Finance)
Entomologist
State Lab Coordinator
State Data Manager
Data Entry Operators
State Microbiologist
Consultant
(Training)
5. Organogram @ DSU(District)
District Epidemiologist
District Surveillance Officer
(Deputy Director of Health Services)
District Data Manager
Data Entry Operators-2
(DSU & Medical College)
District Microbiologist
Lab Tech
Lab. Att
6. What is Surveillance?
Disease surveillance is defined by World
Health Organization (WHO) as “the
systematic ongoing collection, collation
and analysis of data for public health
purposes and the timely dissemination of
public health information for assessment
and public health response as necessary”
In short, surveillance is collection of
information for public health action.
7. 7
Active surveillance
• The system does not wait for:
• Case-patients to come to health care facilities
• Health care facilities to report cases
• Health care workers actively reach out to detect cases
• Surveillance comes in addition to routine health care delivery
• Example:
• Malaria surveillance in India
Active versus passive surveillance
8. 8
Passive surveillance
• Health care facilities or providers report cases as they present
in health care facilities
• No specific efforts are made to make sure all cases are
reported
• Surveillance is integrated to routine health care delivery
• Example:
• Surveillance of measles in India
Active versus passive surveillance
9. Diseases under Surveillance in IDSP
• Measles
• Diphtheria
• Pertussis
• Chicken Pox
• Malaria
• Dengue / DHF / DSS
• Chikungunya
• Meningitis
• Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
• Enteric Fever
• Fever of Unknown Origin (PUO)
• Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) / Influenza
Like Illness (ILI)
• Pneumonia
• Acute Diarrhoeal Disease
(including Acute Gastroenteritis)
• Bacillary Dysentery
• Viral Hepatitis
• Leptospirosis
• Acute Flaccid Paralysis < 15
Years of Age
• Any other State Specific Disease
– Leprosy
• Dog Bite
• Snake Bite
• Unusual Syndromes
10. Reporting forms in IDSP –Weekly Reporting
S Form - Syndromic
P Form - Presumptive
L Form – Lab confirmed
11. Syndrome definition
The sudden occurrence of unusual events, in a geographical region,
causing death or hospitalisation and which does not confirm with the
standard case/ syndrome definitions under the existing surveillance
mechanism.
Syndromes – Examples
Fever
Jaundice
Paralysis
Diarrhoea
Maintain a Surveillance Register( Line list etc)
12. Form S – Syndromic Surveillance
DSU copy Institutional copy
Block copy
15. Reporting units for disease
surveillance
Public sector
(Exhaustive)
Private
(Sentinel)
Rural •Community health centres
•District hospitals
•Practitioners
•Hospitals
Urban •Urban hospitals
•ESI
•Railways
•Medical colleges
•Nursing homes
•Hospitals
•Medical colleges
•Laboratories
16. State RRT
Member Designation Role and Responsibility
Team Leader
Additional Director of Vector borne
diseases
State Surveillance Officer Joint Director (Epi)
Organiser
State Epidemiologist State Epidemiologist IDSP
Over all monitoring the investigation of the
outbreak
Physician / Clinician Professor of Medicine – Chennai Clinical diagnosis of adult cases
Pediatrician
Professor of Pediatrics – Health and
Hospital, Egmore, Chennai.
Clinical diagnosis of pediatric cases
Microbiologist
DD (SPHL), attached to DPH&PM,
Chennai.
Laboratory Confirmation of Cases /
outbreaks
Entomologist
Chief Entomologist ( R ) O/o DPH&PM,
Chennai.
Identification of vectors and density and role
in transmitting the diseases under
investigation.
Animal Health Specialist
Joint Director – Animal Husbandry
department, Chennai.
Investigation and suggestive measures to
prevent Zoonotic diseases including
epizootic and pandemic diseases
17. Formation of District RRT – for Investigation
Member Designation Role and Responsibility
District Surveillance Officer Deputy Director of Health Services Organiser
Epidemiologist District Surveillance Officer (IDSP) –
Deputy Director of Health Services of
the respective District
Overall monitoring of the RRT for
Investigation.
Physician / Clinician Senior civil surgeon or Medical
specialist from near by Medical
College
Clinical diagnosis of adult cases
Pediatrician Senior Pediatrician from near by
Medical College
Clinical diagnosis of pediatric cases
Microbiologist From near by Medical Colleges Laboratory Confirmation of Cases / outbreaks
Entomologist District Entomologist / District Malaria
Officer of the respective District
Identification of vectors density, role in
transmitting the diseases under investigation,
initiating control and containment measures in
vector borne outbreaks.
Animal Health Specialist Joint Director / veterinary Officer of
the Animal Husbandry department of
the respective district.
