This document summarizes research on linking smallholder farmers to markets. It discusses three innovations: 1) Using contract farming with third-party quality verification to address information asymmetry in Vietnam's dairy market, which increased outputs, inputs, and welfare. 2) Providing working capital loans to farmer groups in Uganda enabled partial payments upon delivery, increasing volumes sold collectively and prices obtained. 3) Research on weather index insurance in multiple countries, finding it protected farmers and increased investments when bundled with savings programs.
The document provides an overview of Petrobras' financial results for the first quarter of 2007. Some key points:
- Oil and gas production decreased 1.2% domestically due to scheduled platform maintenance, while international production fell 3% due to unrest in Ecuador.
- Revenue fell 5.2% from the previous quarter due to lower sales volumes and oil prices. Operating profit rose 15% through cost reductions.
- Net income declined 20.6% to R$4.1 billion, impacted by higher financial expenses from currency fluctuations and an absence of tax benefits from the prior quarter.
- Investments totaled R$8.3 billion, with 48% toward E&P and 23
Apresentação institucional cpfl energia eng finalCPFL RI
The 2012 Brazil Conference presentation by Bank of America Merrill Lynch provided an overview of CPFL Energia:
- CPFL Energia is Brazil's largest private electric sector player with leadership in distribution, commercialization, and renewable energy generation.
- It has 8 distribution subsidiaries serving over 7 million customers and more than 2,700 MW of installed generation capacity, over 90% from renewable sources.
- The presentation highlighted initiatives to improve operational efficiency in distribution like a corporate services center and incentivized retirement program, as well as growth plans for generation, commercialization, and market share in distribution.
Institutional presentation cpfl energia itaú ny finalCPFL RI
The document provides an agenda for a corporate meeting covering CPFL Energia's corporate overview, distribution business focusing on operational efficiency, generation business focusing on growth, commercialization opportunities, sales and financials. It highlights CPFL Energia's leadership in the Brazilian electric sector as the largest private player with a focus on distribution, commercialization, renewable energy generation, and operational excellence across business segments. Value initiatives aimed at boosting efficiency through programs like the corporate services center, incentivized retirement, zero-based budgeting, and smart grid implementations are also summarized.
What employers need to know ppaca 9 26-12Damon Lee
This document outlines various requirements and their applicability based on employer size. It provides the effective date of each requirement, whether it applies to large, small, or very small employers, as well as fully insured, self-funded, and grandfathered plans. For each requirement, it identifies if additional guidance is needed, what action is required, and potential penalties for non-compliance.
The document provides information on an Adaptive, Participatory and Integrated Approach (APIA) for agro-ecosystem analysis. The APIA aims to be adaptive by continuously monitoring outcomes, participatory by genuinely involving stakeholders, and integrated by taking a holistic view across sectors, scales, and governance levels. It outlines the APIA process which includes problem identification, scoping, assessment, mitigation/enhancement measures, decision-making, and recommendations. Tools for agro-ecosystem analysis such as timelines, maps, calendars, and diagrams are also described.
This document provides an agenda for a corporate meeting covering CPFL Energia's operations. It includes sections on corporate overview, distribution, generation, commercialization, sales and financials. For distribution, CPFL Energia has leadership in Brazil with 8 distribution companies serving 7 million customers. The company focuses on operational efficiency initiatives across its business segments. Generation growth will come from expanding renewable energy capacity to over 4 GW by 2020 through projects like incorporating CPFL Renováveis. Commercialization aims to increase its market share above 10% through expanding services.
The Morinda Bioactives Compensation Plan offers many ways for distributors to generate income. It provides transitional compensation opportunities to quickly earn money as a business is built. The plan also includes wealth-building compensation through a deep unilevel structure that pays commissions on 8 levels and bonuses for business growth. Distributors can earn residual income through the unilevel plan and bonuses that reward leadership and help build a global business.
The document discusses corporate restructuring in the cement and tea industries in India. It provides three key points:
1) The cement industry in India is highly fragmented with many small players having excess capacity, leading to consolidation in the industry through mergers and acquisitions. The market share of the top six cement companies in India increased from 40.1% in 1997 to 50.5% in 2001.
2) For the tea industry, the document analyzes costs at different stages of the value chain from tea gardens to packaged tea and loose tea wholesalers. It finds operating margins are negative for auctioned tea but range from 7.5-12% for downstream processed and packaged tea.
3)
The document provides an overview of Petrobras' financial results for the first quarter of 2007. Some key points:
- Oil and gas production decreased 1.2% domestically due to scheduled platform maintenance, while international production fell 3% due to unrest in Ecuador.
- Revenue fell 5.2% from the previous quarter due to lower sales volumes and oil prices. Operating profit rose 15% through cost reductions.
- Net income declined 20.6% to R$4.1 billion, impacted by higher financial expenses from currency fluctuations and an absence of tax benefits from the prior quarter.
- Investments totaled R$8.3 billion, with 48% toward E&P and 23
Apresentação institucional cpfl energia eng finalCPFL RI
The 2012 Brazil Conference presentation by Bank of America Merrill Lynch provided an overview of CPFL Energia:
- CPFL Energia is Brazil's largest private electric sector player with leadership in distribution, commercialization, and renewable energy generation.
- It has 8 distribution subsidiaries serving over 7 million customers and more than 2,700 MW of installed generation capacity, over 90% from renewable sources.
- The presentation highlighted initiatives to improve operational efficiency in distribution like a corporate services center and incentivized retirement program, as well as growth plans for generation, commercialization, and market share in distribution.
Institutional presentation cpfl energia itaú ny finalCPFL RI
The document provides an agenda for a corporate meeting covering CPFL Energia's corporate overview, distribution business focusing on operational efficiency, generation business focusing on growth, commercialization opportunities, sales and financials. It highlights CPFL Energia's leadership in the Brazilian electric sector as the largest private player with a focus on distribution, commercialization, renewable energy generation, and operational excellence across business segments. Value initiatives aimed at boosting efficiency through programs like the corporate services center, incentivized retirement, zero-based budgeting, and smart grid implementations are also summarized.
What employers need to know ppaca 9 26-12Damon Lee
This document outlines various requirements and their applicability based on employer size. It provides the effective date of each requirement, whether it applies to large, small, or very small employers, as well as fully insured, self-funded, and grandfathered plans. For each requirement, it identifies if additional guidance is needed, what action is required, and potential penalties for non-compliance.
The document provides information on an Adaptive, Participatory and Integrated Approach (APIA) for agro-ecosystem analysis. The APIA aims to be adaptive by continuously monitoring outcomes, participatory by genuinely involving stakeholders, and integrated by taking a holistic view across sectors, scales, and governance levels. It outlines the APIA process which includes problem identification, scoping, assessment, mitigation/enhancement measures, decision-making, and recommendations. Tools for agro-ecosystem analysis such as timelines, maps, calendars, and diagrams are also described.
