The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes that both systems produce gametes (sperm and eggs) and have organs that work together for fertilization and pregnancy. The male system includes testes that produce sperm and the female includes ovaries that release eggs and a uterus that nourishes a developing fetus during pregnancy. Fertilization occurs when sperm meets an egg in the fallopian tubes, leading to cell division and eventual childbirth.

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. INTRODUCTION
• Reproduction is essential for the continuation
of life and propagation of the race.
• The development of secondary sexual
characteristics among boys and girls denote the
transformation of a child to an adolescent.
• Both males and females produce specialised
reproductive germ cells, called gametes.
• Male gametes- spermatozoa
• Female gametes- ova

3. Male reproductive system
• 2 testes
• 2 epididymides
• 2 vas deferens
• 2 spermatic cords
• 2 seminal vesicles
• 2 ejaculatory ducts
• 1 prostate gland
• 1 penis
• Bulbo urethral glands

4. scrotum
• It is a pouch of deeply pigmented skin.
• It is divided into 2 compartments each of
which contains 1 testes, 1 epididymis & the
end of spermatic cord.
• It lies behind the penis.

5. TESTES
• They are the 2 oval reproductive glands
suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic
cords.
• Produces spermatozoa and hormones which
are responsible for the development of
secondary male sexual characteristics.

6. Seminal vescicles:-
• They are 2 small pouches, lying on the
posterior aspect of the bladder.
• Secretes alkaline fluid which nourishes
spermatozoa and forms a large part of the
seminal fluid.

7. VAS DEFERENS:-
• Carry spermatozoa to the seminal vesicles.

8. Prostate gland
• Situated in the pelvic cavity infront of the
rectum and at the base of the bladder
• It has the size of a small lemon
• It produces an alkaline secretion and provides
nourishment to sperms.

9. BULBO URETHRAL GLANDS
• Situated on either side of the urethra
• It secretes substances which form part of the
seminal fluid.

10. PENIS
• Contains urethra through which urine and
reproductive fluid pass.

11. SEMINAL FLUID
• Composed of substances secreted by testes,
seminal vesicles, bulbo-urethral glands,
prostate and spermatozoa
• Nourishes sperms
• Sperms are tiny cells with tail for motility

12. SPERMATOGENESIS
• The formation of male gametes or sperms in
the testes is known as spermatogenesis
• They are produced in the seminiferous tubules
of the testes
• Produced by the division called meiosis
• This process takes 74 days in man

13. SPERMATOZOA
• Parts:-
• Head
• Neck
• Middle piece
• Principal piece
• Tail piece

16. …contd
• Head consists of a prominent haploid nucleus
and acrosome
• The acrosome contains enzymes which help in
the penetration of the sperm into the ovum at
the time of fertilization

17. semen
• It is a fluid which is ejaculated at the time of
orgasm
• An average volume per ejaculate is 2.5-3 ml.
• There are 100 million sperm per ml of semen,
but only 1 sperm can fertilize the ovum
• It ‘s speed is 3mm per minute through the
female genital tract
• Lifespan in the tract is 72 hours

18. Fertilization
• The fusion of the sperm with the genetic
material of the ovum to produce diploid
zygote is known as fertilization

19. Puberty in the male
• Occurs between the ages of 10 and 14.
• Luteinising hormone increases the production
of testosterone and influences the
development of the body to sexual maturity
• Changes are:-
• Reproductive organs enlarge in size
• Formation of sperm
• Hoarseness of voice
• Sudden spurt in physical growth
• Hairs appear on face, body and pubic region

20. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Organs:-
• uterus
• Ovary
• Fallopian tube
• Cervix
• Vagina
• Vulva
• Clitoris

22. Uterus
• It is a pear shaped muscular organ lies in the
pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and
rectum
• It is about 7.5 cm long, 5cm wide and 2.5cm
thick.
• It weighs about 30 gm
• It has 3 layers- perimetrium, myometrium and
endometrium.

23. Functions of uterus
• It provides site for implantation of fertilized
ovum and development of foetus.
• During labour, the contraction of uterine
muscles are responsible for expelling the
foetus to the outside world.