Investigation and suggestive measures to
prevent Zoonotic diseases.
18. OUTBREAK
•An outbreak is the occurrence of a
disease or syndrome clearly in
excess (or more than expected) in a
given area (such as clustering of
cases), over a particular period of
time or among a specific group of
people.
19. Surveillance and outbreak detection: Salmonella
Goldcoast strains by month of isolation, 1993-
1996
0
20
40
60
J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J S N J M M J
Goldcoast
Threshold
Month
Number of isolates
1993 1994 1995 1996
Epidemic threshold facilitates detection
21. OUTBREAK REPORTING
FIR –FIRST INFORMATION REPORT - immediately
Daily Report
Lab confirmation Report
RRT –RAPID RESPONSE TEAM - Interim Report
FINAL REPORT
22. Role of other departments
Epidemiology
Food safety
Clinicians
Laboratory
Media Authorities
Diagnostic
Clinical
Specimen
transfer
Dead Sick
Exposed
Surveillance
Investigation
Prediction
Supply
channels
Trace
back Decisions
Infrastructure
Regulations
Vaccinations etc
Vector
Reservoir
Investigation
Co-ordination
23. Confirm outbreak and diagnosis
• Laboratory confirmation – How many samples ?
• serology
• isolates, typing of isolates
• toxic agents
• Contact (visit) the laboratories
• Meet attending physicians
• Examine some cases
Not always necessary to confirm all the cases
but confirm a proportion
throughout the outbreak
24. Case definition
• Standard set of criteria for deciding if a person should be
classified as suffering from the disease
under investigation
• Criteria
• clinical and/or biological criteria
• time
• place
• person
25. Descriptive epidemiology
- Who are the cases? (person)- age,sex
- Where do they live? (place) –same location?
- When did they become ill? (time) –day,week etc
26. Time
Epi Curve
• Histogram
• Distribution of cases by time of onset of symptoms,
diagnosis or identification
• time interval depends on incubation period
Cases
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Days
27. PERSON
S.Typhimurium infection
attack rates by age group,
Jura, May - June 1997
Age groups
(years)
nr of cases population Attack rate per
100,000
<1 2 3,200 63
1 - 5 36 16,000 225
6 - 14 22 30,300 72
15 - 64 29 159,500 18
> 65 9 39,100 22
Total 98 248,100 40
29. Points to be focused in an outbreak
• Vaccine preventable Disease
• Vaccination status, if vaccinated date and batch, name of the
vaccine, place of vaccine, age group distribution,
• Vector borne diseases
• Source, house index, larval density, etc in coordination in
Entomologist.
• Water Borne disease
• Mapping of Water source, source of infection, etc.
30. Purpose of Outbreak Investigation
To intervene & control
To prevent further Outbreak in future
Public Health plan
water borne – chlorination, leakage
vector borne – environmental, IEC
vaccine preventable - Immunization
32. Daily Reporting under IDSP
• Line List of admitted cases of ADD, fever syndrome, AES, AEFI and Jaundice
and all Lab confirmed cases with epidemic potential must be collected and
sent on daily basis to SSU in the prescribed format from the following units
• Government Medical College Hospitals and laboratories
• Government Head Quarters / Taluk Hospitals and labs
• Community Health Centers & Primary Health Centers and lab
• Private Hospitals and laboratories
• Zonal Entomological Team labs(ZET)
• At SSU the reports are analyzed and cross notified and feedback given to the
DD Health concern where there is impending epidemic.
33. Daily Report -1 (DR-1)
Admission cases
Column No. Heading
1 S.no
2 Date of Addmission
3 Name
4 Age (Yrs)
5 Sex (M/F)
6 Address : Village / Town
7 Name of the HUD
8 Name of the Block
9 Name of the PHC
10 Contact Number
11 Disease condition
12 Name of the Hospital / Institution
13 Remarks if any
34. Daily Report -2 (DR-2) Line List of Lab confirmed Cases
Column No. Heading
1 S.no
2 Date of onset
3 Date of Sample Taken
4 Date of Confirmation
5 Name
6 Age (Yrs)
7 Sex (M/F)
8 Address : Village / Town
9 Name of the HUD
10 Name of the Block
11 Name of the PHC
12 Contact Number
13 Diagnosis Lab Confirmed*
14 Name of the Institution / Lab Confirmed
15 Admission / any Other Remarks
* Dengue - IgM / NS1 Elisa, Dengue - IgM / NS1 Rapid Card Ted (RDT), Dengue - other (Please Mention the name of the
Test Done), Leptospirosis - Elisa / MAT, Leptospirosis - Card Test