This document provides an agenda for a corporate meeting covering CPFL Energia's operations. It includes sections on corporate overview, distribution, generation, commercialization, sales and financials. For distribution, CPFL Energia has leadership in Brazil with 8 distribution companies serving 7 million customers. The company focuses on operational efficiency initiatives across its business segments. Generation growth will come from expanding renewable energy capacity to over 4 GW by 2020 through projects like incorporating CPFL Renováveis. Commercialization aims to increase its market share above 10% through expanding services.
The Morinda Bioactives Compensation Plan offers many ways for distributors to generate income. It provides transitional compensation opportunities to quickly earn money as a business is built. The plan also includes wealth-building compensation through a deep unilevel structure that pays commissions on 8 levels and bonuses for business growth. Distributors can earn residual income through the unilevel plan and bonuses that reward leadership and help build a global business.
The document discusses corporate restructuring in the cement and tea industries in India. It provides three key points:
1) The cement industry in India is highly fragmented with many small players having excess capacity, leading to consolidation in the industry through mergers and acquisitions. The market share of the top six cement companies in India increased from 40.1% in 1997 to 50.5% in 2001.
2) For the tea industry, the document analyzes costs at different stages of the value chain from tea gardens to packaged tea and loose tea wholesalers. It finds operating margins are negative for auctioned tea but range from 7.5-12% for downstream processed and packaged tea.
3)
The document discusses establishing an India Food Security Portal to strengthen food security policy research and analysis capacity in India. It aims to:
1) Create a food security knowledge hub through collaboration between Indian institutions and a growing policy network.
2) Develop a broad network of policymakers engaged in food security policy at local, national and international levels to influence Indian policy.
3) Contribute to and effectively influence relevant food security policy processes in India.
4) Maintain and improve the Global Food Security Portal while linking it to the Indian portal and network.
The Food Security Portal is a clearinghouse that provides data, tools, and a policy network for food security. It contains over 169,000 data points from over 50 sources on topics like agricultural production, food prices, hunger, and nutrition. The portal houses tools like an early warning system for excessive food price variability and a media analysis system. It also enables simulation of the welfare and poverty impacts of food price changes in different countries. The portal aims to strengthen capacity and increase the use of its tools through policy dialogues and networking to influence food security policies.
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
P1.1. Mobilizing AR4D partnerships to improve access to critical animal-sourc...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses mobilizing partnerships to improve access to animal-source foods. It outlines the CGIAR Research Program's focus on transforming selected value chains through partnerships with development actors. These partnerships combine complementary skills to create sustainable solutions at scale. Key principles for effective partnerships include having a shared vision and goals, clear roles, open communication, and jointly learning and evaluating results. Next steps include developing partnership strategies in nine countries to address value chain constraints and documenting learning. Suggestions are made for GFAR to establish partnership guidelines and funding arrangements that enable long-term collaborative work.
A fejlődő digitális lábnyom, iWowWe sokkal jobban fogja milliomosok, mint bármely más vállalat által megváltoztatják a világot kommunikál. iWowWe a következő alakulása Skype, az Apple és a Microsoft minden gördült be egyet. http://customernation2.iwowwe.com/compensation-plan.html
The document discusses INIA, the National Agricultural Research Institute of Uruguay. It was created in 1989 as a public non-state organization co-funded by farmers organizations and the national government. Previously, agricultural research was conducted within the Ministry of Agriculture. INIA is now the major organization for agricultural technology R&D in Uruguay. It operates with autonomy under private management rules and contracts with both public and private domestic and international partners. Its main objective is to generate and provide technology to benefit farmers through a demand-driven model.
P1.1. USER-Feedback in Large-scale AR4D: the GRisP example in Ghana & AfricaRiceGCARD Conferences
This document summarizes a study on strengthening user feedback in large-scale agricultural research and development programs. It discusses challenges with feedback, analyzes existing feedback loops in Ghana's rice research, and proposes testing a framework to make feedback more systematic. The framework has 7 elements: information source, format, topic, analysis method, analysis recipients, analysis use, and purpose. The study concludes there is opportunity to improve researcher feedback activities.
C1.2. Mechanisms by which CGIAR Centers support the recognition and promotion...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses mechanisms by which CGIAR centers support the recognition and promotion of Farmers' Rights. It notes that Farmers' Rights need to co-exist with intellectual property rights over new varieties. The CGIAR recognizes Farmers' Rights in its Intellectual Assets Principles. The document discusses what Farmers' Rights mean, including the right to conserve and use genetic resources, and measures that support Farmers' Rights such as participatory plant breeding and community seed banks. It recommends developing guidelines to support Farmers' Rights implementation and balancing Farmers' Rights with intellectual property rights.
Donors pledged over $22 billion over 3 years at the 2009 L'Aquila G7 Summit to address global food security through the L'Aquila Food Security Initiative (AFSI). The donors committed to align investments with country-led plans, pursue comprehensive approaches, strengthen strategic coordination, leverage multilateral institutions, and make sustained commitments. By 2012, donors had committed 99% and disbursed 58% of the $22 billion pledge. Sub-initiatives of AFSI are investigating ways to increase transparency and monitor commitments on agricultural research funding and the impact of funds spent in select countries on reducing poverty and stunting.
This document describes the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA), a newly formed alliance of 9 agricultural research centers. AIRCA's goals are to improve global food security by supporting smallholder agriculture through environmentally sustainable practices. The alliance has over $200 million in combined annual revenue and works across many world regions and ecosystem types. AIRCA members have expertise in agriculture, health, and sustainable landscapes and intend to have impact at the agriculture-environment nexus through integrated, holistic solutions developed at scale.
El resumen describe un programa de alianzas productivas implementado por la empresa ALIFRUT S.A. para integrar a pequeños agricultores a su cadena de suministro. El programa brinda capacitación, financiamiento e integración comercial a los agricultores para mejorar la calidad y cumplir con los estándares requeridos para la exportación. Actualmente el programa involucra a 250 agricultores y el 40% de la producción de frambuesas de la empresa. El modelo trae beneficios mutuos al permitir el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar y asegurar el
The agenda of GCARD2 (.docx). Updated version of 26 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.docx). La version actuelisee du 26 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
GFAR and the GCARD: Transforming Agricultural Research for Development - Mo...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses GFAR (Global Forum on Agricultural Research) and GCARD (Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development) and their role in transforming agricultural research for development. It notes that business as usual is not an option and discusses the need to ensure the needs of smallholders are met while sustainably managing resources. It outlines that GCARD aims to inclusively define priorities driven by development needs, develop equitable partnerships, and achieve increased investments to meet development goals. Finally, it provides an overview of the GCARD roadmap and areas of focus such as foresight and priority setting, partnerships for impact, investments, and developing human and institutional capacities.
