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1. Enzymes- Nomenclature and classifications - Copy.pptx
- 1. Enzymes LECTURE – DR. KALPESHKUMAR MBBS, MD (BIOCHEMISTRY) NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 1
- 2. Biomedical Importance • Makes life on earth possible • Functions • Use in diagnosis • Role in disease • In industries NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 2
- 3. Enzymes are biocatalysts • Catalyst ? • Increase the rate of chemical reaction • Itself is unchanged NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 3
- 4. Enzymes • Defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. • They are • Protein in nature (Exception – RNA acting as ribozyme) • Colloidal & Thermolabile in nature • Specific in their action NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 4
- 5. Nomenclature Arbitrary • No information about enzyme • e.g. Pepsin, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin Trivial • Suffix –ase was added • e.g. Lactase, Lipase, Nuclease NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 5
- 6. Systemic Nomenclature • ‘Enzyme Commission (EC)’ of ‘International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)’ NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 6 Unique EC code Systematic Name EC X.X.X.X It describe • Substrate • The nature of reaction • Other characteristics
- 7. No. Class Typical Work 1 Oxidoreductases Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions 2 Transferases Catalyze transfer of one group (other than hydrogen) from one substrate to another substrate 3 Hydrolases Catalyze cleavage of bonds by addition of water 4 Lyases Catalyze cleavage of bonds without addition of water 5 Isomerases Catalyze isomerization reactions 6 Ligases Catalyze formation of bonds between two groups/substrates usually with simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 7 Enzymes are divided into 6 classes [OTHLIL]
- 8. NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 8 Class • Total 6 classes Subclass • Each Class has several subclasses Sub- subclass • Each Subclass have several sub-subclasses Specific Enzyme EC X.X.X.X
- 9. 1. Oxidoreductases • Enzymes that catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions. 𝐴𝐻2 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵𝐻2 • Examples: 𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 + 𝑁𝐴𝐷+ 𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑒 + 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+ • EC Code: EC 1.1.1.1 • Systematic Name: Alcohol-NAD-Oxidoreductase • Other Examples: • Cytochrome Oxidase, L- & D- Aminoacid oxidases NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 9
- 10. 2. Transferases • Enzymes that Catalyze transfer of one group (other than hydrogen) from one substrate to another substrate. 𝐴 ⋯ 𝑅 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⋯ 𝑅 • Examples: 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝐴𝑇𝑃 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑠𝑒 6 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝐴𝐷𝑃 • EC Code: EC 2.7.1.1 • Systematic Name: ATP-Hexose-6-phosphate Transferase • Other Examples: • Transaminase, Transmethylase, Phosphorylase NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 10
- 11. 3. Hydrolases • Catalyze cleavage of bonds by addition of water. 𝐴 ⋯ 𝐵 + 𝐻2𝑂 𝐴𝐻 + 𝐵𝑂𝐻 Examples: 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝐻2𝑂 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 • EC Code: EC 3.1.1.7 • Systematic Name: Acetyl Choline Hydrolase • Other Examples: • All digestive enzymes (Pepsin, Lipase, etc…), Urease, Acid & Alkaline phosphatase NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 11
- 12. 4. Lyases • Catalyze cleavage of bonds without addition of water 𝐴𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 • Examples: 𝐹𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑒 1,6 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑒 3 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝐷𝐻𝐴𝑃 • EC Code: EC 4.1.2.7 • Systematic Name: Ketose-1-phosphate aldehyde lyase • Other Examples: • Fumarase, Histidase NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 12
- 13. 5. Isomerases • Catalyze isomerization reactions 𝐴 𝐴′ • Examples: 𝐺𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑒 3 𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑒 • EC Code: EC 5.3.1.1 • Systematic Name: D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Ketoisomerase • Other Examples: • Phosphohexose isomerase, Retinol isomerase NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 13
- 14. 6. Ligases • Catalyze formation of bonds between two groups/substrates usually with simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐴𝑇𝑃 𝐴𝐵 • Examples: 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝐴 + 𝐶𝑂2 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝐴 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑒 (𝐴𝑇𝑃) 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑦𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝐴 • EC Code: EC 6.4.1.2 • Systematic Name: Acetyl-CoA:Hydrogencarbonate Ligase (ADP forming) • Other Examples: • Glutamine synthetase, Succinate thiokinase, PRPP Synthetase NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 14
- 15. Potentially confusing enzyme nomenclature NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 15 Synthetase Synthase Requires ATP No ATP required Phosphatase Phosphorylase Uses water to remove phosphoryl group Uses Pi to break bond and generate a phosphorylated product
- 16. Potentially confusing enzyme nomenclature NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 16 Dehydrogenase Oxidase Oxygenase NAD+/FAD used as electron acceptor O2 used as electron acceptor oxygen atoms are not incorporated into substrate oxygen atoms are incorporated into substrate
- 17. Chemical Nature & Properties of Enzymes • All enzymes are proteins EXCEPT few RNA molecules functioning as enzyme NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 17 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒚𝒎𝒆 == 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 + 𝑵𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 Apoenzyme If tightly bound with protein part, known as PROSTHETIC GROUP If not tightly bound with protein part, known as COENZYME
- 18. • Monomeric enzyme: • Oligomeric enzyme: • Multienzyme complex: NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 18
- 20. Site Directed Mutagenesis NULL WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/AWESOMEBIOCHEMISTRY 20
Editor's Notes
- Protein example
- SP
- LEO GER
- Monomeric – Ribonuclease, Trypsin Oligomeric – LDH, Aspartate transcarbamoylase Multienzyme complex – FAS, PDH, PGsynthase
- Glucanase+Cellulase = hydrolyse “barley β-glucans” for beer production
- Produce specific mutation at predetermined position in DNA molecule 120: ArgGlu Image: tissue plasminogen activator
- Catalytic antibodies Image: Abzyme which convers a prodrug to an active drug