24. OVARIES
• They are the female gonads as it produces ova
• Pair of almond shaped structures situated on
either side of the uterus.
• It produces oestrogen and progesterone that
are responsible for the development of
reproductive system and secondary sexual
characteristics

25. FALLOPIAN TUBES
• The uterine tubes are about 10 cm long,
extend from the sides of the uterus
• They lie in the upper free border of the uterus
• The end of each tube has finger like
projections called fimbriae.
• It transmit the ova from ovaries to the uterus
by ciliary movement
• Fertilization of the ovum takesplace in the
uterine tube

26. CERVIX
• It is the neck of the uterus
• Lower part of the uterus, 2.5 cm long
• It opens into the vagina
• The cervical dialatation during delivery
provides the passage for foetus expulsion

27. VAGINA
• It is the receptacle for the penis during sexual
interourse .
• Provides passageway through which the baby
passes during childbirth

28. OVULATION
• Ovulation is the release of ova from the ovary at
an interval of about 28 days. It is released from
matured graffian follicle.
• Just before ovulation, there is formation of
secondary oocyte and the first polar body
• The secondary oocyte immediately begins the
second meiotic division
• When a sperm penetrates the oocyte, the polar
body is cast off and the fertilized ovum becomes
the zygote.

29. MENSTRUATION
• It is defined as the cyclic discharge of the
blood, mucous, tissues and unfertilized ovum
from the uterus in the reproductive life of
females at an average interval of 28 days.
• Starts at the age of 12-13 years(puberty)
• The menustrual cycle is regulated by 4
hormones-
-estrogen
-progesterone
-leutinising hormone
-follicle stimulating hormone

30. ..contd
• The commmencement of menstruation:-
menarche
• Cessation of menustruation:- menopause(45-
50 years)

31. menustrual cycle
• 3 phases
• 1.The proliferative phase
• 2. The secretory phase
• 3. Menstruation

32. Proliferative phase
• During the first 14 days of the menustrual
cycle, the graffian follicles got matured.
• Ovulation occurs on or about the 14 th day
and the ovum is released
• Due to the presence of estrogen and FSH, the
connective tissues of the uterus become more
thick and vascular.

33. Secretory phase
• The ruptured follicle becomes the corpus
luteum.
• It secretes progesterone which stimulates
further thickening of the connective tissues of
the uterus.

34. MENUSTRUATION
• If the fertilization does not occur, the level of
oestrogen and progesterone decreases, which
leads to the breakdown of connective tissues
of the uterus and its expulsion along with the
unfertilized ovum as menstrual flow.

35. Puberty in the female
• Starts at 12-13 years
• The changes are:-
• Enlargement of the mammary glands
• Development of pubic and axillary hair
• Attainment of menarche
• Ovaries produce ova & development of sex
organs
• Sexual consciousness develops
• Enlargement of uterus and vagina
• Psychological and emotional changes occur.

36. PREGNANCY
• During sexual intercourse, the sperms are
shed inside the vagina of the female.
• Then they move up through the cervix and
uterus and finally reach the fallopian tubes.
• If the ovum is present in the fallopian tube, it
is fertilized by the entry of the sperm.
• Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube
• Thus the zygote is formed

37. …contd
• The zygote settles down in the uterus and the
pregnancy starts.
• It develops in the uterus and forms the
embryo
• Then mitotic division takes place and it
develops into a blastocyst.
• The trophoblastic cells give rise to membranes
of the fetus such as chorion and amnion.

38. • The trophoblastic cells also contribute to the
formation of placenta.
• Placenta provides oxygen and nourishment for
the fetal growth.
• The exchange of oxygen, carbondioxide,
waste, nutrients and other materials are taken
place in the placenta.
• The development of fetus within the mother’s
body is completed in about 9 months.(280
days)
• During this whole period, ovulation or
menustruation does not occur.

39. PARTURITION
• Just prior to birth, the progesteron level in the
mother’s blood falls and oxytocin is released.
• This leads to the onset of uterine contraction,
dialation of the cervix and rupture of the
amniotic sac with the release of amniotic fluid
• The uterine contractions push the baby out,
when the cervix become fully dialated.
• This is known as parturition or birth.