The agenda of GCARD2 (.pdf). Up dated version of 25 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.pdf). Version actualisee du 25 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
ASTI collects primary data for low- and middle-income countries through national institutional surveys and in recent years has collected detailed quantitative data on a large number of South Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. In efforts to fill some of the geographical gaps for other regions, ASTI has been collaborating with the GFAR, AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, FORAGRO and a network of national partners to collect additional data for the development of an accurate assessment of public agricultural R&D spending at the global level.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in agriculture and agricultural research. It outlines different types of agricultural PPPs including those focused on infrastructure, expertise, upstream research and development, and downstream value chains. The document also notes incentives for creating PPPs like prizes and payment for results programs. It describes IDRC's engagement with discussions on agricultural PPPs including hosting meetings and commissioning papers. Key learnings included the importance of the private sector and need for evidence on development outcomes from PPPs. The document concludes by identifying areas for further research on PPPs.
This document highlights the urgent changes required in Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) systems to address worldwide challenges. GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Ce document présente la nécessité, les défis et opportunités de transformer les systèmes de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (AR4D). GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Este documento destaca los cambios urgentes necesarios en la investigación agrícola para sistemas de desarrollo (AR4D) para abordar los desafíos en todo el mundo. GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
In developing a digital footprint, iWowWe will make more millionaires than any other company by changing the way the world communicates. iWowWe is the next evolution of Skype, Apple and Microsoft all rolled into one. http://customernation2.iwowwe.com/compensation-plan.html
The document provides an investor presentation for eFarm, an agri supply chain network connecting farmers to consumers. It outlines eFarm's financial projections showing increasing revenue and profit over six years as it expands operations. The company plans controlled, sustainable expansion by establishing fully functional units and replicating successful models. Social impacts include increased farmer income and rural employment. The presentation provides details on eFarm's funding needs, partnerships, and growth strategy to scale operations across India while maintaining financial viability.
The document provides an investor presentation for eFarm, an agri supply chain network connecting farmers to consumers. It outlines eFarm's financial projections showing increasing revenue and profit over three years as it expands operations. The presentation also discusses eFarm's growth strategy of controlled, sustainable expansion through replication of successful business models. It highlights eFarm's potential for both business growth and social impact such as increased farmer incomes and rural employment.
The document discusses establishing an India Food Security Portal to strengthen food security policy research and analysis capacity in India. It aims to:
1) Create a food security knowledge hub through collaboration between Indian institutions and a growing policy network.
2) Develop a broad network of policymakers engaged in food security policy at local, national and international levels to influence Indian policy.
3) Contribute to and effectively influence relevant food security policy processes in India.
4) Maintain and improve the Global Food Security Portal while linking it to the Indian portal and network.
The Food Security Portal is a clearinghouse that provides data, tools, and a policy network for food security. It contains over 169,000 data points from over 50 sources on topics like agricultural production, food prices, hunger, and nutrition. The portal houses tools like an early warning system for excessive food price variability and a media analysis system. It also enables simulation of the welfare and poverty impacts of food price changes in different countries. The portal aims to strengthen capacity and increase the use of its tools through policy dialogues and networking to influence food security policies.
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
P1.1. Mobilizing AR4D partnerships to improve access to critical animal-sourc...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses mobilizing partnerships to improve access to animal-source foods. It outlines the CGIAR Research Program's focus on transforming selected value chains through partnerships with development actors. These partnerships combine complementary skills to create sustainable solutions at scale. Key principles for effective partnerships include having a shared vision and goals, clear roles, open communication, and jointly learning and evaluating results. Next steps include developing partnership strategies in nine countries to address value chain constraints and documenting learning. Suggestions are made for GFAR to establish partnership guidelines and funding arrangements that enable long-term collaborative work.
A fejlődő digitális lábnyom, iWowWe sokkal jobban fogja milliomosok, mint bármely más vállalat által megváltoztatják a világot kommunikál. iWowWe a következő alakulása Skype, az Apple és a Microsoft minden gördült be egyet. http://customernation2.iwowwe.com/compensation-plan.html
The document discusses INIA, the National Agricultural Research Institute of Uruguay. It was created in 1989 as a public non-state organization co-funded by farmers organizations and the national government. Previously, agricultural research was conducted within the Ministry of Agriculture. INIA is now the major organization for agricultural technology R&D in Uruguay. It operates with autonomy under private management rules and contracts with both public and private domestic and international partners. Its main objective is to generate and provide technology to benefit farmers through a demand-driven model.
P1.1. USER-Feedback in Large-scale AR4D: the GRisP example in Ghana & AfricaRiceGCARD Conferences
This document summarizes a study on strengthening user feedback in large-scale agricultural research and development programs. It discusses challenges with feedback, analyzes existing feedback loops in Ghana's rice research, and proposes testing a framework to make feedback more systematic. The framework has 7 elements: information source, format, topic, analysis method, analysis recipients, analysis use, and purpose. The study concludes there is opportunity to improve researcher feedback activities.
C1.2. Mechanisms by which CGIAR Centers support the recognition and promotion...GCARD Conferences
This document discusses mechanisms by which CGIAR centers support the recognition and promotion of Farmers' Rights. It notes that Farmers' Rights need to co-exist with intellectual property rights over new varieties. The CGIAR recognizes Farmers' Rights in its Intellectual Assets Principles. The document discusses what Farmers' Rights mean, including the right to conserve and use genetic resources, and measures that support Farmers' Rights such as participatory plant breeding and community seed banks. It recommends developing guidelines to support Farmers' Rights implementation and balancing Farmers' Rights with intellectual property rights.
Donors pledged over $22 billion over 3 years at the 2009 L'Aquila G7 Summit to address global food security through the L'Aquila Food Security Initiative (AFSI). The donors committed to align investments with country-led plans, pursue comprehensive approaches, strengthen strategic coordination, leverage multilateral institutions, and make sustained commitments. By 2012, donors had committed 99% and disbursed 58% of the $22 billion pledge. Sub-initiatives of AFSI are investigating ways to increase transparency and monitor commitments on agricultural research funding and the impact of funds spent in select countries on reducing poverty and stunting.
This document describes the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture (AIRCA), a newly formed alliance of 9 agricultural research centers. AIRCA's goals are to improve global food security by supporting smallholder agriculture through environmentally sustainable practices. The alliance has over $200 million in combined annual revenue and works across many world regions and ecosystem types. AIRCA members have expertise in agriculture, health, and sustainable landscapes and intend to have impact at the agriculture-environment nexus through integrated, holistic solutions developed at scale.
El resumen describe un programa de alianzas productivas implementado por la empresa ALIFRUT S.A. para integrar a pequeños agricultores a su cadena de suministro. El programa brinda capacitación, financiamiento e integración comercial a los agricultores para mejorar la calidad y cumplir con los estándares requeridos para la exportación. Actualmente el programa involucra a 250 agricultores y el 40% de la producción de frambuesas de la empresa. El modelo trae beneficios mutuos al permitir el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar y asegurar el
The agenda of GCARD2 (.docx). Updated version of 26 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.docx). La version actuelisee du 26 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
GFAR and the GCARD: Transforming Agricultural Research for Development - Mo...GCARD Conferences
The document discusses GFAR (Global Forum on Agricultural Research) and GCARD (Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development) and their role in transforming agricultural research for development. It notes that business as usual is not an option and discusses the need to ensure the needs of smallholders are met while sustainably managing resources. It outlines that GCARD aims to inclusively define priorities driven by development needs, develop equitable partnerships, and achieve increased investments to meet development goals. Finally, it provides an overview of the GCARD roadmap and areas of focus such as foresight and priority setting, partnerships for impact, investments, and developing human and institutional capacities.
The agenda of GCARD2 (.pdf). Up dated version of 25 october 2012.
Le programme de la GCARD2 (.pdf). Version actualisee du 25 octobre 2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
ASTI collects primary data for low- and middle-income countries through national institutional surveys and in recent years has collected detailed quantitative data on a large number of South Asian and sub-Saharan African countries. In efforts to fill some of the geographical gaps for other regions, ASTI has been collaborating with the GFAR, AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, FORAGRO and a network of national partners to collect additional data for the development of an accurate assessment of public agricultural R&D spending at the global level.
Visit the conference site for more information: http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in agriculture and agricultural research. It outlines different types of agricultural PPPs including those focused on infrastructure, expertise, upstream research and development, and downstream value chains. The document also notes incentives for creating PPPs like prizes and payment for results programs. It describes IDRC's engagement with discussions on agricultural PPPs including hosting meetings and commissioning papers. Key learnings included the importance of the private sector and need for evidence on development outcomes from PPPs. The document concludes by identifying areas for further research on PPPs.
This document highlights the urgent changes required in Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) systems to address worldwide challenges. GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Ce document présente la nécessité, les défis et opportunités de transformer les systèmes de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (AR4D). GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
Este documento destaca los cambios urgentes necesarios en la investigación agrícola para sistemas de desarrollo (AR4D) para abordar los desafíos en todo el mundo. GCARD2 http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
http://www.egfar.org/gcard-2012
In developing a digital footprint, iWowWe will make more millionaires than any other company by changing the way the world communicates. iWowWe is the next evolution of Skype, Apple and Microsoft all rolled into one. http://customernation2.iwowwe.com/compensation-plan.html
The document provides an investor presentation for eFarm, an agri supply chain network connecting farmers to consumers. It outlines eFarm's financial projections showing increasing revenue and profit over six years as it expands operations. The company plans controlled, sustainable expansion by establishing fully functional units and replicating successful models. Social impacts include increased farmer income and rural employment. The presentation provides details on eFarm's funding needs, partnerships, and growth strategy to scale operations across India while maintaining financial viability.
The document provides an investor presentation for eFarm, an agri supply chain network connecting farmers to consumers. It outlines eFarm's financial projections showing increasing revenue and profit over three years as it expands operations. The presentation also discusses eFarm's growth strategy of controlled, sustainable expansion through replication of successful business models. It highlights eFarm's potential for both business growth and social impact such as increased farmer incomes and rural employment.
Digging in deep round 1, thursday, effective partnerships, acumen fundSeas of Change
This document summarizes Acumen Fund's agriculture portfolio. It shows that over 600 million people in Acumen's geographies depend on agriculture for livelihood but earn very low incomes due to low agricultural productivity. Acumen has increased its agriculture investments over 5 years, with the portfolio representing 22% of its total portfolio and 40% of recent investments. The $14.9 million portfolio includes 9 companies receiving both debt and equity investments. Key learnings include challenges in scaling due to farmer dispersion, difficulties adopting new technologies, and a lack of investible seed-stage opportunities in agriculture enterprises.
The document proposes a two-step approach to increase agricultural productivity and financial inclusion for small farmers in India. Step 1 involves introducing supply chain efficiencies through an ICT platform to de-risk farmers. Step 2 enables farmers' access to affordable capital by providing tools to financial institutions to assess and mitigate risks of lending to farmers. A bundled business model integrates steps 1 and 2 by licensing the ICT tools and providing financial services. The goal is to empower 500,000 small farming households in India with markets, technology and capital by 2016.
ANIS2012 workshop_e_agriculture-cross sectoral collaboration for social impactngoinnovation
The document discusses Grameen-Intel's eAgro initiative, which uses an ICT-enabled platform and social entrepreneurship model to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. The initiative addresses farmers' lack of access to inputs, knowledge, financing and markets. It trains local entrepreneurs to collect farm data via software and connect farmers to suppliers, advisors, markets and other services. Early results show increased incomes for farmers and entrepreneurs. The model has potential for replication to benefit farmers, stakeholders and rural communities worldwide.
Case Study - Agro-Dealership Voucher Scheme in ZimbabwePMSD Roadmap
The Agro-Dealership Voucher Scheme in Zimbabwe used vouchers as a way to facilitate improvements in agricultural production, improve access to essential supplies, and therefore to increase the income and employment of rural smallholder farmers in the agricultural sector.
This document discusses Pay for Success bonds as a new approach to social program funding. It begins by describing traditional government funding which allocates money to different agencies for various programs without knowing which are truly effective. Pay for Success bonds allow private investors to fund social service providers upfront, and the government only pays if the programs achieve pre-agreed outcomes. This addresses issues of scaling effective approaches and shifting funds based on results. However, there are also challenges around complexity, measurability, and political will. Overall, Pay for Success bonds aim to leverage private capital to expand programs that work, while only spending public money when objectives are met.
The document proposes a two-step approach to unleash agricultural productivity in India by enabling 500,000 small farmers to access markets and affordable capital totaling $200 million by 2016. Step 1 aims to de-risk farmers by introducing supply chain efficiencies using an ICT platform. Step 2 would develop tools to help banks and MFIs lend to farmers at lower costs. A bundled solution is proposed that combines steps 1 and 2 to benefit farmers through increased incomes, financial institutions through new customers and lower costs, and address India's large financing gap in agriculture. An 18-month implementation plan and $1.3 million funding need is outlined.
The document discusses how extending local supply chains can maximize a firm's economic impact in three key ways:
1) It magnifies a firm's direct impacts like jobs and tax revenues by also capturing indirect impacts through local supplier expenditures and wages, as well as induced impacts from employee spending.
2) Extending to second- and third-tier local suppliers can have an even greater cumulative effect on the local economy.
3) Case studies of breweries and mines illustrate how strategically developing local agricultural and other suppliers strengthened those businesses while generating broader economic benefits and social license to operate.
Mahindra Shubhlabh Services Ltd. aimed to become a one-stop solution provider for farmers but faced challenges. Key takeaways include the need for community engagement over individual focus, mitigating risks like monsoon reliance, and thorough PEST analysis. Options available are becoming an end product trader or one-stop solution provider. Recommendations for the latter include investing in educating farmers and franchises to build trust, advocating practices to increase yields, and considering ground realities. Common recommendations include modifying franchise contracts and customized rather than standardized fees.
The document summarizes the introduction and spread of the Green Revolution in India. It describes how Norman Borlaug developed high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice with support from the Rockefeller Foundation. These varieties were introduced in India in the 1960s through a collaboration between the Ford Foundation and Indian government. Punjab was the initial site due to reliable water supply and agricultural success. The introduction of HYVs led to increased crop production and self-sufficiency in grains for India. However, it also caused environmental problems from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution impacted local communities and increased inequality among farmers.
Strategic Area C focuses on value chain development and increasing access to financial services in agriculture. Early actions proposed include multi-stakeholder platforms to reduce constraints for business growth, integrating smallholder farmers into value chains, agribusiness ventures, and developing fertilizer and seed value chains. Fertilizer supply chains in Africa are currently weak and import-oriented. Subsidies can increase fertilizer use but face challenges regarding targeting, sustainability, and crowding out private sector. Building fertilizer value chains involves strengthening various actors and linkages along the chain through cooperation between farmers, input suppliers, traders, and government.
The document discusses eKutir, a proposed "one stop shop" platform to help meet the credit and knowledge needs of smallholder farmers in India. Currently, smallholder farmers face inadequate and untimely credit from banks and money lenders, lack of concern for their needs, and no value-added services. eKutir would provide online advisory services, inputs, and a credit system to help farmers increase productivity and incomes while reducing risks and costs for banks, micro-finance institutions, traders, and other stakeholders. The proposed approach includes farmer registration and voucher systems, credit cards, risk analysis tools, and monetization of the platform's services.
This document outlines a holistic approach for a group buying investment initiative called GroupIt. GroupIt allows people to unite and negotiate lower prices on goods and services. It works by amalgamating large groups of people to negotiate discounts with manufacturers and suppliers. Retailers are then given the opportunity to buy products at massive discounts from these suppliers. Finally, local GroupIt members can enjoy the discounted prices through participating retailers. The system creates a global campaign that results in local savings effects for consumers through bulk-negotiated price reductions.
The document discusses eKutir, a proposed "one stop shop" platform to help meet the credit and knowledge needs of smallholder farmers in India. Currently, smallholder farmers face inadequate and untimely credit from banks and money lenders, which has prevented increased productivity and income. eKutir would provide farmers with inputs, advisory services, risk analysis, financial tools, and a credit card to purchase inputs. This would help farmers, banks/MFIs, input suppliers, traders, and others by reducing risks, transaction costs, and improving outcomes for all stakeholders.
The document discusses housing policy and financing in an unnamed country. It outlines a government plan to build 1 million homes between 2009-2012 through public, private, cooperative and self-build sectors. It also describes the creation of a Housing Development Fund with $50 billion to subsidize home purchases and rentals for low-income families and finance housing projects and cooperatives. Finally, it introduces HabiTerra, a social housing project in Huambo that will provide 120 homes through an auto-construction model financed by microloans.
Greenway Grameen Infra is India's first ecosystem services company focused on sustainable rural infrastructure. It has been operational for 2.5 years and combines skills in engineering, natural resource management, and social engagement to design products and services that benefit rural communities in an environmentally responsible way. Native Konbac Bamboo Products is an emerging enterprise that has been operational for 1.5 years focusing on luxury bamboo furniture to revive the use of bamboo in the luxury goods market across India and for export. KNID focuses on organizing the vegetable supply chain in Bihar, UP, and Uttarakhand to reduce waste and facilitate direct links between producers and vendors.
Horticulture Producers Cooperative Marketing & Processing Society (HOPCOMS) was formed in 1959 to provide fair prices to farmers for their produce. It has over 37,000 farmer members and operates over 600 retail outlets in Karnataka. HOPCOMS provides benefits like on-spot cash payments, storage facilities, canteen subsidies, and a place for farmers to sell directly. It also supplies consumers at correct weights while supporting local functions and marriages. HOPCOMS sources directly from farmers and has minimal infrastructure needs, relying on grants and loans for funding. It has reduced wastage to 1.08% of procurement through wholesale packing and processing spoiled vegetables into biogas.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Economic Gains from Crop Production in DR CongoCIAT
Group farming leads to higher economic gains for smallholder farmers in the Democratic Republic of Congo compared to individual farming. Productivity and incomes are higher for group farmers due to better access to credit, technologies, and markets through their membership in farmer organizations. However, more efforts are needed to disseminate improved technologies and increase credit availability with flexible repayment terms tailored to agricultural production cycles. Expanding group farming and supporting rural institutions can help alleviate poverty and boost agricultural productivity in the DRC.
Similar to P3.2. Linking Smallholders to Markets (20)
GFAR / GODAN / CTA webinar #2 "Key data for farmers" - Stephen Kalyesubula - ...GCARD Conferences
[Webinar recording in last slide or at https://youtu.be/taHHp3UbRZI, 28/2/2018]
As part of its work on farmers’ data rights and following up on the face-to-face course on Farmers’ Access to Data organized in Centurion in November 2017, GFAR collaborates with the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition initiative (GODAN) and the Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperarion (CTA) on a series of webinars on data-driven agriculture, its opportunities and its challenges.
Overview of webinar #2
Data becomes significant if it can be linked to information, knowledge and wisdom. Once processed it can be used to generate detailed insights into farm operations and the environment. It assists big and small holder farmers in making data-based operational decisions to optimize yield and boost revenue while minimizing expenses, the chances of crop failure, and environmental impact.
For data driven agriculture to happen we have to distinguish the data streams in the food chain from pre-planting to consumption, for example: data collected and managed from the farm by farmers which can be either static or dynamic; data coming from external sources like market prices and data that is exported for aggregation by other farm service providers. However, farmers may not be in a position to realize those streams and possibly what data and information is required to answer the food chain questions, for example: What produce can I grow where I live? When should I sow/plant/harvest/market it? How should I sow/plant/harvest/market it? All these questions can be answered if the factual data or information is used or made available to the farmers.
Webinar Goals
Make the participants understand the different key data streams, flow and sources that are vital to agricultural value chains. Participants will be in position to identify the data they own or collect on their farms and its usefulness, understand the difference between human and machine farm data, identify the part in the agricultural value chain where data, and which data, is needed most.
About the presenter
Stephen Kalyesubula is a Computer Engineering and an agri-preneur from Makerere University. He is a graduate researcher at iLabs@Mak Project – Makerere University and his key technological interests include: Data science, robotics, Internet of things, AI and design thinking. He is among the directors of Youths In Technology and Development Uganda whose mission is to create tech communities of practice where appropriate use of technology promotes sustainable development in agriculture, health and education.
[Webinar recording in last slide or at https://youtu.be/DMg9UI7Ur0M, 26/3/2018]
As part of its work on farmers’ data rights and following up on the face-to-face course on Farmers’ Access to Data organized in Centurion in November 2017, GFAR collaborates with the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition initiative (GODAN) and the Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperarion (CTA) on a series of webinars on data-driven agriculture, its opportunities and its challenges.
Overview of webinar #3
This webinar is a continuation of exploring digital agriculture for smallholder farmers. The first webinar provided an overview of digital agriculture, the trends impacting it, and it advantages and challenges for smallholder farmers. The second identified specific data needed by farmers, as well as potential sources.
“Crossing the Donga” will provide smallholder farmers, and those who support them, specific methods for ensuring farmer-centric solutions. The webinar will examine some of the key challenges that are blocking adoption of digital architecture by smallholder farmers. Attendees will learn a process for mapping their data needs, based on their goals and key tasks. Attendees will learn the foundational market model, and how to create value for success.
About the presenter
Dan Berne is a highly regarded professional business growth strategist with over 30 years’ experience. Dan led the effort to create an Ag Irrigation market strategy for the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). He also conducted grower experience studies to help identify barriers to grower adoption of energy saving practices. Dan wrote or co-wrote many of the NEEA Ag Irrigation reports. Dan serves as the Project Manager on AgGateway’s Precision Ag Irrigation Language data standards project. He is an affiliate of the Chasm Institute, and a certified practitioner of Innovation Games.
Dan started the “Lagom Ag Initiative” within his company to help accelerate the adoption of precision farming practices and improve the use of digital agricultural methodologies. Lagom is a Swedish word that means “just enough.” It is also used to mean “simply perfect.” It fits our philosophy of helping farmers use just enough water, just enough fertilizers, just enough energy to be profitable while increasing or maintaining yield.
GFAR / GODAN / CTA webinar #1 "Data-driven agriculture. An overview" - Dan Be...GCARD Conferences
[Webinar recording in last slide or at https://youtu.be/bsicKqHZIz4, 22/2/2018]
As part of its work on farmers’ data rights and following up on the face-to-face course on Farmers’ Access to Data organized in Centurion in November 2017, GFAR collaborates with the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition initiative (GODAN) and the Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperarion (CTA) on a series of webinars on data-driven agriculture, its opportunities and its challenges.
Overview of webinar #1
Precision agriculture is a promising set of technologies that is data intensive, but which has limited adoption by small holder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa. Concurrently, current trends in sustainability, traceability, and compliance reporting demand that an ever-increasing amount of data be gathered as part of everyday operations in modern production agriculture.
The use of farm management information systems (FMIS) for decision support has shown great promise for improving farm yields and profitability. However, growers are often unsure of the value of the data that they are providing and/or receiving. How does this data help them make the right decisions to improve their yield and profitability? How do growers and service providers work together to simplify the design and use of farm data? How can smallholder farmers take advantage of data in a mutually valuable relationship with data providers?
Webinar Goals
Provide attendees a foundation for understanding the use of data for farming and across the agricultural value chain. Attendees should be able to apply the core concepts of using data for field operations, as well as how data is used across the value chain. Attendees will be introduced to the opportunities and challenges of using data, especially for smallholder farmers.
About the presenter
Dan Berne is a highly regarded professional business growth strategist with over 30 years’ experience. Dan led the effort to create an Ag Irrigation market strategy for the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA). He also conducted grower experience studies to help identify barriers to grower adoption of energy saving practices. Dan wrote or co-wrote many of the NEEA Ag Irrigation reports. Dan serves as the Project Manager on AgGateway’s Precision Ag Irrigation Language data standards project. He is an affiliate of the Chasm Institute, and a certified practitioner of Innovation Games.
Dan started the “Lagom Ag Initiative” within his company to help accelerate the adoption of precision farming practices and improve the use of digital agricultural methodologies. Lagom is a Swedish word that means “just enough.” It is also used to mean “simply perfect.” It fits our philosophy of helping farmers use just enough water, just enough fertilizers, just enough energy to be profitable while increasing or maintaining yield.
GFAR webinar "The future of online media" - webdesign trendsGCARD Conferences
This presentation was used during our GFAR webinar on "The future of online media", announced here: https://blog.gfar.net/2016/10/09/upcoming-webinar-predicting-future-online-media/
Check out the live webinar recording here: https://youtu.be/N8UkwOoI9hQ
GFAR webinar "building a bridge between scientists and communicators"GCARD Conferences
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Building a bridge between scientists and communicators"
This webinar was organised by GFAR
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/01/03/webinar-scientists-and-communicators-friends-or-foes/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/HK8Q0JgAaGQ
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Email newsletters"
This webinar was organised by GFAR
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/02/05/upcoming-comms-webinar-email-based-newsletters-not-a-thing-of-the-past/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/2NPpCxcJJUc
GFAR Webinar "Finding and using pictures for your website or blog"GCARD Conferences
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Website Revamps"
This webinar was organised by GFAR
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2016/06/13/webinar-alert-is-a-picture-worth-a-thousand-words/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/mJ-q1CxK_rQ
This document summarizes a webinar on basic search engine optimization. The webinar covers: why search traffic is important, how to check your site's search traffic statistics, how Google ranks content based on on-page and off-page SEO factors like links and keywords, and tips for improving search results such as submitting the site to Google Webmaster and optimizing content, pages, and images. The goal is to turn accidental first-time visitors into returning visitors through good webmastering skills like internal links, navigation, and engaging content.
GFAR webinar on "Measuring social media performance"GCARD Conferences
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Innovative Annual Reports"
This webinar was co-organised by GFAR and CGIAR.
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2016/01/18/flash-two-more-gfar-social-media-webinars/
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Innovative Annual Reports"
This webinar was co-organised by GFAR and CGIAR
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2015/11/30/free-induction-webinar-social-media-for-professionals/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/WO1zUOOy1nA
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Innovative Annual Reports"
This webinar was organised by GFAR
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/11/26/webinar-innovating-annual-reports/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/BAsPhl0H4Ec
GFAR-TAP webinar on "Sharing Knowledge on Capacity Development for Agricultur...GCARD Conferences
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Sharing Knowledge on Capacity Development for Agricultural Innovation through TAPipedia"
This webinar was co-organised by GFAR and TAP.
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/10/24/gfartap-webinar-sharing-knowledge-on-capacity-development-for-agricultural-innovation-through-tapipedia/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: https://youtu.be/_cHK5QK2rPk
GFAR COSA GLF webinar on "Effective Tools for Understanding, Managing and Acc...GCARD Conferences
These is the slide deck of presentations used during the webinar "Effective Tools for Understanding, Managing and Accelerating Impact"
This webinar was co-organised by GFAR, COSA and GLF and is part of a wider series on agricultural research & innovation,eco-systems management and sustainable development.
It was introduced in this blogpost: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/10/13/join-cosa-gfar-impact-webinar/
The video recording of the actual webinar can be found on our Youtube channel: Effective https://youtu.be/RtYlWo_Ok5o
With thanks to our co-hosts in this webinar: (COSA) Global Landscapes forum (GLF) and Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA) -
https://thecosa.org/
http://landscapes.org
GFAR webinar: "The art and science of webcasting and webstreaming"GCARD Conferences
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on "The art and science of webcasting and webstreaming"
The announcement blogpost was published here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/10/05/gfar-webinar-web-casting/
You can find the full recording of this webinar here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bs7IsZQi5zg
GFAR webinar: "Farmers’ Rights: Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers"GCARD Conferences
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on "Farmers’ Rights: How Complementarity between Researchers and Farmers Impact the Conservation of Genetic Diversity, Food Security and Livelihoods of the Poor”
The announcement blogpost was published here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/08/31/gfar-webinar-communications-success-stories/
You can find the full recording of this webinar here: https://youtu.be/N16hHmL8xNM
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on "Beyond decision making: Foresight as a process for improving attitude towards change" --
The announcement blogpost was published here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/08/25/join-our-gfar-webinar-farmers-rights/
You can find the full recording of this webinar here: https://youtu.be/RxuLR2FWYYI
Beyond decision making: Foresight as a process for improving attitude towards...GCARD Conferences
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on "Beyond decision making: Foresight as a process for improving attitude towards change" --
The announcement blogpost was published here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/06/07/gfar-webinar-beyond-decision-making-foresight-as-a-process-for-improving-attitude-towards-change/
You can find the full recording of this webinar here: https://youtu.be/8tzz5vNEhZ4
Farmers’ Rights: Achieving Complementarity Between the Informal and Formal Se...GCARD Conferences
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on "Farmers’ Rights: Achieving Complementarity Between the Informal and Formal Seed Systems". -- Announcement blogpost was here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/05/10/gfar-webinar-farmers-rights-achieving-complementarity-between-the-informal-and-formal-seed-systems/
...and the actual webinar recording can be found here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ9c2_nbtBc
GFAR webinar on farm radio, community radio and participatory radioGCARD Conferences
The webinar presentation discussed the use of radio to promote agriculture among youth in Tanzania. It described how the organization Well Told Story used their Shujaaz radio program to address factors influencing youth perceptions of agriculture, such as the need to see connections between agriculture and dreams/money, lack of knowledge about agriculture value chains, and few role models in the field. The presentation shared initial research findings on youth views and the strategies used in the radio program, such as featuring success stories and role models, to positively influence attitudes. It noted some lessons learned so far and goals to continue using radio to provide information and shift social norms regarding agriculture as a career.
This presentation was used in the GFAR webinar on Participatory Video. -- Announcement here: https://blog.gfar.net/2017/04/24/join-our-next-webinar-on-participatory-video/
...and the actual webinar recording can be found here:
3. The CGIAR Research Program on
Policies, Institutions and Markets
This program identifies how policies, institutions, and markets can
be improved to help poor farmers and consumers live better lives,
through
•effective policies and better public spending
•inclusive governance and collective action
•connecting smallholders to markets, largely through work on value
chains
Started in January, 2012
Eleven CG Centers (led by IFPRI, Bioversity, CIAT, CIMMYT, CIP,
ICARDA, ICRISAT, IITA, ILRI, ICRAF, Worldfish); many partners
4. Markets that deliver for the poor
Goal: making markets function for the poor at
local, regional, and international levels by:
• Releasing constraints to participation
• Enhancing benefits from participation
Major Market Failures:
• Externalities (+/-)
• Merit and demerit goods inefficiency
• Public goods
• Information asymmetry and high
• Monopoly (monopsony) power
• Government failure transaction
costs
5. Innovation 1: Incentives through
contract farming
• Returns to contract farming can be increased for both
parties to the contract—a potential win-win
• Capturing the win requires addressing asymmetries in
information and building information into the contract
• Concrete example in dairy in Vietnam, but applicable to
contract farming in other developing countries as well
• Implemented in Vietnam, Peru and Tanzania
6. Dairy in Vietnam: Information asymmetry
in agricultural markets
Quality determines price but buyer cannot observe; pays on
assumption of low quality. Seller therefore delivers low quality.
How to overcome
the information asymmetry?
• Through 3rd -party quality assessment, monitoring (Young and
Hobbs, 2002; Olken, 2005)
• Evidence from the laboratory for increased efficiency through 3rd
-party enforcement (Wu and Roe, 2007)
• But: Limited external validity of lab experiments? (Levitt and List,
2007)
Field experiment on independent quality verification
8. Dairy in Vietnam: Main Results
• Methodological contribution through collaboration with
private company
• Positive (heterogeneous) impact with regard to input use,
output supply (quantity) and mild effect on household welfare
• Pareto improvement in supply chain
• Trust spillover could have led to underestimation of
treatment effect
• Scope for public role in 3rd-party enforcement of contracts in
many (agricultural) sectors in Vietnam and beyond
9. Innovation 2: Working together for
market access
• By engaging markets collectively, farmer groups can help
smallholders overcome economies of scale and increase their
bargaining power in input and output markets.
• However, collective marketing also involves additional costs:
coordination, time, uncertainty.
• Evidence shows farmer groups have had limited success in improving
smallholders’ access to markets.
• Project goal: Strengthen farmer groups’ market access through
simple innovations in institutional mechanisms in Uganda and
Senegal.
10. Uganda: Working capital
loan intervention
4. Group deducts
Smallholder
Smallholder fees and
B. Trader 1. Farmers distributes
A. Trader
pays farmer deliver payment between
buys output
output to farmers
on the spot from
group,
producer at Intervention:
farm gate
receives no Intervention:
payment yet Working capital
Working capital
loan to allow
loan to allow
groups to make
groups to make
a a partial
partial
payment to
payment to
Itinerant
Itinerant farmers on
farmers on
Farmer group
Farmer group
trader
trader delivery
delivery
2. Group 3. Price and volumes
bulks from
Processor / /
Processor are negotiated and
farmers and
Exporter
Exporter buyer pays for group
delivers to
buyer delivery
11. Uganda: Working capital loan intervention
Key results
• We evaluate the impact of a working capital loan in Uganda that enables groups to make
partial payments on delivery to its members.
• In addition to the loan funds, we introduce a simple voucher/bookkeeping system that allows
farmers to claim the partial payment and better understand deductions when the balance is
paid.
• The intervention reduces the cost of selling through the group, which increases the volumes
sold collectively and the ability to negotiate better prices.
• Preliminary results indicate that the working capital loan almost doubled the amount of
output collected from members for group sales, which resulted in prices 80% higher than
those accepted by farmers selling individually.
• Success in this pilot intervention has motivated groups to apply for loans from microfinance
institutions to increase and sustain the working capital fund beyond the life of this project.
12. Innovation 3: Weather insurance
Problem:
Uninsured risk constrains investment in high-value crops
Innovations in weather index insurance can help insure risk, but demand has
typically been low
Research:
Testing innovative weather insurance products that are high quality, flexible, simple,
and scalable
Understanding what complementary financial products—such as savings and
lending—help farmers manage risk
Evaluating improvements in welfare and investments in high-value crops
Research programs in Ethiopia, Bangladesh, India, and Uruguay
13. Simple Weather Securities
Can we improve the design?
• Weather securities; easy to understand
• Flexible - farmers choose what they cover
• Scalable - do not require redesigning for
each crop (and perhaps not each location)
Demand has been high: In 2012, 1500+
policies issued with 48% of targeted
farmers purchasing in some districts
In 2012 82% of all policies were sold in
villages where group saving and lending
was encouraged.
13
14. Innovations in weather insurance:
Ethiopia
• Late-season rains failed in 2011, policies provided protection to policy
holders
• Widespread improvements in welfare outcomes in villages where there
was both index insurance and increased group saving and lending:
• Durable consumption goods: households were 8-13% more likely to purchase
clothing and footwear.
• Livestock: 28% higher cattle ownership, 37% higher small ruminant ownership, and
21% higher chicken ownership.
• Stated interest to invest further in subsequent seasons:
• Farmers in villages where there was both index insurance and increased group
saving and lending were 21% more likely to say they would spend on improved
seeds and 28% more likely to spend on fertilizer.
Editor's Notes
Economies of scale: Fixed costs involved in transportation and processing fees, which rise the unit cost of output considerably when volumes sold are small. Bargaining power: with higher volumes, farmer groups can get better prices and conditions for their members than individual farmers. Coordination costs: Cost of organizing the group and coordinating activites for a collective sale. Time costs: Collective sales increase waiting periods between harvest and payment for a sale because of the need to wait for everybody to deliver during bulking period and for the group to find a buyer and pay back to individual members, since farmer groups very rarely have cash to pay members for their output directly. Uncertainty costs: uncertainty about the length of the waiting period between harvest and payment, and also trust that group leaders will get a good price and will not appropriate an unfair share of the payment. Evidence of limited success of farmer groups in improving market access: lower share of transactions through groups than directly to traders among Ugandan coffee farmers (Fafchamps and Hill, 2005), low benefits from memberships in farmer groups in Senegal and Burkina Faso (Bernard et al., 2008) and Ethiopia (Bernard and Seyoum-Taffesse, 2012). This project’s baseline survey indicates than more than 60% of the transactions made by farmer group members do not go through the group.
Economies of scale: Fixed costs involved in transportation and processing fees, which rise the unit cost of output considerably when volumes sold are small. Bargaining power: with higher volumes, farmer groups can get better prices and conditions for their members than individual farmers. Coordination costs: Cost of organizing the group and coordinating activites for a collective sale. Time costs: Collective sales increase waiting periods between harvest and payment for a sale because of the need to wait for everybody to deliver during bulking period and for the group to find a buyer and pay back to individual members, since farmer groups very rarely have cash to pay members for their output directly. Uncertainty costs: uncertainty about the length of the waiting period between harvest and payment, and also trust that group leaders will get a good price and will not appropriate an unfair share of the payment. Evidence of limited success of farmer groups in improving market access: lower share of transactions through groups than directly to traders among Ugandan coffee farmers (Fafchamps and Hill, 2005), low benefits from memberships in farmer groups in Senegal and Burkina Faso (Bernard et al., 2008) and Ethiopia (Bernard and Seyoum-Taffesse, 2012). This project’s baseline survey indicates than more than 60% of the transactions made by farmer group members do not go through the group.
Economies of scale: Fixed costs involved in transportation and processing fees, which rise the unit cost of output considerably when volumes sold are small. Bargaining power: with higher volumes, farmer groups can get better prices and conditions for their members than individual farmers. Coordination costs: Cost of organizing the group and coordinating activites for a collective sale. Time costs: Collective sales increase waiting periods between harvest and payment for a sale because of the need to wait for everybody to deliver during bulking period and for the group to find a buyer and pay back to individual members, since farmer groups very rarely have cash to pay members for their output directly. Uncertainty costs: uncertainty about the length of the waiting period between harvest and payment, and also trust that group leaders will get a good price and will not appropriate an unfair share of the payment. Evidence of limited success of farmer groups in improving market access: lower share of transactions through groups than directly to traders among Ugandan coffee farmers (Fafchamps and Hill, 2005), low benefits from memberships in farmer groups in Senegal and Burkina Faso (Bernard et al., 2008) and Ethiopia (Bernard and Seyoum-Taffesse, 2012). This project’s baseline survey indicates than more than 60% of the transactions made by farmer group members do not go through the group.
Economies of scale: Fixed costs involved in transportation and processing fees, which rise the unit cost of output considerably when volumes sold are small. Bargaining power: with higher volumes, farmer groups can get better prices and conditions for their members than individual farmers. Coordination costs: Cost of organizing the group and coordinating activites for a collective sale. Time costs: Collective sales increase waiting periods between harvest and payment for a sale because of the need to wait for everybody to deliver during bulking period and for the group to find a buyer and pay back to individual members, since farmer groups very rarely have cash to pay members for their output directly. Uncertainty costs: uncertainty about the length of the waiting period between harvest and payment, and also trust that group leaders will get a good price and will not appropriate an unfair share of the payment. Evidence of limited success of farmer groups in improving market access: lower share of transactions through groups than directly to traders among Ugandan coffee farmers (Fafchamps and Hill, 2005), low benefits from memberships in farmer groups in Senegal and Burkina Faso (Bernard et al., 2008) and Ethiopia (Bernard and Seyoum-Taffesse, 2012). This project’s baseline survey indicates than more than 60% of the transactions made by farmer group members do not go through the group. In Uganda, we provide a random group of farmer groups (marketing coffee and maize) with a fund that mimics a working capital loan, to be used exclusively to give farmers a partial cash payment as soon as they deliver their output to the group, plus training on a voucher/bookkeeping system to manage the fund. Since many farmers argue that urgent need for cash is the main reason to sell to trader, by reducing the waiting period to get paid associated with collective sales, the intervention aims to make groups a more attractive option. This, in turn, increases the number of farmers selling through the group which increases the group’s bargaining power, and ultimately, the price the group can get. Groups that decided to continue with the intervention applying for microfinance loans belong to NUCAFE, an umbrella organization for coffee farmer groups in Uganda.
Economies of scale: Fixed costs involved in transportation and processing fees, which rise the unit cost of output considerably when volumes sold are small. Bargaining power: with higher volumes, farmer groups can get better prices and conditions for their members than individual farmers. Coordination costs: Cost of organizing the group and coordinating activites for a collective sale. Time costs: Collective sales increase waiting periods between harvest and payment for a sale because of the need to wait for everybody to deliver during bulking period and for the group to find a buyer and pay back to individual members, since farmer groups very rarely have cash to pay members for their output directly. Uncertainty costs: uncertainty about the length of the waiting period between harvest and payment, and also trust that group leaders will get a good price and will not appropriate an unfair share of the payment. Evidence of limited success of farmer groups in improving market access: lower share of transactions through groups than directly to traders among Ugandan coffee farmers (Fafchamps and Hill, 2005), low benefits from memberships in farmer groups in Senegal and Burkina Faso (Bernard et al., 2008) and Ethiopia (Bernard and Seyoum-Taffesse, 2012). This project’s baseline survey indicates than more than 60% of the transactions made by farmer group members do not go through the group. In Uganda, we provide a random group of farmer groups (marketing coffee and maize) with a fund that mimics a working capital loan, to be used exclusively to give farmers a partial cash payment as soon as they deliver their output to the group, plus training on a voucher/bookkeeping system to manage the fund. Since many farmers argue that urgent need for cash is the main reason to sell to trader, by reducing the waiting period to get paid associated with collective sales, the intervention aims to make groups a more attractive option. This, in turn, increases the number of farmers selling through the group which increases the group’s bargaining power, and ultimately, the price the group can get. Groups that decided to continue with the intervention applying for microfinance loans belong to NUCAFE, an umbrella organization for coffee farmer groups in Uganda.